United States History I



Advanced Placement United States History

Essays and Identifications

Unit One: Expansion and the Colonies

Chapters 1, 2, 3, and 4

1. House of Burgesses, 1619

2. Mayflower Compact, 1620

3. Petition of Rights, 1628

4. New England Confederation, 1643

5. Maryland Toleration Act

6. Control of the Purse

7. Bacon's Rebellion, 1676

8. "Benign or Salutary neglect"

9. Middle passage

10. Anne Hutchinson

11. Roger Williams

12. William Bradford

13. John Winthrop

14. "Letters from an American Farmer”

Essay Questions

1. “The English founded colonies to escape oppression in England.” Assess the validity of this statement.

2. “The British colonies were so antagonistic to each other that they were unable to unite to face the attack of common enemies.” Assess the validity of this statement.

3. “Before 1763 British mercantilist policy, while restricting colonial economic development, allowed colonial political life to develop unhampered by the Mother Country.” Assess the validity of this statement.

4. “The colonial wars fought between the British and the French for domination of the North American continent created a sense of national spirit among the British colonies and created a basis for later unity.” Assess the validity of this statement.

5. Analyze the extent to which religious freedom existed in British North American colonies prior to 1700.

6. Though there where many differences in the development of the New England, Middle, and Southern colonies, they had much in common. What conditions and experiences were common to American colonists regardless of their colony or region?

7. Analyze the relative importance of religious dissent and demographic change in undermining the Puritan dream of establishing a godly and orderly society in seventeenth century New England.

8. For the period before 1750, analyze the ways in which Britain's policy of salutary neglect influenced the development of American society as illustrated in the following:

a. Legislative assemblies

b. Commerce

c. Religion

9. Analyze the cultural and economic responses of TWO of the following groups to the Indians of North America before 1750.

a. British

b. French

c. Spanish

10. How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?

11. Compare and contrast the ways in which economic development affected politics in Massachusetts and Virginia in the period from 1607 to 1750.

Unit Two: American Revolution

Chapters 5, 6, and 7

1. Iron Act

2. Molasses Act

3. Navigation Acts

4. Great Awakening

5. Zenger Case, 1734

6. Paxton Boys

7. Albany Plan of Union, 1754

8. Peace of Paris, 1763

9. Proclamation Line, 1763

10. George III

11. Patrick Henry

12. Writs of Assistance

13. Sugar Islands

14. Benjamin Franklin

15. George Grenville

16. Sugar Act, 1764

17. Currency Act, 1764

18. Stamp Act, 1765

19. Virtual and actual representation

20. Regulators

21. Stamp Act Congress, 1765

22. Sons of Liberty

23. Declaratory Act, 1766

24. Quartering Act, 1766

25. Charles Townshend

26. Townshend Acts, 1767

27. Boston Massacre, 1770

28. Lord North

29. Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania

30. Gaspee Incident

31. Tea Act, 1773

32. Boston Tea Party, 1773

33. The Coercive or Intolerable Acts, 1774

34. The Quebec Act, 1774

35. First Continental Congress, 1774

36. Lexington and Concord, 1775

37. Olive Branch Petition

38. Hessians

39. Battle of Bunker Hill

40. Second Continental Congress, 1775

41. Common Sense, 1776

42. Declaration of Independence, 1776

43. "Republican Mothers"

44. Articles of Confederation, 1777

45. Valley Forge, 1777-78

46. Marquis de Lafayette and Baron von Steuben

47. Battle of Trenton, 1776

48. Battle of Saratoga, 1777

49. Yorktown, 1781

50. Treaty of Paris, 1783

Essays Questions

1. “The Declaration of Independence has been variously interpreted as a bid for French support, an attempt to swing uncommitted Americans to the revolutionary cause, a statement of universal principles, and an affirmation of the traditional rights as Englishmen.” To what extent are these interpretations in conflict.

2. Analyze the extent to which the American Revolution represented a radical alteration in American political ideas and institutions. Confine your answer to the period 1775 to 1783.

3. “A salient feature of our Revolution was that its animating purpose was deeply conservative. The colonials revolted against British rule in order to keep things the way they were, not to initiate a new era.” Assess the validity of this statement.

4. Evaluate the relative importance of the following factors prompting American's to rebel in 1776:

a. Parliamentary taxation

b. Restriction of civil liberties

c. British military measures

d. The legacy of colonial religious and political ideas

5. “Despite its precedent-setting character, the American revolt is noteworthy because it made no serious interruption in the smooth flow of American development. Both in intention and in fact the American Revolution conserved the past rather than repudiated it. And in preserving the colonial experience, the men of the first quarter of the Republic's history set the scenery and wrote the script for the drama of American politics for years to come.” Assess the validity of this statement.

Unit Three: Federalist and Republicans

Chapters 8 and 9

1. Jay-Gardoqui Treaty, 1786

2. Land Ordinance of 1785

3. Northwest Ordinance , 1787

4. Daniel Shays, 1787

5. Annapolis Convention

6. The Constitution of the United States

a. Great Compromise

b. Three-fifths Compromise

c. Commerce Compromise

d. Federalism

e. Separation of powers

f. Checks and balances

g. Preamble

h. Impeachment

i. Filibustering

j. Elastic clause

k. Writ of habeas corpus

l. Ex post facto law

m. Electoral college

n. Judicial review

o. Treason

7. Federalist Papers

8. Federalists

9. Republicans

10. Funding

11. Assumption

12. Bank of the United States

13. Whiskey Tax, 1791

14. "Report on Manufacturers"

15. James Madison

16. Neutrality Proclamation, 1793

17. Citizen Genet

18. Jay Treaty, 1794

19. Pinckney Treaty, 1795

20. John Adams

21. Farewell Address, 1796

22. XYZ Affair, 1797

23. Barbary Pirates

24. Alien and Sedition Acts, 1798

25. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798

Essays Questions

1. By 1796, two clearly defined and conflicting political philosophies emerged in the United States: the Federalists, under the influence of Alexander Hamilton and the Republicans, under the guidance of Thomas Jefferson. Which philosophy best represents the ideals for which the American Revolution was fought?

2. The principal problems faced by the colonies in their relations with the Mother Country between 1763-1776 reappeared as problems in state/federal relations under the Articles of Confederation(1780-1789). Describe three of those problems and explain how the Confederation attempted to solve them.

3. The Bill of Rights did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather from a fear of the powers of the new federal government. Assess the validity of this statement.

4. Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping American politics in the 1790s.

5. Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with respect to any TWO of the following.

a. Foreign relations

b. Economic conditions

c. Western lands

6. “Between 1783 and 1800 the new government of the United States faced the political, economic, and constitutional issues that troubled the British government's relations with the colonies prior to the revolution.” Assess the validity of this statement.

7. What evidence is there for the assertion that the basic principles of the Constitution were firmly grounded in the political and religious experience of America's colonial and revolutionary periods?

8. “In seeking liberty to trade we were impelled to secure political freedom. The winning of the Revolution and the adoption of the Constitution had their roots in our economic necessities.” Assess the validity of this statement.

9. “The Declaration of Independence issued a call for a democratic government of equal citizens which was rejected by the writers of the Constitution, who created an aristocratic government that benefited only the wealthy few.” Assess the validity of this statement.

Unit Four: Jefferson and Jackson

Chapters 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14

1. Aaron Burr

2. Judiciary Act, 1801

3. Mercy Otis Warren

4. Albert Gallatin

5. Waltham method

6. Yazoo land claims

7. Robert Livingston

8. Louisiana Purchase, 1803

9. Marbury v. Madison, 1803

10. Chesapeake-Leopard Incident

11. Orders-in-Council, 1807

12. Embargo Act, 1807

13. Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

14. War Hawks

15. Daniel Webster

16. Hartford Convention

17. Battle of New Orleans, December, 1814

18. Treaty of Ghent, 1814

19. Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817

20. Era of Good Feelings

21. Frances C. Lowell

22. Cumberland or National Road

23. Tariff of 1816

24. James Monroe

25. John C. Calhoun

26. Adams-Onis Treaty, 1819

27. McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

28. Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819

29. Panic of 1819

30. Erie Canal

31. Tallmadge Amendment

32. Missouri Compromise, 1820

33. Denmark Vesey Revolt, 1822

34. Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

35. Henry Clay

36. American System

37. John Quincy Adams

38. "Corrupt bargain"

39. "King Caucus"

40. Tariff of Abominations, 1828

41. Thomas W. Dorr

42. The South Carolina Exposition and Protest

43. Martin Van Buren

44. Peggy O'Neal-Eaton Affair

45. Webster-Hayne Debate, 1830

46. Maysville Road veto, 1830

47. Indian Removal Act, 1830

48. Indian Intercourse Act, 1834

49. Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831

50. Nullification Ordinance, 1832

51. Compromise Tariff of 1833

52. Force Bill, 1833

53. Nicholas Biddle

54. Roger B. Taney

55. Democracy in America, 1832

56. "Loco Focos"

57. Whig Party, 1834

58. Specie Circular, 1836

59. Panic of 1837

60. Independent Treasury System, 1840

61. Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge, 1837

Essay Questions

1. “Although defended and attacked on purely economic grounds, the federal tariff policies of the United States have been more important politically than economically.” Assess the validity of this generalization during the Jacksonian period.

2. “The Era of Good Feeling (1816-1824) marked the appearance of issues that transformed American politics in the next twenty years.” Assess the validity of this generalization.

3. “Democracy was good talk with which to win the favor of the people and thereby accomplish ulterior objectives. Jackson never really championed the cause of the people; he only invited them to champion his.” Assess the validity of this statement.

4. In what ways did the emerging sectional conflicts within the United States manifest themselves in the election of Andrew Jackson and in the domestic policies of the nation in the years 1828-1837?

5. Although historically represented as distinct political parties, the Federalists and the Whigs in fact shared a common political ideology, represented many of the same interest groups, and proposed similar programs and policies. Assess the validity of this statement.

6. In what manner did the Jacksonian Revolution mark the establishment of democracy in America whereas the Jeffersonian Revolution merely marked the arrival of a new party in political power?

7. “Early United States foreign policy was primarily a defensive reaction to perceived or actual threats from Europe.” Assess the validity of this generalization with reference to two major issues during the period from 1789 to 1825.

8. Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840.

a. Jacksonian economic policy

b. Second Great Awakening

c. Changes in electoral politics

d. Westward movement

9. How did TWO of the following contribute to the reemergence of a two party system in the period 1820-1840?

a. Major political personalities

b. States' Rights

c. Economic issues

10. The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has been celebrated as the era of the "common man." To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider TWO of the following in your response.

a. Economic Development

b. Politics

c. Reform movements

Unit Five: Manifest Destiny

Chapter 15, 16, 17, and 18

1. Samuel F. B. Morse

2. Commonwealth v. Hunt, 1842

3. John Deere

4. Cyrus McCormick

5. Cumberland Road

6. Robert Fulton

7. DeWitt Clinton

8. Cyrus Field

9. Eli Whitney

10. Samuel Slater

11. Second Great Awakening

12. Joseph Smith

13. Brigham Young

14. Noah Webster

15. Deism

16. Catherine Beecher

17. Elizabeth Blackwell

18. Seneca Falls Convention

19. Ralph Waldo Emerson

20. Henry David Thoreau

21. Walt Whitman

22. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

23. Perfectionism

24. Utopian experiments

25. Transcendentalists

26. Reform crusades

27. Harriet Beecher Stowe

28. William Lloyd Garrison

29. The Liberator

30. Frederick Douglass

31. Immigration patterns

32. Know-Nothing Party

33. "Log Cabin" campaign, 1840

34. John Tyler

35. Caroline incident, 1837

36. Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842

37. James K. Polk

38. Oregon Question

39. Texas Question

40. Santa Anna

41. Samuel Houston

42. Slidell Mission, 1846

Essay Questions

1. In what ways did the early nineteenth century reform movements for abolition and women's rights illustrate both the strengths and weaknesses of democracy in the early American republic?

2. Compare the expansionist foreign policies of Presidents Thomas Jefferson and James K. Polk. To what extent did their policies strengthen the United States?

3. In what ways did the concept of Manifest Destiny affect the foreign and domestic policies of the United States in the years 1840-1850?

4. In what respects did each of the following represent in their expressed opinions and actions the viewpoint of the section of the nation from which he came?

a. John C. Calhoun--The South

b. Daniel Webster--New England

c. Henry Clay--The West

5. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the American cultural and intellectual community contributed to the development of a distinctive American national consciousness. Assess the validity of this statement.

Unit Six: Causes of the Civil War

Chapters 19 and 20

1. John C. Fremont

2. Bear Flag Revolt

3. Zachary Taylor

4. General Winfield Scott

5. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848

6. Wilmot Proviso

7. Mexican Cession

8. Underground Railroad

9. Harriet Tubman

10. Compromise of 1850

11. Fugitive Slave Law

12. Commodore Matthew Perry

13. Frederick Douglass

14. Harriet Beecher Stowe

15. Uncle Tom's Cabin

16. William Lloyd Garrison

17. Prigg v. Pennsylvania, 1842

18. Liberty Party

19. De Bow's Review

20. "Peculiar institution"

21. Nat Turner, 1831

22. Hinton Helper

23. Free-Soil Party

24. Ostend Manifesto

25. Gadsden Purchase, 1853

26. Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

27. “Bleeding Kansas”

28. Sumner-Brooks affair, 1856

29. Lecompton Constitution

30. Topeka Constitution

31. Stephen A. Douglas

32. Popular Sovereignty

33. Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857

34. Roger B. Taney

35. Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

36. Freeport Doctrine

37. Panic of 1857

38. John Brown's Raid

39. John C. Breckinridge

40. John Bell

41. Secession

42. Jefferson Davis

43. Election of 1860

44. Crittenden Compromise

Essay Questions

1. “Slavery was the dominating reality of all southern life.” Assess the validity of this generalization for two of the following aspects of southern life about 1840 to 1860: political, social, economic, and intellectual life.

2. Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal, religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery.

3. ”Throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body rather than a neutral arbiter of constitutional principles.” Assess the validity of this generalization for the period 1800-1860.

4. “When all is considered slavery was at the very heart of our disequilibrium.” Assess the validity of this statement.

5. It has been argued that the Civil War was fought between sides which advocated adherence to the original ideals of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence. Which side advocated the ideals of which document and why?

6. “The South overreacted to Lincoln's victory; although it had lost control of the presidency, it still controlled the congress and had a sympathetic majority on the Supreme Court.” Assess the validity of this statement. (Historical note: The senate, through 1861, consisted of 36 Democrats, 26 Republicans, and 4 others.)

7. Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850.

8. Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following: Missouri Compromise, Mexican War, Compromise of 1850, or Kansas-Nebraska Act.

9. To what extent did the debates about the Mexican War and its aftermath reflect the sectional interests of New Englanders, westerners, and southerners in the period from 1845 to 1855?

Unit Seven: Civil War and Reconstruction

Chapters 21, 22, and 23

1. William H. Seward

2. Salmon P. Chase

3. Edwin Stanton

4. Fort Sumter, 1861

5. Border States

6. Lost Cause

7. Habeas Corpus

8. Robert E. Lee

9. Ulysses S. Grant

10. William T. Sherman

11. Army of the Potomac

12. George McClellan

13. Antietam

14. Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

15. Thirteenth Amendment

16. Appomattox, 1865

17. Morrill Tariff Act, 1861

18. Homestead Act, 1862

19. National Bank Act, 1863

20. Conscription Law, 1863

21. "Copperheads"

22. Clement L. Vallandigham

23. Andrew Johnson

24. John Wilkes Booth

25. Freedman's Bureau, 1865

26. "Ten-percent" oath

27. Wade-Davis Bill, 1864

28. Black Codes

29. Jim Crow Laws

30. Fourteenth Amendment

31. Ex Parte Milligan

32. Fifteenth Amendment

33. Scalawag

34. Carpetbagger

35. Ku Klux Klan

36. Tenure of Office Act, 1867

37. Seward’s Folly, 1867

38. Hayes-Tilden, 1876

39. Compromise of 1877

40. New South Creed

Essay Questions

1. “The history of the United States shows that none of the three branches of the federal government is immune from the temptation to upset the system of checks and balances established in the Constitution.” Assess the validity of this generalization by examining both the Congress and the Presidency between 1865 and 1868.

2. Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877?

3. “The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the alteration or subversion of the original ideas or program.” For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both the ideas and activities of abolitionism and the policies of the Republican party.

4. Analyze the economic consequences of the Civil War with respect to any TWO of the following in the United States between 1865 and 1880.

a. Agriculture

b. Labor

c. Industrialization

d. Transportation

5. Why were the interests of African-Americans ignored in the nation's politics during the post-Civil War period?

6. What political techniques did white southerners use to weaken and counteract the enforcement of the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments?

Unit Eight: The Industrial Age

Chapters 24, 25, and 26

1. Transcontinental Railroad

2. James Fisk

3. Jay Gould

4. Boomer

5. Sooner

6. Sand Creek

7. George Custer

8. Nez Perce

9. Chief Joseph

10. Helen Hunt Jackson

11. Dawes Act, 1887

12. Trust

13. Pool

14. Cornelius Vanderbilt

15. George Pullman

16. J.P. Morgan

17. Gustavus Swift

18. Phillip Armour

19. Charles Pillsbury

20. John D. Rockefeller

21. Alexander Graham Bell

22. William Graham Sumner

23. Charles Darwin

24. On Origin of Species, 1859

25. Social Darwinism

26. Russell Conwell

27. Andrew Carnegie

28. Acres of Diamonds

29. The Gospel of Wealth

30. William M. Tweed

31. Old Immigrants

32. New Immigrants

33. Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882

34. Sherman Antitrust Act, 1890

35. United States v. E.C. Knight Co., 1895

36. Scab

37. Yellow Dog Contract

38. Scrip

39. William Sylvis

40. Knights of Labor

41. Samuel Gompers

42. American Federation of Labor

43. Molly Maguires

44. Great Railroad Strike, 1877

45. Haymarket Riot, 1886

46. Homestead Strike, 1892

47. Henry Clay Frick

48. Eugene V. Debs

49. IWW – “Wobblies”

50. Pullman Strike, 1894

51. Solidarity Forever

Essay Questions

1. Analyze the impact of any TWO of the following on the American industrial worker between 1865 and 1900.

a. Government Actions

b. Immigration

c. Labor Unions

d. Technological changes

2. Were the industrialists of the late nineteenth century better described as Robber Barons or creative entrepreneurs?

3. How were the lives of the Plains Indians in the second half of the nineteenth century affected by technological developments and government action?

4. Discuss why the federal government pursued a policy of assimilation towards Native Americans in the period following the Civil War and analyze its success or failure.

5. How and why did transportation developments spark economic growth during the period from 1860 and 1900 in the United States?

Unit Nine: Populism

Chapters 27 and 28

1. Comstock Law, 1873

2. National American Women’s Suffrage Association, 1890

3. Elizabeth Cady Stanton

4. Carrie Chapman Catt

5. Minor v. Happensatt, 1874

6. Jane Addams

7. Hull House

8. Walking Cities

9. Streetcar Cities

10. Dumbbell Tenement

11. Chicago Fire

12. Settlement House Movement

13. Ulysses S. Grant

14. “Waving the Bloody Shirt”

15. Thomas Nast

16. Horace Greeley

17. Stalwarts

18. Roscoe Conkling

19. Half-Breeds

20. James G. Blaine

21. Charles Guiteau

22. Pendleton Act, 1883

23. Tenancy

24. Crop-lien system

25. Deflation

26. Oliver H. Kelley

27. The Grange

28. Farmer’s Alliance

29. Colored Farmer’s Alliance

30. Munn v. Illinois, 1877

31. Wabash case, 1886

32. James Weaver

33. Populist Party, 1892

34. Bimetallism

35. Bland-Allison Act, 1878

36. Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 1890

37. McKinley Tariff, 1890

38. Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894

39. Jacob Coxey

40. William Jennings Bryan

Essay Questions

1. "Both the Jacksonian Democrats during 1824-1840 and the Populists during 1890-1896 attacked and sought to rule out special privilege in American life. The Jacksonian Democrats attained power and succeeded; the Populists failed." Assess the validity of this statement.

2. “Ironically, popular belief in the 'self-sufficient farmer' and the 'self-made man' increased during the nineteenth century as the reality behind these beliefs faded.” Assess the validity of this statement.

3. The Industrial Revolution that occurred in the years after the Civil War had consequences for almost all aspects of American society. Discuss the consequences on TWO of the following groups:

a. Business

b. Labor

c. Farmers

d. Government and Politics

4. Analyze the reasons why the women’s suffrage movement and Populist movements failed during the second half of the nineteenth century.

5. Discuss the impact of immigration and urbanization during the late nineteenth century on the following:

a. Business

b. Labor

c. City conditions

Unit Ten: Progressivism

Chapters 31 and 32

1. Wright Brothers

2. Frederick Taylor

3. DuPont

4. Eastman Kodak

5. Jacob Riis

6. Theodore Dreiser

7. Jane Addams

8. Hull House

9. McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Collier’s

10. Muckrakers

11. Lincoln Steffens

12. Ida Tarbell

13. Upton Sinclair

14. Initiative

15. Referendum

16. Recall

17. Australian Ballot

18. Robert LaFollette

19. “Uncle Joe” Cannon

20. 16th Amendment, 1913

21. 17th Amendment, 1913

22. 18th Amendment, 1919

23. 19th Amendment, 1920

24. Women’s Christian Temperance Union

25. Square Deal

26. Elkins Act, 1903

27. Hepburn Act, 1906

28. Northern Securities case

29. Philander C. Knox

30. Meat Inspection Act, 1906

31. Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906

32. Newlands Reclamation Act, 1902

33. John Muir

34. Sierra Club

35. Hetch Hetchy

36. Nelson W. Aldrich

37. Payne-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

38. Ballinger-Pinchot Affair, 1909

39. John Mitchell

40. Tom Johnson

41. Underwood-Simmons tariff, 1913

42. Federal Reserve Act, 1913

43. Louis D. Brandeis

44. Pujo Committee

45. Clayton Act, 1914

46. Federal Trade Commission, 1914

47. Booker T. Washington

48. W.E.B. DuBois

49. Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896

50. Birth of a Nation

Essay Questions

1. The response to the negative consequences of the rise of industrialism led to a series of reform movements, culminating in the Progressive Movement. Discuss the goals of progressivism and how these goals were or were not realized.

2. “Although many Americans between 1870 and 1915 blamed the political corruption at the state and local level on public indifference or greedy politicians, such corruption reflected a serious crisis of traditional institutions in dealing with the social and economic problems of modern America.” Assess the validity of this generalization.

3. “In American politics the most significant battles have occurred within the major parties rather than between them.” Discuss this statement with reference to the period 1900-1912.

4. Based on their parties' platforms, public statements, and other sources, which candidate, Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, or Woodrow Wilson, would you have voted for in 1912 if you had been a Populist in the 1890s?

5. “The ideas of the Populists never really achieved acceptance until they were embraced by the Progressives in the first decades of the twentieth century.” Assess the validity of this statement.

6. “Populism was a simplistic attempt to perpetuate the agrarian myth whereas Progressivism was a sophisticated effort to restore the economic individualism and political democracy lost during the rise of industrialism.” Assess the validity of this statement.

7. “The Hamiltonian tradition of centralized government power, which until the late nineteenth century, at least, had been used for the immediate advantage of the few was combined with the Jeffersonian tradition of representing the economic interest of the many.” Is this an accurate definition of Progressivism?

8. “In understanding the nature of a reform movement it is as important to know what it seeks to preserve as to know what it seeks to change.” Compare the Populist and Progressive reform movements in light of this statement.

9. Discuss the similarities and differences in the policies advocated by Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. DuBois.

10. Analyze the ways in which state and federal legislation and judicial decisions, including those of the Supreme Court, affected the efforts of any two of the following groups to improve their position in society between 1880 and 1920:

a. African Americans

b. Farmers

c. Workers

11. Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century.

a. Andrew Carnegie

b. Eugene V. Debs

c. Horatio Alger

d. Booker T. Washington

e. Ida M. Tarbell

Unit Eleven: American Imperialism

Chapters 29 and 30

1. Treaty of Wanghia, 1844

2. Charles Francis Adams

3. William Seward

4. Senator Albert J. Beveridge

5. Alfred Thayer Mahan

6. James G. Blaine

7. “Big Sister” Policy

8. Monroe Doctrine

9. White Man’s Burden

10. Queen Liliuokalani

11. General Valeriano Weyler

12. Joseph Pulitzer

13. William Randolph Hearst

14. U.S.S. Maine

15. Dupuy deLome

16. Teller Amendment, 1898

17. “Rough Riders”

18. Treaty of Paris, 1899

19. Foraker Act, 1900

20. Insular cases

21. DeLima v. Bidwell, 1901

22. Platt Amendment, 1901

23. Emilio Aguinaldo

24. Commodore Matthew Perry

25. Open Door Policy, 1899

26. Boxer Rebellion, 1900

27. Theodore Roosevelt

28. "Big Stick" diplomacy

29. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850

30. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 1901

31. Phillipe Bunau-Varilla

32. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, 1903

33. Hay-Herran Treaty, 1903

34. Roosevelt Corollary

35. Venezuelan Crises, 1895 and 1902

36. Portsmouth Peace Conference, 1905

37. Taft-Katsura Agreement, 1905

38. “Gentleman's Agreement," 1907

39. Root-Takahira Agreement, 1908

40. Lansing-Ishii Agreement, 1917

41. Jones Act, 1916

42. Dollar diplomacy

Essay Questions

1. “United States policy towards Central and South America during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century consisted of a series of premeditated affairs resulting from deliberately calculated schemes of robbery on the part of a superior power against weak and defenseless neighbors.” Assess the validity of this statement.

2. How and why did the Monroe Doctrine become a cornerstone of United States foreign policy by the late nineteenth century?

3. "Both the Mexican War and the Spanish-American War were premeditated affairs resulting from deliberately calculated schemes of robbery on the part of a superior power against weak and defenseless neighbors." Assess the validity of this statement.

Unit Twelve: World War I and the 1920s

Chapters 32, 33, 34, and 35

1. Victoriano Huerta

2. Francisco (Pancho) Villa

3. Charles Evans Hughes

4. Kaiser Wilhelm II

5. Schlieffen Plan

6. Lusitania

7. Zimmerman Note

8. Fourteen Points

9. Committee on Public Information

10. George Creel

11. Espionage Act, 1917

12. Sedition Act, 1918

13. Bernard Baruch

14. War Industries Board

15. National War Labor Board

16. Food Administration

17. Herbert Hoover

18. Fuel Administration

19. Alexander Kerensky

20. David Lloyd George

21. Georges Clemenceau

22. Vittorio Orlando

23. Robert Lansing

24. Henry Cabot Lodge

25. "Irreconcilables"

26. “Reservationists”

27. A. Mitchell Palmer

28. Red Scare

29. Sacco-Vanzetti case, 1921

30. Ku Klux Klan

31. Emergency Quota Act, 1921

32. National Origins Act, 1924

33. Volstead Act, 1919

34. Marcus Garvey

35. Harlem Renaissance

36. Al Capone

37. John T. Scopes

38. Henry Ford

39. Model T

40. Babe Ruth

41. Charles Lindbergh

42. The Jazz Singer, 1927

43. Flappers

44. Margaret Sanger

45. Albert Fall

46. Harry Daugherty

47. Laissez-faire

48. Teapot Dome

49. Dawes Plan, 1924

50. Herbert Hoover

51. Andrew Mellon

52. Alfred E. Smith

53. "American Plan"

54. Norman Thomas

55. Fordney-McCumber Tariff, 1922

56. Smoot-Hawley Tariff, 1930

57. "Bonus Army," 1932

Essay Questions

1. Analyze the major causes of World War I and their impact on Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points.

2. To what extent did the United States achieve the objectives that led it to enter the First World War?

3. “The economic policies of the federal government from 1921 to 1929 were responsible for the nation's depression of the 1930s.” Assess the validity of this generalization.

4. In what ways did economic conditions and developments in the arts and entertainment help create the reputation of the 1920s as the Roaring Twenties?

5. Describe and account for the rise of nativism in American society from 1900 to 1930.

Unit Thirteen: Great Depression and New Deal

Chapter 36

1. Causes of the Depression

2. Relief, Recovery, Reform

3. "Fireside Chats"

4. Emergency Banking Act, 1933

5. Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, 1933

6. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

7. Securities and Exchange Commission, 1934

8. Civilian Conservation Corps

9. Federal Emergency Relief Administration

10. Harry Hopkins

11. Home Owners Loan Corporation

12. Dust Bowl

13. McNary-Haugen farm bill

14. Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1933

15. United States v. Butler, 1936

16. Second Agricultural Adjustment Act, 1938

17. Resettlement Administration, 1935

18. Indian Reorganization Act, 1934

19. National Recovery Administration

20. National Industrial Recovery Act

21. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 1935

22. Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933

23. Dr. Francis Townsend

24. Father Charles Coughlin

25. Huey P. Long

26. Social Security Act, 1935

27. Works Progress Administration

28. Wagner Act, 1935

29. NLRB v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 1937

30. Norris-LaGuardia Act, 1932

31. Committee for Industrial Organization, 1935

32. John L. Lewis

33. Walsh-Healy Act, 1936

34. Fair Labor Standards Act, 1938

Essay Questions

1. “The New Deal secured the support of labor and agriculture after 1932 as the Republican party had secured the support of industry and commerce since 1920--with special-interest programs giving financial aid, legal privileges, and other types of assistance.” Assess the validity of this statement giving attention to the periods 1920-1932 and 1932-1940.

2. Many New Deal programs were intended to correct those faults in the economy that had brought on the depression. Did the New Deal build enough stabilizers into the economy to prevent another crash of the magnitude of that of 1929?

3. How could radical leftists and conservatives agree on opposing FDR's New Deal?

4. “Franklin Roosevelt headed off socialism with a mild dose of counter-socialism.” Assess the validity of this statement.

5. “The New Deal went a long way toward checking the power of the corporations, not by the economically inefficient method of dissolving them into smaller units but by the development of two 'countervailing powers'--big government and big labor.” Assess the validity of this statement.

6. Identify three of the following New Deal measures and analyze the ways in which each of the three attempted to fashion a more stable economy and more equitable society:

a. AAA

b. SEC

c. Wagner Act

d. Social Security

7. Analyze the ways in which the Great Depression altered the American social fabric in the 1930s.

Unit Fourteen: World War II

Chapters 37 and 38

1. Washington Conference, 1922

2. Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928

3. Stimson Doctrine

4. Isolationism

5. Charles A. Lindbergh (1930s)

6. America First Committee

7. Johnson (Foreign Securities) Act, 1934

8. Tydings-McDuffie Act, 1934

9. Reciprocal Trade Agreements, 1934-1940

10. Neutrality Acts, 1935-1940

11. Buenos Aires Conference, 1936

12. Quarantine Speech, 1937

13. Panay Incident, 1937

14. Maginot Line

15. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

16. Four Freedoms Speech

17. Robin Moor and Reuben James

18. Lend-Lease Act, 1941

19. Atlantic Charter, 1941

20. Pearl Harbor, 1941

21. Rosie the Riveter

22. War Production Board

23. Office of Price Administration

24. A. Phillip Randolph

25. Fair Employment Practices Commission, 1941

26. Wartime Conferences

Casablanca

Cairo

Teheran

Quebec

Yalta

Potsdam

27. Manhattan Project

28. Robert Oppenheimer

Essay Questions

1. To what extent did the United States adopt an isolationist policy in the 1920s and 1930s?

2. Discuss the role of the United States in world affairs, 1917-1945, with references to one of the following areas:

a. Latin America

b. Asia

c. Europe

3. “The term isolation does not adequately describe the reality of either United States foreign policy or American relationships with other nations during the period from Washington's Farewell Address (1796) to 1940.” Assess the validity of this generalization.

4. Prior to American involvement in both the First and Second World Wars, the United States adopted an official policy of neutrality. Compare the policy and its modification during the period 1914-1917 to the policy and its modification during the period 1939-1941.

Unit Fifteen: Truman-Eisenhower

Chapters 39 and 40

1. Containment

2. Iron Curtain

3. Berlin Blockade

4. George Kennan

5. Truman Doctrine

6. Marshall Plan

7. National Security Act, 1947

8. Central Intelligence Agency

9. North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949

10. Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi)

11. Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong)

12. NSC-68

13. Servicemen's Readjustment Act, 1944

14. Taft-Hartley Act, 1947

15. William Levitt

16. Fair Deal

17. Thomas E. Dewey

18. J. Strom Thurmond

19. “Dixiecrats”

20. Henry Wallace

21. Dean Acheson

22. Alger Hiss

23. Joseph McCarthy

24. Julius and Ethel Rosenburg

25. Hollywood Ten

26. Waldorf Statement

27. McCarren Internal Security Act, 1950

28. Dennis v. United States, 1951

29. National Highway Defense Act, 1956

30. National Defense Education Act, 1957

31. Sputnik

32. Kitchen Debate

33. Jimmy Hoffa

34. Panmunjom, 1953

35. John Foster Dulles

36. Massive Retaliation

37. Nikita Khrushchev

38. Ho Chi Minh

39. Gamel Abdel Nasser

40. New Look

41. Fulgencio Batista

42. Fidel Castro

Essay Questions

1. To what extent did the decade of the 1950s deserve its reputation as an age of political, social, and cultural conformity?

2. “Harry S. Truman was a realistic, pragmatic president who skillfully led the American people against the menace posed by the Soviet Union.” Assess the validity of this generalization for President Truman's foreign policy from 1945 to 1953.

3. Analyze the influence of TWO of the following on Soviet-American relations in the decade following the Second World War.

a. Yalta Conference

b. Korean War

c. McCarthyism

d. Communist revolution in China

4. How do you account for the appeal of McCarthyism in the United States in the era following the Second World War?

5. Compare the efforts at international cooperation and peace in the twenty years after World War I with those efforts for international cooperation and peace pursued in the twenty years after World War II. Why do you believe that the latter were more successful in preventing a world war?

Unit Sixteen: Kennedy-Johnson

Chapter 41

1. Bay of Pigs

2. Berlin Wall

3. Cuban Missile Crisis

4. Robert Kennedy

5. Lee Harvey Oswald

6. Warren Commission

7. Brown v. Board of Education, 1954

8. Earl Warren

9. Southern Manifesto, 1956

10. Rosa Parks

11. Little Rock, 1957

12. Orval Faubus

13. Martin Luther King, Jr

14. Southern Christian Leadership Conference

15. James Meredith

16. George Wallace

17. Bull Connor

18. March on Washington, 1963

19. Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee

20. Congress of Racial Equality

21. Malcolm X

22. Stokley Carmichael

23. H. Rap Brown

24. Black Panthers

25. Eldridge Cleaver

26. Civil Rights Act, 1964

27. Voting Rights Act, 1965

28. Watts, 1965

29. Rachel Carson

30. Betty Friedan

31. Barry Goldwater

32. Great Society

33. The Economic Opportunity Act, 1964

34. Volunteers in Service to America

35. Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 1965

36. Medicare, 1965

37. Medicaid, 1966

38. Ralph Nader

39. National Organization for Women

40. Phyllis Schlafly

41. Equal Rights Amendment

42. Roe v. Wade, 1975

43. Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

44. Escobedo v. Illinois case, 1964

45. Miranda v. Arizona case, 1966

46. Milton Friedman

47. Nikita Khrushchev

48. Dean Rusk

49. Robert McNamara

50. Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, 1964

51. Nguyen Van Thieu

52. Vietcong

53. Tet, 1968

54. Hubert Humphrey

55. Andy Warhol

Essay Questions

1. In what ways did the Great Society resemble the New Deal in its origins, goals, and social and political legacy? Cite specific programs and policies in support of your arguments.

2. Since World War Two, the foreign policy of the United States has centered on resisting the spread of communism. Show how this policy was put into effect in Europe, Asia, and Latin America.

3. In what ways did the administrations of Presidents Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson maintain the policy of containment of communism developed during the Truman administration?

4. Discuss, with respect to TWO of the following, the view that the 1960s represented a period of profound cultural change.

a. Education

b. Gender roles

c. Music

d. Race relations

5. Analyze the extent to which TWO of the following transformed American society in the 1960s and 1970s.

a. The Civil Rights movement

b. The antiwar movement

c. The women’s movement

Unit Seventeen: Nixon-Clinton

Chapters 42, 43, 44, and Additional Materials

1. New Federalism

2. Vietnamization

3. Kent State University

4. Détente

5. SALT I

6. Henry Kissinger

7. Le Duc Tho

8. Zhou Enlai (Chou En-lai)

9. War Powers Act, 1973

10. George McGovern

11. “Southern strategy”

12. Pentagon Papers

13. Daniel Ellsberg

14. Watergate

15. H.R. Haldeman

16. John Erhlichman

17. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein

18. John Sirica

19. Sam Ervin

20. John Dean

21. Archibald Cox

22. Leon Jaworski

23. Spiro T. Agnew

24. Sandra Day O'Connor

25. Walter Cronkite

26. "All in the Family"

27. Cesar Chavez

28. SALT II

29. OPEC

30. Salvador Allende

31. Yom Kippur War, 1973

32. Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

33. Camp David Accords

34. Deng Xiaoping

35. "Reaganomics"

36. Moral Majority

37. Realignment

38. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or "Star Wars")

39. Grenada

40. Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act, 1986

41. Manuel Noriega

42. Mu'ammar al-Qaddafi

43. Saddam Hussein

44. Operation Desert Storm

45. Berlin Wall, 1989

46. Tiananmen incident, 1989

47. Mikhail Gorbachev

48. "Education 2000," 1989

49. Clean Air Act, 1990

50. Americans With Disabilities Act, 1990

51. Colin Powell

52. Family and Medical Leave Act, 1993

53. Albert Gore, Jr.

54. Newt Gingrich

55. Bush v. Gore, 2000

56. Patriot Act, 2001

Essay Questions

1. “Presidents who have been notably successful in either foreign affairs or domestic affairs have seldom been notably successful in both.” Assess the validity of this generalization with regard to two presidencies from Truman through Reagan.

2. “1968 was a turning point for the United States.” To what extent is this an accurate assessment? In your answer, discuss TWO of the following:

a. National politics

b. Civil Rights

c. Vietnam War

3. Alexis de Tocqueville observed in 1835 that “almost all of the defects inherent in democratic institutions are brought to light in the conduct of U.S. foreign affairs.” Evaluate this statement comparing the conduct of United States foreign affairs from 1961 to 1980 and its conduct from 1931 to 1941.

4. “In the period since 1945, the Republicans, as represented in the administrations of Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953-1961) and Richard M. Nixon (1969-1974), virtually abandoned the opposition to the New Deal expressed in the 1930s.” Assess the validity of this statement.

5. Assess the success of the United States policy of containment in Asia between 1945 and 1975.

6. In 1945 Winston Churchill said that the United States stood at the summit of the world. Discuss the developments in the thirty years following Churchill's speech which called the global preeminence of the United States into question.

7. Describe the patterns of immigration in TWO of the periods listed below. Compare and contrast the responses of Americans to immigrants in these periods.

a. 1820 to 1860

b. 1880 to 1924

c. 1965 to 2000

8. “A presidential election that results in defeat of the party in power usually indicates the failure of the party in power to have dealt effectively with the nation's problems rather than indicating the positive appeal of the winning candidate and his party's platform.” Assess the validity of this generalization with respect to two of the following elections: 1952; 1960; 1968; 1980.

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