Topic II
I. The Shape of Earth
A. __________________: earth is flattened at the poles and bulges at the equator.
*the equatorial diameter is greater than the polar diameter.
B. Evidence of Earth’s Shape
1. _____________________: reveal that Earth is almost a perfect sphere.
2. Ships over the horizon: the gradual appearance or disappearance of a ship over the curved surface of Earth.
3. _________________: the curved shadow of Earth on the moon’s surface.
4. Measurement of Gravity: The poles are closer to Earth’s center generating a greater pull of gravity.
5. _______________________: As you travel north the altitude of Polaris increases.
*the altitude of Polaris equals the Northern latitude of the observer.
* Locating Polaris
II. Latitude and Longitude
A. __________________: angular distance measuring from the equator (0 degrees) to the north or south poles (90 degrees)
1. __________________: lines of latitude that run east to west parallel to the equator.
B. ____________________: angular distance measuring east or west of the Prime Meridian.
1. ____________________: lines that run north /south from pole to pole.
a. Prime Meridian: 0 degrees long.
b. International Date Line: 180 degrees long.
What is the latitude and longitude of the hurricane?
Lat. ________ N
Long. ________ W
C. Time Zones: There are _______ time zones on Earth at an approx. width of 15 degrees each.
1. Calculate Earth’s rotational speed:
360 degrees (number of degrees) Answer: ________ 0/hr
24 hours (number of hours in a day)
2. There are four time zones in the United States
If it’s 12:00 PM at the prime meridian (00 long.), what time is it for a person at 450 W? AM or PM?
_____________
If it’s 3:00 PM at 600 W, what is the time at 150 W?
AM or PM?
_____________
3. Crossing the International Date Line:
a. You will gain a day if you cross it heading West and lose a day when heading East.
Ex. If it’s Wed. and you cross the IDL heading west, it would then be Thursday.
III. Fields: a region of space/area that has a measurable value of a given property at every point.
A. __________________: lines on a field map connecting points of equal value.
Ex.
Isotherms: measure temp.
Isobars: measure air pressure
B. Topographic Maps: show the change in elevation of the land.
1. _______________: isolines connecting points of equal elevation.
2. ___________________: difference in elevation between two consecutive contour lines.
Starting at the value of 16, draw isolines at an interval of 4 on the field map below.
3. Index Contour Line: a bolded line indicating the elevation of that line.
4. Benchmark: a monument giving the exact elevation above sea level of that spot.
5. _______________________: Indicated by hachure marks, shows a decrease in elevation.
* The value of the first depression line is equal to the line before it.
6. River Valleys: (the law of V’s) contour lines bend upstream where they cross a river. The V’s point uphill.
Which compass direction is the river flowing at point B? ___________________
7. __________________________: a side view (elevation) of a given area.
8. _________________: The rate at which elevation changes from place to place. The closer the lines are together, the steeper the gradient/slope.
a. Gradient: change in field value
distance
Calculate the gradient between points A and B. The distance from A to B is 25 km and elevations are measured in meters.
Gradient = ____________
What is the interval of this map? ____________
IV. Parts of Earth
A. _______________________: the gases that surround earth.
B. _______________________: the waters of Earth (oceans, seas, lakes).
C. _______________________: the outer shell of Earth composed of rock.
According to the chart above, which two elements are the most abundant by mass in Earth’s crust?
____________________________________
Which element is the most abundant in Earth’s troposphere? ____________
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