Time Period



Women’s Studies 245 – Women in International Development

Some Important Historical Markers

|Time Period |General History |Women’s History |

|1940-1949 |1944 – Bretton Woods Institutions (IMF, IBRD) establ. – NH |1930s & 40s - Women participate in anti-colonial struggles |

| |1945 – end of World War II [May 8; August 15] | |

| |1945 - Term “Cold War” coined by George Orwell | |

| |1945 – Yalta Conference – Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin |1945 – 26 Parliaments, 3% of members women |

| |1947 – Independence of India |1946 – UN Commission on the Status of Women establ. |

| |1947 – announcement of Marshall Plan [George C. Marshall at Harvard] | |

| |1948 – UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights | |

|1950-1959 |1950s - Development projects start | |

| |1950-1965 - Period of “high” development theory |1951 – Convention on the Political Rights of Women |

| |1955 - Term “Third World” coined by Alfred Sauvy |1955 – 61 Parliaments, 7.5% of members women |

| |1955 – Non-Aligned Movement establ. – Bandung, Indonesia | |

| |1957 on – Independence of Ghana & many African countries | |

|1960-1969 |1961-1970 - UN First Development Decade | |

| |1964 - UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) estbl. |1963 – Betty Friedan publ. “The Feminine Mystique” |

| |1964 – Group of 77 establ. After 1st UNCTAD Conference, Geneva |1965 – 94 Parliaments – 8.1% of members women |

| |1966 – International Covenant on Economic, Social, & Cultural Rights | |

| |1966 – International Covenant on Civil & Political Rights |1966 – NOW founded by Betty Friedan & 27 others |

| |1968 – Term “Green Revolution” coined by William Gadd (USAID) | |

|1970-1979 |1970 – Norman Borlaug wins Nobel Peace Prize for Green Revolution |1970 – Ester Boserup publ. “Women’s Role in Economic Development” |

| |1972 – UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm) |1972 – Equal Rights Amendment passed by Congress & sent to States for ratification* |

| |1974 – Declaration of principles of the New International Economic Order |1975 – International Women’s Conference – Mexico City |

| | |1975 – 115 Parliaments, 10.9% of members women |

| | |1976-1985 - UN International Women’s Decade |

| | |1979 – Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women |

|1980-1989 | |1980 – International Women’s Conference – Copenhagen |

| |1989 – Fall of the Berlin Wall, turning point in the “Cold War” |1985 – International Women’s Conference – Nairobi |

| | |1985 – 136 Parliaments, 12% of members women |

|1990-1999 |1991 – Fall of the USSR | |

| |1992 – UN Conf. on Environment & Development (Earth Summit, Rio) | |

| |1993 – UN Human Rights Conference |1993 - UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Violence Against Women |

| |1994 – International Conference on Population and Development | |

| |1995 – UN Social Summit |1995 – International Women’s Conference – Beijing |

| |1996 – FAO World Food Summit |1995 – 176 Parliaments, 11.6% of members women |

| |1997 – Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto Protocol) | |

|2000-2009 | |2004 – Wangari Maathai wins Nobel Peace Prize for Environmental Activism |

| | |2005 – 187 Parliaments, 18.7% of members women |

*The Equal Rights Amendment, first written by suffragist Alice Paul and proposed by the National Women’s Party in 1923, has been introduced in every session of Congress since 1923. After passing in 1972, it was ratified by only 35 of the necessary 38 States before lapsing by the extended deadline of June 30, 1982. [“Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex”] Women got the vote in the USA in 1920, when the 19th Amendment to the US Constitution was ratified.

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