United States History I
Advanced Placement United States History
Essays and Identifications
Unit One: Expansion and the Colonies
Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4
1. House of Burgesses, 1619
2. Mayflower Compact, 1620
3. Petition of Rights, 1628
4. New England Confederation, 1643
5. Maryland Toleration Act
6. Control of the Purse
7. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676
8. "Benign or Salutary neglect"
9. Middle passage
10. Anne Hutchinson
11. Roger Williams
12. William Bradford
13. John Winthrop
14. "Letters from an American Farmer”
Essay Questions
1. “The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England.” Assess the validity of this statement.
2. “The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.” Assess the validity of this statement.
3. “Before 1763 British mercantilist policy, while restricting colonial economic development, allowed colonial political life to develop unhampered by the Mother Country.” Assess the validity of this statement.
4. “The colonial wars fought between the British and the French for domination of the North American continent created a sense of national spirit among the British colonies and created a basis for later unity.” Assess the validity of this statement.
5. Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in British North American colonies prior to 1700.
6. Though there where many differences in the development of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, they had much in common. What conditions and experiences were common to American colonists regardless of their colony or region?
7. Analyze the relative importance of religious dissent and demographic change in undermining the Puritan dream of establishing a godly and orderly society in seventeenth century New England.
8. For the period before 1750, analyze the ways in which Britain's policy of salutary neglect influenced the development of American society as illustrated in the following:
a. Legislative assemblies
b. Commerce
c. Religion
9. Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750.
a. British
b. French
c. Spanish
10. How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?
11. Compare and contrast the ways in which economic development affected politics in Massachusetts and Virginia in the period from 1607 to 1750.
Unit Two: American Revolution
Chapters 5, 6, and 7
1. Iron Act
2. Molasses Act
3. Navigation Acts
4. Great Awakening
5. Zenger Case, 1734
6. Paxton Boys
7. Albany Plan of Union, 1754
8. Peace of Paris, 1763
9. Proclamation Line, 1763
10. George III
11. Patrick Henry
12. Writs of Assistance
13. Sugar Islands
14. Benjamin Franklin
15. George Grenville
16. Sugar Act, 1764
17. Currency Act, 1764
18. Stamp Act, 1765
19. Virtual and actual representation
20. Regulators
21. Stamp Act Congress, 1765
22. Sons of Liberty
23. Declaratory Act, 1766
24. Quartering Act, 1766
25. Charles Townshend
26. Townshend Acts, 1767
27. Boston Massacre, 1770
28. Lord North
29. Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
30. Gaspee Incident
31. Tea Act, 1773
32. Boston Tea Party, 1773
33. The Coercive or Intolerable Acts, 1774
34. The Quebec Act, 1774
35. First Continental Congress, 1774
36. Lexington and Concord, 1775
37. Olive Branch Petition
38. Hessians
39. Battle of Bunker Hill
40. Second Continental Congress, 1775
41. Common Sense, 1776
42. Declaration of Independence, 1776
43. "Republican Mothers"
44. Articles of Confederation, 1777
45. Valley Forge, 1777-78
46. Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben
47. Battle of Trenton, 1776
48. Battle of Saratoga, 1777
49. Yorktown, 1781
50. Treaty of Paris, 1783
Essays Questions
1. “The Declaration of Independence has been variously interpreted as a bid for French support, an attempt to swing uncommitted Americans to the revolutionary cause, a statement of universal principles, and an affirmation of the traditional rights as Englishmen.” To what extent are these interpretations in conflict.
2. Analyze the extent to which the American Revolution represented a radical alteration in American political ideas and institutions. Confine your answer to the period 1775 to 1783.
3. “A salient feature of our Revolution was that its animating purpose was deeply conservative. The colonials revolted against British rule in order to keep things the way they were, not to initiate a new era.” Assess the validity of this statement.
4. Evaluate the relative importance of the following factors prompting American's to rebel in 1776:
a. Parliamentary taxation
b. Restriction of civil liberties
c. British military measures
d. The legacy of colonial religious and political ideas
5. “Despite its precedent-setting character, the American revolt is noteworthy because it made no serious interruption in the smooth flow of American development. Both in intention and in fact the American Revolution conserved the past rather than repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial experience, the men of the first quarter of the Republic's history set the scenery and wrote the script for the drama of American politics for years to come.” Assess the validity of this statement.
Unit Three: Federalist and Republicans
Chapters 8 and 9
1. Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 1786
2. Land Ordinance of 1785
3. Northwest Ordinance , 1787
4. Daniel Shays, 1787
5. Annapolis Convention
6. The Constitution of the United States
a. Great Compromise
b. Three-fifths Compromise
c. Commerce Compromise
d. Federalism
e. Separation of powers
f. Checks and balances
g. Preamble
h. Impeachment
i. Filibustering
j. Elastic clause
k. Writ of habeas corpus
l. Ex post facto law
m. Electoral college
n. Judicial review
o. Treason
7. Federalist Papers
8. Federalists
9. Republicans
10. Funding
11. Assumption
12. Bank of the United States
13. Whiskey Tax, 1791
14. "Report on Manufacturers"
15. James Madison
16. Neutrality Proclamation, 1793
17. Citizen Genet
18. Jay Treaty, 1794
19. Pinckney Treaty, 1795
20. John Adams
21. Farewell Address, 1796
22. XYZ Affair, 1797
23. Barbary Pirates
24. Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798
25. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798
Essays Questions
1. By 1796, two clearly defined and conflicting political philosophies emerged in the United States: the Federalists, under the influence of Alexander Hamilton and the Republicans, under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. Which philosophy best represents the ideals for which the American Revolution was fought?
2. The principal problems faced by the colonies in their relations with the Mother Country between 1763-1776 reappeared as problems in state/federal relations under the Articles of Confederation(1780-1789). Describe three of those problems and explain how the Confederation attempted to solve them.
3. The Bill of Rights did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather from a fear of the powers of the new federal government. Assess the validity of this statement.
4. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s.
5. Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any TWO of the following.
a. Foreign relations
b. Economic conditions
c. Western lands
6. “Between 1783 and 1800 the new government of the United States faced the political, economic, and constitutional issues that troubled the British government's relations with the colonies prior to the revolution.” Assess the validity of this statement.
7. What evidence is there for the assertion that the basic principles of the Constitution were firmly grounded in the political and religious experience of America's colonial and revolutionary periods?
8. “In seeking liberty to trade we were impelled to secure political freedom. The winning of the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution had their roots in our economic necessities.” Assess the validity of this statement.
9. “The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens which was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few.” Assess the validity of this statement.
Unit Four: Jefferson and Jackson
Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14
1. Aaron Burr
2. Judiciary Act, 1801
3. Mercy Otis Warren
4. Albert Gallatin
5. Waltham method
6. Yazoo land claims
7. Robert Livingston
8. Louisiana Purchase, 1803
9. Marbury v. Madison, 1803
10. Chesapeake-Leopard Incident
11. Orders-in-Council, 1807
12. Embargo Act, 1807
13. Non-Intercourse Act, 1809
14. War Hawks
15. Daniel Webster
16. Hartford Convention
17. Battle of New Orleans, December, 1814
18. Treaty of Ghent, 1814
19. Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
20. Era of Good Feelings
21. Frances C. Lowell
22. Cumberland or National Road
23. Tariff of 1816
24. James Monroe
25. John C. Calhoun
26. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819
27. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819
28. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819
29. Panic of 1819
30. Erie Canal
31. Tallmadge Amendment
32. Missouri Compromise, 1820
33. Denmark Vesey Revolt, 1822
34. Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824
35. Henry Clay
36. American System
37. John Quincy Adams
38. "Corrupt bargain"
39. "King Caucus"
40. Tariff of Abominations, 1828
41. Thomas W. Dorr
42. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest
43. Martin Van Buren
44. Peggy O'Neal-Eaton Affair
45. Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830
46. Maysville Road veto, 1830
47. Indian Removal Act, 1830
48. Indian Intercourse Act, 1834
49. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831
50. Nullification Ordinance, 1832
51. Compromise Tariff of 1833
52. Force Bill, 1833
53. Nicholas Biddle
54. Roger B. Taney
55. Democracy in America, 1832
56. "Loco Focos"
57. Whig Party, 1834
58. Specie Circular, 1836
59. Panic of 1837
60. Independent Treasury System, 1840
61. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 1837
Essay Questions
1. “Although defended and attacked on purely economic grounds, the federal tariff policies of the United States have been more important politically than economically.” Assess the validity of this generalization during the Jacksonian period.
2. “The Era of Good Feeling (1816-1824) marked the appearance of issues that transformed American politics in the next twenty years.” Assess the validity of this generalization.
3. “Democracy was good talk with which to win the favor of the people and thereby accomplish ulterior objectives. Jackson never really championed the cause of the people; he only invited them to champion his.” Assess the validity of this statement.
4. In what ways did the emerging sectional conflicts within the United States manifest themselves in the election of Andrew Jackson and in the domestic policies of the nation in the years 1828-1837?
5. Although historically represented as distinct political parties, the Federalists and the Whigs in fact shared a common political ideology, represented many of the same interest groups, and proposed similar programs and policies. Assess the validity of this statement.
6. In what manner did the Jacksonian Revolution mark the establishment of democracy in America whereas the Jeffersonian Revolution merely marked the arrival of a new party in political power?
7. “Early United States foreign policy was primarily a defensive reaction to perceived or actual threats from Europe.” Assess the validity of this generalization with reference to two major issues during the period from 1789 to 1825.
8. Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840.
a. Jacksonian economic policy
b. Second Great Awakening
c. Changes in electoral politics
d. Westward movement
9. How did TWO of the following contribute to the reemergence of a two party system in the period 1820-1840?
a. Major political personalities
b. States' Rights
c. Economic issues
10. The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has been celebrated as the era of the "common man." To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider TWO of the following in your response.
a. Economic Development
b. Politics
c. Reform movements
Unit Five: Manifest Destiny
Chapter 15, 16, 17, and 18
1. Samuel F. B. Morse
2. Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842
3. John Deere
4. Cyrus McCormick
5. Cumberland Road
6. Robert Fulton
7. DeWitt Clinton
8. Cyrus Field
9. Eli Whitney
10. Samuel Slater
11. Second Great Awakening
12. Joseph Smith
13. Brigham Young
14. Noah Webster
15. Deism
16. Catherine Beecher
17. Elizabeth Blackwell
18. Seneca Falls Convention
19. Ralph Waldo Emerson
20. Henry David Thoreau
21. Walt Whitman
22. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
23. Perfectionism
24. Utopian experiments
25. Transcendentalists
26. Reform crusades
27. Harriet Beecher Stowe
28. William Lloyd Garrison
29. The Liberator
30. Frederick Douglass
31. Immigration patterns
32. Know-Nothing Party
33. "Log Cabin" campaign, 1840
34. John Tyler
35. Caroline incident, 1837
36. Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842
37. James K. Polk
38. Oregon Question
39. Texas Question
40. Santa Anna
41. Samuel Houston
42. Slidell Mission, 1846
Essay Questions
1. In what ways did the early nineteenth century reform movements for abolition and women's rights illustrate both the strengths and weaknesses of democracy in the early American republic?
2. Compare the expansionist foreign policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James K. Polk. To what extent did their policies strengthen the United States?
3. In what ways did the concept of Manifest Destiny affect the foreign and domestic policies of the United States in the years 1840-1850?
4. In what respects did each of the following represent in their expressed opinions and actions the viewpoint of the section of the nation from which he came?
a. John C. Calhoun--The South
b. Daniel Webster--New England
c. Henry Clay--The West
5. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the American cultural and intellectual community contributed to the development of a distinctive American national consciousness. Assess the validity of this statement.
Unit Six: Causes of the Civil War
Chapters 19 and 20
1. John C. Fremont
2. Bear Flag Revolt
3. Zachary Taylor
4. General Winfield Scott
5. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848
6. Wilmot Proviso
7. Mexican Cession
8. Underground Railroad
9. Harriet Tubman
10. Compromise of 1850
11. Fugitive Slave Law
12. Commodore Matthew Perry
13. Frederick Douglass
14. Harriet Beecher Stowe
15. Uncle Tom's Cabin
16. William Lloyd Garrison
17. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842
18. Liberty Party
19. De Bow's Review
20. "Peculiar institution"
21. Nat Turner, 1831
22. Hinton Helper
23. Free-Soil Party
24. Ostend Manifesto
25. Gadsden Purchase, 1853
26. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
27. “Bleeding Kansas”
28. Sumner-Brooks affair, 1856
29. Lecompton Constitution
30. Topeka Constitution
31. Stephen A. Douglas
32. Popular Sovereignty
33. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
34. Roger B. Taney
35. Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
36. Freeport Doctrine
37. Panic of 1857
38. John Brown's Raid
39. John C. Breckinridge
40. John Bell
41. Secession
42. Jefferson Davis
43. Election of 1860
44. Crittenden Compromise
Essay Questions
1. “Slavery was the dominating reality of all southern life.” Assess the validity of this generalization for two of the following aspects of southern life about 1840 to 1860: political, social, economic, and intellectual life.
2. Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal, religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery.
3. ”Throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body rather than a neutral arbiter of constitutional principles.” Assess the validity of this generalization for the period 1800-1860.
4. “When all is considered slavery was at the very heart of our disequilibrium.” Assess the validity of this statement.
5. It has been argued that the Civil War was fought between sides which advocated adherence to the original ideals of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Which side advocated the ideals of which document and why?
6. “The South overreacted to Lincoln's victory; although it had lost control of the presidency, it still controlled the congress and had a sympathetic majority on the Supreme Court.” Assess the validity of this statement. (Historical note: The senate, through 1861, consisted of 36 Democrats, 26 Republicans, and 4 others.)
7. Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850.
8. Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following: Missouri Compromise, Mexican War, Compromise of 1850, or Kansas-Nebraska Act.
9. To what extent did the debates about the Mexican War and its aftermath reflect the sectional interests of New Englanders, westerners, and southerners in the period from 1845 to 1855?
Unit Seven: Civil War and Reconstruction
Chapters 21, 22, and 23
1. William H. Seward
2. Salmon P. Chase
3. Edwin Stanton
4. Fort Sumter, 1861
5. Border States
6. Lost Cause
7. Habeas Corpus
8. Robert E. Lee
9. Ulysses S. Grant
10. William T. Sherman
11. Army of the Potomac
12. George McClellan
13. Antietam
14. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863
15. Thirteenth Amendment
16. Appomattox, 1865
17. Morrill Tariff Act, 1861
18. Homestead Act, 1862
19. National Bank Act, 1863
20. Conscription Law, 1863
21. "Copperheads"
22. Clement L. Vallandigham
23. Andrew Johnson
24. John Wilkes Booth
25. Freedman's Bureau, 1865
26. "Ten-percent" oath
27. Wade-Davis Bill, 1864
28. Black Codes
29. Jim Crow Laws
30. Fourteenth Amendment
31. Ex Parte Milligan
32. Fifteenth Amendment
33. Scalawag
34. Carpetbagger
35. Ku Klux Klan
36. Tenure of Office Act, 1867
37. Seward’s Folly, 1867
38. Hayes-Tilden, 1876
39. Compromise of 1877
40. New South Creed
Essay Questions
1. “The history of the United States shows that none of the three branches of the federal government is immune from the temptation to upset the system of checks and balances established in the Constitution.” Assess the validity of this generalization by examining both the Congress and the Presidency between 1865 and 1868.
2. Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877?
3. “The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the alteration or subversion of the original ideas or program.” For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both the ideas and activities of abolitionism and the policies of the Republican party.
4. Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of the following in the United States between 1865 and 1880.
a. Agriculture
b. Labor
c. Industrialization
d. Transportation
5. Why were the interests of African-Americans ignored in the nation's politics during the post-Civil War period?
6. What political techniques did white southerners use to weaken and counteract the enforcement of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments?
Unit Eight: The Industrial Age
Chapters 24, 25, and 26
1. Transcontinental Railroad
2. James Fisk
3. Jay Gould
4. Boomer
5. Sooner
6. Sand Creek
7. George Custer
8. Nez Perce
9. Chief Joseph
10. Helen Hunt Jackson
11. Dawes Act, 1887
12. Trust
13. Pool
14. Cornelius Vanderbilt
15. George Pullman
16. J.P. Morgan
17. Gustavus Swift
18. Phillip Armour
19. Charles Pillsbury
20. John D. Rockefeller
21. Alexander Graham Bell
22. William Graham Sumner
23. Charles Darwin
24. On Origin of Species, 1859
25. Social Darwinism
26. Russell Conwell
27. Andrew Carnegie
28. Acres of Diamonds
29. The Gospel of Wealth
30. William M. Tweed
31. Old Immigrants
32. New Immigrants
33. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882
34. Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890
35. United States v. E.C. Knight Co., 1895
36. Scab
37. Yellow Dog Contract
38. Scrip
39. William Sylvis
40. Knights of Labor
41. Samuel Gompers
42. American Federation of Labor
43. Molly Maguires
44. Great Railroad Strike, 1877
45. Haymarket Riot, 1886
46. Homestead Strike, 1892
47. Henry Clay Frick
48. Eugene V. Debs
49. IWW – “Wobblies”
50. Pullman Strike, 1894
51. Solidarity Forever
Essay Questions
1. Analyze the impact of any TWO of the following on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900.
a. Government Actions
b. Immigration
c. Labor Unions
d. Technological changes
2. Were the industrialists of the late nineteenth century better described as Robber Barons or creative entrepreneurs?
3. How were the lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technological developments and government action?
4. Discuss why the federal government pursued a policy of assimilation towards Native Americans in the period following the Civil War and analyze its success or failure.
5. How and why did transportation developments spark economic growth during the period from 1860 and 1900 in the United States?
Unit Nine: Populism
Chapters 27 and 28
1. Comstock Law, 1873
2. National American Women’s Suffrage Association, 1890
3. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
4. Carrie Chapman Catt
5. Minor v. Happensatt, 1874
6. Jane Addams
7. Hull House
8. Walking Cities
9. Streetcar Cities
10. Dumbbell Tenement
11. Chicago Fire
12. Settlement House Movement
13. Ulysses S. Grant
14. “Waving the Bloody Shirt”
15. Thomas Nast
16. Horace Greeley
17. Stalwarts
18. Roscoe Conkling
19. Half-Breeds
20. James G. Blaine
21. Charles Guiteau
22. Pendleton Act, 1883
23. Tenancy
24. Crop-lien system
25. Deflation
26. Oliver H. Kelley
27. The Grange
28. Farmer’s Alliance
29. Colored Farmer’s Alliance
30. Munn v. Illinois, 1877
31. Wabash case, 1886
32. James Weaver
33. Populist Party, 1892
34. Bimetallism
35. Bland-Allison Act, 1878
36. Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890
37. McKinley Tariff, 1890
38. Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894
39. Jacob Coxey
40. William Jennings Bryan
Essay Questions
1. "Both the Jacksonian Democrats during 1824-1840 and the Populists during 1890-1896 attacked and sought to rule out special privilege in American life. The Jacksonian Democrats attained power and succeeded; the Populists failed." Assess the validity of this statement.
2. “Ironically, popular belief in the 'self-sufficient farmer' and the 'self-made man' increased during the nineteenth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded.” Assess the validity of this statement.
3. The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the years after the Civil War had consequences for almost all aspects of American society. Discuss the consequences on TWO of the following groups:
a. Business
b. Labor
c. Farmers
d. Government and Politics
4. Analyze the reasons why the women’s suffrage movement and Populist movements failed during the second half of the nineteenth century.
5. Discuss the impact of immigration and urbanization during the late nineteenth century on the following:
a. Business
b. Labor
c. City conditions
Unit Ten: Progressivism
Chapters 31 and 32
1. Wright Brothers
2. Frederick Taylor
3. DuPont
4. Eastman Kodak
5. Jacob Riis
6. Theodore Dreiser
7. Jane Addams
8. Hull House
9. McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s
10. Muckrakers
11. Lincoln Steffens
12. Ida Tarbell
13. Upton Sinclair
14. Initiative
15. Referendum
16. Recall
17. Australian Ballot
18. Robert LaFollette
19. “Uncle Joe” Cannon
20. 16th Amendment, 1913
21. 17th Amendment, 1913
22. 18th Amendment, 1919
23. 19th Amendment, 1920
24. Women’s Christian Temperance Union
25. Square Deal
26. Elkins Act, 1903
27. Hepburn Act, 1906
28. Northern Securities case
29. Philander C. Knox
30. Meat Inspection Act, 1906
31. Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
32. Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902
33. John Muir
34. Sierra Club
35. Hetch Hetchy
36. Nelson W. Aldrich
37. Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909
38. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, 1909
39. John Mitchell
40. Tom Johnson
41. Underwood-Simmons tariff, 1913
42. Federal Reserve Act, 1913
43. Louis D. Brandeis
44. Pujo Committee
45. Clayton Act, 1914
46. Federal Trade Commission, 1914
47. Booker T. Washington
48. W.E.B. DuBois
49. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896
50. Birth of a Nation
Essay Questions
1. The response to the negative consequences of the rise of industrialism led to a series of reform movements, culminating in the Progressive Movement. Discuss the goals of progressivism and how these goals were or were not realized.
2. “Although many Americans between 1870 and 1915 blamed the political corruption at the state and local level on public indifference or greedy politicians, such corruption reflected a serious crisis of traditional institutions in dealing with the social and economic problems of modern America.” Assess the validity of this generalization.
3. “In American politics the most significant battles have occurred within the major parties rather than between them.” Discuss this statement with reference to the period 1900-1912.
4. Based on their parties' platforms, public statements, and other sources, which candidate, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, or Woodrow Wilson, would you have voted for in 1912 if you had been a Populist in the 1890s?
5. “The ideas of the Populists never really achieved acceptance until they were embraced by the Progressives in the first decades of the twentieth century.” Assess the validity of this statement.
6. “Populism was a simplistic attempt to perpetuate the agrarian myth whereas Progressivism was a sophisticated effort to restore the economic individualism and political democracy lost during the rise of industrialism.” Assess the validity of this statement.
7. “The Hamiltonian tradition of centralized government power, which until the late nineteenth century, at least, had been used for the immediate advantage of the few was combined with the Jeffersonian tradition of representing the economic interest of the many.” Is this an accurate definition of Progressivism?
8. “In understanding the nature of a reform movement it is as important to know what it seeks to preserve as to know what it seeks to change.” Compare the Populist and Progressive reform movements in light of this statement.
9. Discuss the similarities and differences in the policies advocated by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois.
10. Analyze the ways in which state and federal legislation and judicial decisions, including those of the Supreme Court, affected the efforts of any two of the following groups to improve their position in society between 1880 and 1920:
a. African Americans
b. Farmers
c. Workers
11. Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century.
a. Andrew Carnegie
b. Eugene V. Debs
c. Horatio Alger
d. Booker T. Washington
e. Ida M. Tarbell
Unit Eleven: American Imperialism
Chapters 29 and 30
1. Treaty of Wanghia, 1844
2. Charles Francis Adams
3. William Seward
4. Senator Albert J. Beveridge
5. Alfred Thayer Mahan
6. James G. Blaine
7. “Big Sister” Policy
8. Monroe Doctrine
9. White Man’s Burden
10. Queen Liliuokalani
11. General Valeriano Weyler
12. Joseph Pulitzer
13. William Randolph Hearst
14. U.S.S. Maine
15. Dupuy deLome
16. Teller Amendment, 1898
17. “Rough Riders”
18. Treaty of Paris, 1899
19. Foraker Act, 1900
20. Insular cases
21. DeLima v. Bidwell, 1901
22. Platt Amendment, 1901
23. Emilio Aguinaldo
24. Commodore Matthew Perry
25. Open Door Policy, 1899
26. Boxer Rebellion, 1900
27. Theodore Roosevelt
28. "Big Stick" diplomacy
29. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850
30. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 1901
31. Phillipe Bunau-Varilla
32. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903
33. Hay-Herran Treaty, 1903
34. Roosevelt Corollary
35. Venezuelan Crises, 1895 and 1902
36. Portsmouth Peace Conference, 1905
37. Taft-Katsura Agreement, 1905
38. “Gentleman's Agreement," 1907
39. Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908
40. Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917
41. Jones Act, 1916
42. Dollar diplomacy
Essay Questions
1. “United States policy towards Central and South America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century consisted of a series of premeditated affairs resulting from deliberately calculated schemes of robbery on the part of a superior power against weak and defenseless neighbors.” Assess the validity of this statement.
2. How and why did the Monroe Doctrine become a cornerstone of United States foreign policy by the late nineteenth century?
3. "Both the Mexican War and the Spanish-American War were premeditated affairs resulting from deliberately calculated schemes of robbery on the part of a superior power against weak and defenseless neighbors." Assess the validity of this statement.
Unit Twelve: World War I and the 1920s
Chapters 32, 33, 34, and 35
1. Victoriano Huerta
2. Francisco (Pancho) Villa
3. Charles Evans Hughes
4. Kaiser Wilhelm II
5. Schlieffen Plan
6. Lusitania
7. Zimmerman Note
8. Fourteen Points
9. Committee on Public Information
10. George Creel
11. Espionage Act, 1917
12. Sedition Act, 1918
13. Bernard Baruch
14. War Industries Board
15. National War Labor Board
16. Food Administration
17. Herbert Hoover
18. Fuel Administration
19. Alexander Kerensky
20. David Lloyd George
21. Georges Clemenceau
22. Vittorio Orlando
23. Robert Lansing
24. Henry Cabot Lodge
25. "Irreconcilables"
26. “Reservationists”
27. A. Mitchell Palmer
28. Red Scare
29. Sacco-Vanzetti case, 1921
30. Ku Klux Klan
31. Emergency Quota Act, 1921
32. National Origins Act, 1924
33. Volstead Act, 1919
34. Marcus Garvey
35. Harlem Renaissance
36. Al Capone
37. John T. Scopes
38. Henry Ford
39. Model T
40. Babe Ruth
41. Charles Lindbergh
42. The Jazz Singer, 1927
43. Flappers
44. Margaret Sanger
45. Albert Fall
46. Harry Daugherty
47. Laissez-faire
48. Teapot Dome
49. Dawes Plan, 1924
50. Herbert Hoover
51. Andrew Mellon
52. Alfred E. Smith
53. "American Plan"
54. Norman Thomas
55. Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922
56. Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930
57. "Bonus Army," 1932
Essay Questions
1. Analyze the major causes of World War I and their impact on Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
2. To what extent did the United States achieve the objectives that led it to enter the First World War?
3. “The economic policies of the federal government from 1921 to 1929 were responsible for the nation's depression of the 1930s.” Assess the validity of this generalization.
4. In what ways did economic conditions and developments in the arts and entertainment help create the reputation of the 1920s as the Roaring Twenties?
5. Describe and account for the rise of nativism in American society from 1900 to 1930.
Unit Thirteen: Great Depression and New Deal
Chapter 36
1. Causes of the Depression
2. Relief, Recovery, Reform
3. "Fireside Chats"
4. Emergency Banking Act, 1933
5. Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, 1933
6. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation
7. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1934
8. Civilian Conservation Corps
9. Federal Emergency Relief Administration
10. Harry Hopkins
11. Home Owners Loan Corporation
12. Dust Bowl
13. McNary-Haugen farm bill
14. Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933
15. United States v. Butler, 1936
16. Second Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1938
17. Resettlement Administration, 1935
18. Indian Reorganization Act, 1934
19. National Recovery Administration
20. National Industrial Recovery Act
21. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 1935
22. Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933
23. Dr. Francis Townsend
24. Father Charles Coughlin
25. Huey P. Long
26. Social Security Act, 1935
27. Works Progress Administration
28. Wagner Act, 1935
29. NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 1937
30. Norris-LaGuardia Act, 1932
31. Committee for Industrial Organization, 1935
32. John L. Lewis
33. Walsh-Healy Act, 1936
34. Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938
Essay Questions
1. “The New Deal secured the support of labor and agriculture after 1932 as the Republican party had secured the support of industry and commerce since 1920--with special-interest programs giving financial aid, legal privileges, and other types of assistance.” Assess the validity of this statement giving attention to the periods 1920-1932 and 1932-1940.
2. Many New Deal programs were intended to correct those faults in the economy that had brought on the depression. Did the New Deal build enough stabilizers into the economy to prevent another crash of the magnitude of that of 1929?
3. How could radical leftists and conservatives agree on opposing FDR's New Deal?
4. “Franklin Roosevelt headed off socialism with a mild dose of counter-socialism.” Assess the validity of this statement.
5. “The New Deal went a long way toward checking the power of the corporations, not by the economically inefficient method of dissolving them into smaller units but by the development of two 'countervailing powers'--big government and big labor.” Assess the validity of this statement.
6. Identify three of the following New Deal measures and analyze the ways in which each of the three attempted to fashion a more stable economy and more equitable society:
a. AAA
b. SEC
c. Wagner Act
d. Social Security
7. Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression altered the American social fabric in the 1930s.
Unit Fourteen: World War II
Chapters 37 and 38
1. Washington Conference, 1922
2. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928
3. Stimson Doctrine
4. Isolationism
5. Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)
6. America First Committee
7. Johnson (Foreign Securities) Act, 1934
8. Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934
9. Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 1934-1940
10. Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940
11. Buenos Aires Conference, 1936
12. Quarantine Speech, 1937
13. Panay Incident, 1937
14. Maginot Line
15. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
16. Four Freedoms Speech
17. Robin Moor and Reuben James
18. Lend-Lease Act, 1941
19. Atlantic Charter, 1941
20. Pearl Harbor, 1941
21. Rosie the Riveter
22. War Production Board
23. Office of Price Administration
24. A. Phillip Randolph
25. Fair Employment Practices Commission, 1941
26. Wartime Conferences
Casablanca
Cairo
Teheran
Quebec
Yalta
Potsdam
27. Manhattan Project
28. Robert Oppenheimer
Essay Questions
1. To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?
2. Discuss the role of the United States in world affairs, 1917-1945, with references to one of the following areas:
a. Latin America
b. Asia
c. Europe
3. “The term isolation does not adequately describe the reality of either United States foreign policy or American relationships with other nations during the period from Washington's Farewell Address (1796) to 1940.” Assess the validity of this generalization.
4. Prior to American involvement in both the First and Second World Wars, the United States adopted an official policy of neutrality. Compare the policy and its modification during the period 1914-1917 to the policy and its modification during the period 1939-1941.
Unit Fifteen: Truman-Eisenhower
Chapters 39 and 40
1. Containment
2. Iron Curtain
3. Berlin Blockade
4. George Kennan
5. Truman Doctrine
6. Marshall Plan
7. National Security Act, 1947
8. Central Intelligence Agency
9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949
10. Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)
11. Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)
12. NSC-68
13. Servicemen's Readjustment Act, 1944
14. Taft-Hartley Act, 1947
15. William Levitt
16. Fair Deal
17. Thomas E. Dewey
18. J. Strom Thurmond
19. “Dixiecrats”
20. Henry Wallace
21. Dean Acheson
22. Alger Hiss
23. Joseph McCarthy
24. Julius and Ethel Rosenburg
25. Hollywood Ten
26. Waldorf Statement
27. McCarren Internal Security Act, 1950
28. Dennis v. United States, 1951
29. National Highway Defense Act, 1956
30. National Defense Education Act, 1957
31. Sputnik
32. Kitchen Debate
33. Jimmy Hoffa
34. Panmunjom, 1953
35. John Foster Dulles
36. Massive Retaliation
37. Nikita Khrushchev
38. Ho Chi Minh
39. Gamel Abdel Nasser
40. New Look
41. Fulgencio Batista
42. Fidel Castro
Essay Questions
1. To what extent did the decade of the 1950s deserve its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity?
2. “Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic president who skillfully led the American people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.” Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman's foreign policy from 1945 to 1953.
3. Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on Soviet-American relations in the decade following the Second World War.
a. Yalta Conference
b. Korean War
c. McCarthyism
d. Communist revolution in China
4. How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era following the Second World War?
5. Compare the efforts at international cooperation and peace in the twenty years after World War I with those efforts for international cooperation and peace pursued in the twenty years after World War II. Why do you believe that the latter were more successful in preventing a world war?
Unit Sixteen: Kennedy-Johnson
Chapter 41
1. Bay of Pigs
2. Berlin Wall
3. Cuban Missile Crisis
4. Robert Kennedy
5. Lee Harvey Oswald
6. Warren Commission
7. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
8. Earl Warren
9. Southern Manifesto, 1956
10. Rosa Parks
11. Little Rock, 1957
12. Orval Faubus
13. Martin Luther King, Jr
14. Southern Christian Leadership Conference
15. James Meredith
16. George Wallace
17. Bull Connor
18. March on Washington, 1963
19. Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee
20. Congress of Racial Equality
21. Malcolm X
22. Stokley Carmichael
23. H. Rap Brown
24. Black Panthers
25. Eldridge Cleaver
26. Civil Rights Act, 1964
27. Voting Rights Act, 1965
28. Watts, 1965
29. Rachel Carson
30. Betty Friedan
31. Barry Goldwater
32. Great Society
33. The Economic Opportunity Act, 1964
34. Volunteers in Service to America
35. Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 1965
36. Medicare, 1965
37. Medicaid, 1966
38. Ralph Nader
39. National Organization for Women
40. Phyllis Schlafly
41. Equal Rights Amendment
42. Roe v. Wade, 1975
43. Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963
44. Escobedo v. Illinois case, 1964
45. Miranda v. Arizona case, 1966
46. Milton Friedman
47. Nikita Khrushchev
48. Dean Rusk
49. Robert McNamara
50. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964
51. Nguyen Van Thieu
52. Vietcong
53. Tet, 1968
54. Hubert Humphrey
55. Andy Warhol
Essay Questions
1. In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments.
2. Since World War Two, the foreign policy of the United States has centered on resisting the spread of communism. Show how this policy was put into effect in Europe, Asia, and Latin America.
3. In what ways did the administrations of Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson maintain the policy of containment of communism developed during the Truman administration?
4. Discuss, with respect to TWO of the following, the view that the 1960s represented a period of profound cultural change.
a. Education
b. Gender roles
c. Music
d. Race relations
5. Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following transformed American society in the 1960s and 1970s.
a. The Civil Rights movement
b. The antiwar movement
c. The women’s movement
Unit Seventeen: Nixon-Clinton
Chapters 42, 43, 44, and Additional Materials
1. New Federalism
2. Vietnamization
3. Kent State University
4. Détente
5. SALT I
6. Henry Kissinger
7. Le Duc Tho
8. Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai)
9. War Powers Act, 1973
10. George McGovern
11. “Southern strategy”
12. Pentagon Papers
13. Daniel Ellsberg
14. Watergate
15. H.R. Haldeman
16. John Erhlichman
17. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein
18. John Sirica
19. Sam Ervin
20. John Dean
21. Archibald Cox
22. Leon Jaworski
23. Spiro T. Agnew
24. Sandra Day O'Connor
25. Walter Cronkite
26. "All in the Family"
27. Cesar Chavez
28. SALT II
29. OPEC
30. Salvador Allende
31. Yom Kippur War, 1973
32. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi
33. Camp David Accords
34. Deng Xiaoping
35. "Reaganomics"
36. Moral Majority
37. Realignment
38. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or "Star Wars")
39. Grenada
40. Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 1986
41. Manuel Noriega
42. Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi
43. Saddam Hussein
44. Operation Desert Storm
45. Berlin Wall, 1989
46. Tiananmen incident, 1989
47. Mikhail Gorbachev
48. "Education 2000," 1989
49. Clean Air Act, 1990
50. Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990
51. Colin Powell
52. Family and Medical Leave Act, 1993
53. Albert Gore, Jr.
54. Newt Gingrich
55. Bush v. Gore, 2000
56. Patriot Act, 2001
Essay Questions
1. “Presidents who have been notably successful in either foreign affairs or domestic affairs have seldom been notably successful in both.” Assess the validity of this generalization with regard to two presidencies from Truman through Reagan.
2. “1968 was a turning point for the United States.” To what extent is this an accurate assessment? In your answer, discuss TWO of the following:
a. National politics
b. Civil Rights
c. Vietnam War
3. Alexis de Tocqueville observed in 1835 that “almost all of the defects inherent in democratic institutions are brought to light in the conduct of U.S. foreign affairs.” Evaluate this statement comparing the conduct of United States foreign affairs from 1961 to 1980 and its conduct from 1931 to 1941.
4. “In the period since 1945, the Republicans, as represented in the administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) and Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974), virtually abandoned the opposition to the New Deal expressed in the 1930s.” Assess the validity of this statement.
5. Assess the success of the United States policy of containment in Asia between 1945 and 1975.
6. In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the world. Discuss the developments in the thirty years following Churchill's speech which called the global preeminence of the United States into question.
7. Describe the patterns of immigration in TWO of the periods listed below. Compare and contrast the responses of Americans to immigrants in these periods.
a. 1820 to 1860
b. 1880 to 1924
c. 1965 to 2000
8. “A presidential election that results in defeat of the party in power usually indicates the failure of the party in power to have dealt effectively with the nation's problems rather than indicating the positive appeal of the winning candidate and his party's platform.” Assess the validity of this generalization with respect to two of the following elections: 1952; 1960; 1968; 1980.
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