Anatomy Chapter 20: Endocrine System



Anatomy Chapter 20: Endocrine System

Endocrine System

_____________________ system and the ______________ system often work together to bring about _______________.

Both use specific ____________________________ methods and affect specific ______________________ organs.

Their _____________________ and effects differ.

Endocrine Glands & Hormones

_____________________ glands; secretions released into ducts opening onto an epithelial __________________

Endocrine glands

* ___________________ organs that secrete their molecules directly into the __________________

* All endocrine cells are located within highly _____________________ areas to ensure that their products enter the bloodstream _______________.

Overview of Hormones

Molecules that have an _____________ on specific ________________________.

Only cells with specific _________________________ for the hormone __________________ to that hormone.

Called ________________ cells, and the organs that contain them are called target _______________.

Organs, tissues, or cells lacking the specific receptor do not ____________________ to its stimulating ________________.

Classification of Hormones

___________________ hormones

* formed from chains of __________________ acids

* most of our body’s __________________ are ____________________ hormones

* longer chains are called _____________________ hormones; example is ___________________ hormone

________________________ hormones; type of lipid derived from cholesterol; example is ________________________

______________________ amines; small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific _____________ acid; example is __________________ hormone

Negative Feedback Loop

A _____________________ starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to _____________________________________________.

Many _______________________ systems work by negative feedback mechanisms.

* one example is the __________________________________________________________________________

How does this work?_________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Positive Feedback Loop

_______________________ the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its ______.

Only a ____________ positive feedback loops occur in the human _____________________ system.

* one example is the process of ___________________________________________________________

* How does this work?_________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________

Hypothalamic Control of the Endocrine System

As the _______________________ control center of the endocrine system the hypothalamus oversees most ______________.

* special cells in the hypothalamus secrete _______________ that influence the secretory activity of the ___________________________________ gland

* called ________________________ hormones because they are secreted into the ______________ to regulate ______________________ of most anterior pituitary hormones; _______________________ (RH) , ________________________________ (IH)

Hypothalamus has ____________________ control over these endocrine organs.; ____________________________________

Hypothalamic Control of the Endocrine System

Hypothalamus produces two hormones that are transported to and stored in the __________________________ pituitary.

* ________________________ and _______________________________________ (ADH)

Hypothalamus directly ______________________ the stimulation and hormone secretion of the _______________________.

An ____________________ structure that secretes its hormones in response to stimulation by the sympathetic____________.

Some endocrine cells are not under direct ___________________ of hypothalamus. ________________

Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)

lies __________________ to the hypothalamus.

Small, slightly ____________ gland housed within the hypophyseal _______________ of the sphenoid bone. AKA:_________

Covered superiorly by the _______________________________, which is one of the cranial dural ___________ that ensheathes the stalk of the __________________________________________ to restrict pituitary gland movement.

Connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk, the ______________________________________.

Partitioned both structurally and _______________________ into an anterior pituitary and _________________________.

* (called anterior lobes and posterior lobes)

* [pic]

[pic]

Control of Anterior Pituitary Gland Secretions

Anterior ___________________ gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the _______________________.

Hormones reach the anterior pituitary via ________________________________________________ portal system.

* essentially a “____________” that takes venous blood carrying regulatory _________________ from the hypothalamus directly to the ________________________ pituitary before the blood returns to the _____________

Thyroid Gland

Located immediately _______________________ to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the ______________.

Distinctive “____________________” shape due to its left and right lobes, which are connected at the anterior midline by a narrow __________________________.

Both lobes of the thyroid gland are highly ___________________________, giving it an intense _______________ coloration.

Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends upon a complex ______________________–pituitary gland ___________________ feedback process.

Parathyroid Glands

Small, __________________-red glands located on the _______________________ surface of the thyroid gland.

Usually _______________ small nodules, but some individuals may have as few as two or as many as _________.

Two different types of cells in the parathyroid gland: _______________ cells and _____________________ cells

The chief cells are the source of ____________________________________________ (PTH).

* stimulates ____________________ to resorb bone and release calcium ions from bone matrix into the ___________

* stimulates ______________________ hormone synthesis in the ___________________

* promotes ________________________ absorption in the small _____________________

* prevents the loss of ______________________ ions during the formation of ________________

The function of oxyphil cells is not ____________________.

Adrenal Glands (suprarenal)

Paired, ___________________-shaped endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each ___________________.

_________________________ and embedded in fat and ______________ to minimize their _______________________.

Outer adrenal ___________________ and an inner central core called the adrenal _________________; secrete different types of __________________________

Adrenal Cortex

Distinctive ______________________ color due to stored _________________ in its cell.

Synthesize more than _______ different steroid hormones, collectively called ____________________________.

corticosteroid synthesis is stimulated by the ACTH produced by the anterior pituitary

* corticosteroids are ______________ to our survival; trauma to or removal of the adrenal glands requires ________________________ supplementation throughout life

Partitioned into the zona _____________________________, the zona fasciculata, and the zona _____________________.

Different functional categories of steroid hormones are synthesized and secreted in the separate ________________.

Regulates _______________________________________________

Adrenal Medulla

Forms the inner __________________ of each adrenal gland.

Pronounced red-brown color due to its extensive __________________________________.

Primarily consists of clusters of large, spherical cells called ______________________ cells.

When innervated by the ________________________ division of the ANS, one population of cells secretes the hormone epinephrine (____________________________).

The other population secretes the hormone ____________________________________ (noradrenaline).

Hormones work with the _______________________ nervous system to prepare the body for an emergency or _________________________________ situation.

Pancreas

_______________________, spongy, nodular organ situated between the __________________________ of the small intestine and the spleen and posterior to the ______________________________.

Both _______________________ and endocrine activities, and thus it is considered a ____________________ (mixed) gland.

Mostly composed of cells called pancreatic __________; produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids __________________

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called ___________________________ (islets of _____________________________) composed of four types of cells:

* two major types (called ________________ cells and _________________ cells)

* two minor types (called ________________ cells and ______ cells)

* each type produces its own _________________________

Pancreas

_______________________ cells secrete ___________________________ when blood glucose levels _____________.

_______________ cells secrete ____________________ when blood glucose levels are ______________________.

________________ cells are stimulated by high levels of _______________________ in the ___________________________.

* synthesize _____________________________, also described as ________________________-inhibiting hormone, or GHIH, which slows the release of _________________ and glucagon and slows the rate of _________________ entry into the bloodstream

____ cells are stimulated by ___________________ digestion.

* secrete ______________________ polypeptide to suppress and regulate ______________________ secretion from delta cells

Pancreatic _____________________________ provide for orderly _____________________ and processing of nutrients.

[pic]

Pineal Gland

Pineal gland or pineal ______________, is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the _________.

Secretes _______________________.

* helps regulate a ____________________________ rhythm (24-hour ____________ clock)

* also appears to affect the ___________________________ of the hypothalamic regulatory hormone responsible for FSH and _________ synthesis

* role in ___________________ maturation is not well understood

Thymus

A __________________ structure located within the mediastinum superior to the _________________ and immediately posterior to the _____________________.

Size of the thymus _____________________ between individuals.

* it is always relatively _________________ in infants and ___________________________

* as with the pineal gland, the thymus ___________________ in size and activity with ______, especially after puberty

Functions principally in __________________________ with the lymphatic system to regulate and maintain body _______.

Produces complementary hormones __________________________ and ____________________________.

* hormones act by ____________________ and promoting the differentiation, growth, and maturation of a category of lymphocytes called ___________________________________ (thymus-derived lymphocytes)

Review Questions

1. What two systems often work together to bring about homeostasis?

2. What type of glands produce secretions released into ducts opening onto an epithelial surface

3. What type of glands ductless organs that secrete their molecules directly into the bloodstream

4. All endocrine cells are located where?

5. What are a class of biomolecules that have an effect on specific organs?

6. What are the only cells that will respond to a particular hormone?

7. What are the names of the cells and organs that respond to a particular hormone?

8. What effect do hormones have on organs, tissues, or cells lacking the specific receptor for that hormone?

9. What type of hormones are formed from chains of amino acids and comprise most of our body’s hormones

10. An example of a peptide hormone is;

11. What type of hormones are a type of lipid derived from cholesterol

12. An example of a steroid hormone is;

13. What type of hormone is a small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid

14. An example of a biogenic amine is;

15. When a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off, this is known as a;

16. Very few hormonal systems work by negative feedback mechanisms; True (A) or False (B)

17. What type of feedback loop accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities.

18. Only a few positive feedback loops occur in the human endocrine system; True (A) or False (B)

19. One example of a positive feedback loop is the process of

20. What endocrine organ is the master control center of the endocrine system, overseeing most endocrine activity?

21. What class of hormones influence the secretory activity of the anterior pituitary gland

22. Two examples of regulatory hormones are;

23. The hypothalamus has indirect control over all endocrine glands and therefore over most body chemistry; True (A) or False (B)

24. Hypothalamus produces what two hormones that are transported to and stored in the posterior pituitary

25. What is an endocrine structure that secretes its hormones in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system

26. What is a small, slightly oval gland housed within the hypophyseal fossa of the sphenoid bone that lies inferior to the hypothalamus

27. The pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk called the;

28. Anterior pituitary gland is controlled by regulatory hormones secreted by the

29. Hormones reach the anterior pituitary via what portal system?

30. What does the term “portal” mean in connection to the circulatory system?

31. What gland is located immediately inferior to the thyroid cartilage of the larynx and anterior to the trachea and has a “butterfly” shape

32. The thyroid gland has what coloration and why?

33. Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion depends upon what feedback process?

34. What are small, brownish-red glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

35. How many parathyroid glands do humans have?

36. What are the two types of cells found in the parathyroid glands?

37. The chief cells are the source of what hormone?

38. Which of the following is not one of the functions of the chief cells?

39. What are paired, pyramid-shaped endocrine glands anchored on the superior surface of each kidney

40. How is the location of the adrenal glands important?

41. What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

42. What is the outer yellow region of the adrenal glands?

43. What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex?

44. What structure forms the inner core of each adrenal gland

45. What is the color of the adrenal medulla and why?

46. What is an elongated, spongy, nodular organ situated between the duodenum and the spleen; posterior to the stomach

47. Since the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine activities, it is considered a ____________ gland

48. What is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior region of the epithalamus. that secretes melatonin

49. What is/are the main function(s) of melatonin?

50. What is a bilobed structure located within the mediastinum superior to the heart and immediately posterior to the sternum

51. How does the size of the thymus change with age?

52. What endocrine organ functions principally in association with the lymphatic system to regulate and maintain body immunity

53. What two hormones act by stimulating and promoting the differentiation, growth, and maturation of a category of lymphocytes called T-lymphocytes (thymus-derived lymphocytes)

Be able to fill the figures in your notes and, if a process, discuss it as an essay.

Essay; Describe the functions of the different regions of the adrenal gland. What do each of the hormones do?

Essay; Describe the function(s) of the chief cells of the parathyroid gland and the functions of the hormones produced by that gland.

Essay; Describe how glucose and other nutrient levels in the body are regulated by the pancreas.

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