Topic II



I. The Shape of Earth

A. __________________: earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator.

*the equatorial diameter is greater than the polar diameter.

B. Evidence of Earth’s Shape

1. _____________________: reveal that Earth is almost a perfect sphere.

2. Ships over the horizon: the gradual appearance or disappearance of a ship over the curved surface of Earth.

3. _________________: the curved shadow of Earth on the moon’s surface.

4. Measurement of Gravity: The poles are closer to Earth’s center generating a greater pull of gravity.

5. _______________________: As you travel north the altitude of Polaris increases.

*the altitude of Polaris equals the Northern latitude of the observer.

* Locating Polaris

II. Latitude and Longitude

A. __________________: angular distance measuring from the equator (0 degrees) to the north or south poles (90 degrees)

1. __________________: lines of latitude that run east to west parallel to the equator.

B. ____________________: angular distance measuring east or west of the Prime Meridian.

1. ____________________: lines that run north /south from pole to pole.

a. Prime Meridian: 0 degrees long.

b. International Date Line: 180 degrees long.

What is the latitude and longitude of the hurricane?

Lat. ________ N

Long. ________ W

C. Time Zones: There are _______ time zones on Earth at an approx. width of 15 degrees each.

1. Calculate Earth’s rotational speed:

360 degrees (number of degrees) Answer: ________ 0/hr

24 hours (number of hours in a day)

2. There are four time zones in the United States

If it’s 12:00 PM at the prime meridian (00 long.), what time is it for a person at 450 W? AM or PM?

_____________

If it’s 3:00 PM at 600 W, what is the time at 150 W?

AM or PM?

_____________

3. Crossing the International Date Line:

a. You will gain a day if you cross it heading West and lose a day when heading East.

Ex. If it’s Wed. and you cross the IDL heading west, it would then be Thursday.

III. Fields: a region of space/area that has a measurable value of a given property at every point.

A. __________________: lines on a field map connecting points of equal value.

Ex.

Isotherms: measure temp.

Isobars: measure air pressure

B. Topographic Maps: show the change in elevation of the land.

1. _______________: isolines connecting points of equal elevation.

2. ___________________: difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines.

Starting at the value of 16, draw isolines at an interval of 4 on the field map below.

3. Index Contour Line: a bolded line indicating the elevation of that line.

4. Benchmark: a monument giving the exact elevation above sea level of that spot.

5. _______________________: Indicated by hachure marks, shows a decrease in elevation.

* The value of the first depression line is equal to the line before it.

6. River Valleys: (the law of V’s) contour lines bend upstream where they cross a river. The V’s point uphill.

Which compass direction is the river flowing at point B? ___________________

7. __________________________: a side view (elevation) of a given area.

8. _________________: The rate at which elevation changes from place to place. The closer the lines are together, the steeper the gradient/slope.

a. Gradient: change in field value

distance

Calculate the gradient between points A and B. The distance from A to B is 25 km and elevations are measured in meters.

Gradient = ____________

What is the interval of this map? ____________

IV. Parts of Earth

A. _______________________: the gases that surround earth.

B. _______________________: the waters of Earth (oceans, seas, lakes).

C. _______________________: the outer shell of Earth composed of rock.

According to the chart above, which two elements are the most abundant by mass in Earth’s crust?

____________________________________

Which element is the most abundant in Earth’s troposphere? ____________

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