Science Study Guide: Matter and Patterns on Earth: Weather



Science Study Guide: Matter

Part Four

Vocabulary

1. Matter – anything that has mass and takes up space

2. Mass – the amount of matter in an object

3. Solid – matter that has a definite shape and takes up a

definite amount of space

4. Liquid – matter that takes the shape of its container and takes

up a definite amount of space

5. Gas – matter that has no definite shape and takes up no

definite amount of space

6. Volume – the amount of space that matter takes up

7. Density – the property of matter that compares the amount of

matter to the space taken up by the matter

8. Buoyancy – the ability of matter to float in a liquid or a gas

9. Mixture – a combination of two or more different kinds of matter, each of which keeps its own physical properties

10. Solution – a mixture in which the particles of different kinds of

matter are mixed evenly with each other

11. Solubility – a measure of the amount of a material that will

dissolve in another material

Information

1. States of Matter

• Particles of matter move more quickly when heated.

• This change in particle speed is what causes the change from one state of matter to another.

• The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.

|Solid |Liquid |Gas |

|has a definite shape |has no definite shape |has no definite shape |

|has a definite volume (size) |has a definite volume (size or amount) |has no definite volume (size) |

|will stay the same unless you do something |will change according to the shape of the |will change according to the shape of the |

|to change it |container it is poured into |container it is put into |

|Examples: table, rock, ice, metal |Examples: milk, water, |Examples: air, helium, |

| |vinegar, lemonade |oxygen, water vapor |

• Use the chant to remember the states of matter.

Matter has three states:

Solids vibrate,

(put fists together and barely move them)

Liquids slide,

(rub palms back and forth)

Gases move fast.

(move hands quickly throughout the air)

Isn’t that great!

2. Properties of Matter

• A physical property can be observed, measured, or changed without changing the substance or object.

• Here are some additional examples of physical properties of matter.

|Property | Description |

| | |

|State of Matter |solid, liquid, or gas |

| | |

|Mass |The apples’ mass is 5 grams. |

| | the measurement of the force of |

|Weight |gravity pulling on an object |

| | |

|Volume |The volume of the liquid is 30 mL. |

| | |

|Melting/Freezing Point |Water freezes at 0ºC. Ice melts |

| |at 0ºC. |

| | |

|Boiling Point |Water boils at 100ºC. |

| | |

|Relative Density |The rock sinks in water. It is more |

| |dense than water. |

| | |

|Magnetic |A nail is magnetic. |

| | |

|Solubility—Does it dissolve in water? | |

| |Salt dissolves in water. |

• Objects can be classified based on their physical properties.

|Physical Properties |Styrofoam Cup |Paperclip |

|Type of Matter |Solid |Solid |

|Buoyancy |Yes |No |

|Insulator/Conductor of Heat |Insulator |Conductor |

|Texture |Smooth |Smooth |

|Magnetic |No |Yes |

3. Freezing, Melting, and Boiling Point

4. Temperature, Evaporation, and Condensation

• Whether you have a volume of 10 mL of water or a volume of 100 mL of water, both will freeze at 0°C and boil at 100°C.

• As water boils over a long period of time until it all evaporates, the temperature never rises above 100°C.

• If there is a measured amount of salt in the water as it boils and evaporates, you will have that same amount of salt left after evaporation. None of the salt evaporates.

• The room temperature of water is about 20°C.

• Use the chant to remember temperature in degrees Celsius.

0°C is ice.

20°C is nice.

40°C is hot.

100°C is boiling.

• Condensation is the process of a gas (water vapor) changing to a liquid. For example, the surface of a glass with ice is cold, so when the water vapor cools, it condenses and forms water droplets on the outside of the glass.

5. Weight, Mass, Volume, and Density

• Weight is the measurement of force on an object caused by the pull of Earth’s gravity. The farther an object gets from the center of Earth, the less it weighs. It can change if you go into outer space.

• Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It always remains the same, even if you go to the moon. It cannot change. Mass is measured in grams or kilograms.

• Use the chant to remember the difference between mass and weight.

The mass of an object stays the same.

Weight depends on gravity and it can change.

• Volume is the amount of space a body occupies. It is measured in cubic units. There are different ways to measure volume.

• The following diagrams show examples of objects with the same mass labeled in grams. Because the blocks take up different amounts of space, they have different volumes. The volumes are labeled in cubic centimeters (cm3).

• Density is the relationship of the amount of matter (mass) in an object and the volume of the object. In the boxes above, the small box has a greater density because it has the same amount of mass packed into a smaller volume of space.

• The following diagrams show two blocks with the same volume, but one is made of wood and one is made of metal. However, they have different densities because the mass of the metal is much greater than the mass of the wood.

• If we measured the mass of each block on a triple beam balance, the metal block would have more mass.

• The relative density of an object is its density when compared to the density of water. The relative density of water is 1, so an object will sink if its relative density is more than 1, but float if it is 1 or less. Items that float are more buoyant.

6. Colored Solutions

• In the colored solutions lab, food coloring spreads out faster in hot water than in cold water because the hot water particles are moving more rapidly and cause the color particles to spread throughout the water.

• In colored solutions, the water that has more salt dissolved in it is denser, so it forms a bottom layer. The more salt in the water, the denser the solution.

• Liquids have different densities. This example illustrates that oil is less dense than water, so it will float on top of the water.

• If you drop a ball of modeling clay into a beaker of water, it will sink. This is because the ball of clay is denser than the water. If you shape the same piece of clay into a flat boat, it will float. The flat boat floats because of buoyant force, which is the upward push of a liquid or gas on an object. As long as the upward push of the buoyant force is greater than the downward pull of gravity, an object will float.

7. Buoyancy

• Because the water with salt is more dense than the freshwater, it gives the model hydrometer more buoyancy, or ability to float.

8. Mixtures and Solutions

|Concepts |Definition |Examples |

|Mixtures |two or more substances mixed, not joined chemically, |salt and pepper, |

| |can be easily separated |garden salad, or |

| | |sand and iron filings |

|Solutions |a special kind of mixture where |lemonade, |

| |one substance dissolved in another can be separated, |or water with salt |

| |but not easily | |

• Mixtures can be separated in many different ways.

Using a magnet Filtering cereal Letting sand

to separate iron from milk with a settle in water

filings from sand strainer

• Use the chant to remember mixtures and solutions.

Mixtures are easily split apart.

(Make two fists and have them collide and then pull them back apart

several times.)

Solutions, they don’t really like to part.

(Make two fists. This time when you are about to have them collide, open

one fist and wrap it around the other closed fist.)

-----------------------

GAS

The particles in a gas are the farthest apart and move the fastest.

LIQUID

The particles in a liquid move more freely, enough to slide past one another.

SOLID

The particles in a solid are packed tightly together.

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

[pic]

GAS

The particles in a gas are the farthest apart and move the fastest.

[pic]

• A liquid changes to a gas at its boiling point.

• Water boils at 100ºC.

• The temperature of the boiling water will stay at 100ºC until all the water boils away.

• A liquid changes to a solid at its freezing point.

• Water freezes at 0ºC.

• A solid changes to a liquid at its melting point.

• Ice melts at 0ºC.

Mirror with condensation

Glass with condensation

30 grams

(mass)

30 grams (mass)

8 cm3

(volume)

60 cm3

(volume)

Block of metal

Block of wood

136 g

10 g

Block of metal = 136 g

0

60

50

40

30

20

10

70

0

100

200

300

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

0

60

50

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30

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70

0

100

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300

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[pic]

Block of wood = 10 g

A

B

Oil

Water

100 mL

200 mL

300 mL

400 mL

Clay boat

Ball of clay

Freshwater Water with salt

Evaporating salt water (all salt is left behind)

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