While teaching, I have generally used the same structure ...



While teaching, I have generally used the same structure for every lesson. Each lesson has 2 or 3 activities that focus on the skill for that section (listening, speaking, reading, writing, and story time). To help the process of making activates quickly while lesson planning I have made a list of activities that focus on a specific skill.

Listen (focusing on Listening)

1. Audio Clip Introduction- Using an audio clip is a great way to get the students introduced to a topic. Youtube and using Windows Sound Recorder are great ways to do this.

Example- Grade 6. Lesson 2 (Directions) I started with showing the students 3 pictures (stadium, hallway, street) and played an audio clip of a street recorded from Youtube. I had students raise their hand when I pointed to the different pictures if they thought the sounds they heard were about that picture.

2. Listen and Circle- Each student has a worksheet with pictures on it, he/she circles the picture that they hear the teacher saying. The teacher can say the word or a dialogue that includes the word.

Example- Grade 6. Lesson 3 (Weather) I gave the students a worksheet with different weather conditions and seasons on it. I said sentences like “I don’t like spring. It rains too much.” Students would then circle the picture that goes with what they heard.

3. Listen and X and O (PPT)- Make a PPT with statements on it and say the question to the students. After listening to the dialogue, have students make an “X” or “O” about weather the statement is true or false.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 7 (Jobs) I read questions to the students. After listening to an audio file, the students made an “X” or “O” depending whether the statement is true or false.

4. Bingo- Give students a BINGO sheet. Make a number of variations so not all students have the same sheet. Have students listen and mark their sheet when they hear the word that goes with the picture on the sheet. Using pictures instead of words help them to listen and remember the vocab without needing to read.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 7 (Jobs) I handed out a bingo sheet with pictures. As I said the dialogue I inserted different jobs. As the students listened to the jobs they marked their bingo sheet.

5. Dialogue and Motion- Have students listen to a dialogue and when they hear a key word or phrase, have them indicate in some way. For example, when they hear a name of a country, have them raise their hand. Listen to the dialogue a couple times and make sure they can catch it.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 1 (Countries) I had the students listen to a dialogue. When they heard the name of a country they raised their hand.

6. Ordering Activity- Give students a worksheet or a set of cards with a number of pictures from the dialogue. The students listen to the dialogue and put the pictures in order. It is helpful to identify each picture before doing the activity. After one time through, check with their partner. After two times through, check with the class.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 6 (Can I have some…) I gave the students a worksheet with a number of pictures on it. We look at the pictures together, first. Students listened to the dialogue and checked with their partner. We listened to the dialogue again and checked together as a class.

7. Slap Game- Give the students a number of cards with pictures on them. As you call out the word that goes with that picture, students try to beat their partner in touching the card. If they touch the card first, they win that card. The person with the most cards win.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 1 (Countries) I had students work in pairs. One student in each pair tore out their country flag cards from the back of their books. As I said the country’s name, they are to try to touch the flag first.

8. Line Bingo- Give the students a number of cards with pictures on them. Students arrange the pictures in a line of their choosing. The only pictures showing are the pictures on each end. As they listen to the teacher if they hear a word that corresponds to one of the pictures on the ends, then they can take that card away and show the next picture card in the line. Once the student takes

Example- Chapter 6 Lesson 2 Students are given cards with pictures on them. The teacher reviews what each card stands for with the students. The students put the cards in any order with the cards face down, except for the cards on the ends. As the students listen to the teacher say the words, the students turn over any end cards that they hear. Once the student goes through all their cards, they are finished and win.

9. Picture Hammer - Students go to the board in pairs. Pictures of different words or phrases are spread over the board. The students put the back to the board. When the teacher calls out a word, the students turn around the try to find the correct picture and use a toy hammer to touch it. The first student to touch the correct picture, wins. New students are switched out.

10. Choose your own adventure - A story is presented on the PPT screen. Students stand up and move from one side of the room to another, depending on how they want to act in the story. One side of the room looses and must sit down, while the other side of the room gets to keep playing until they choose a wrong action. You can incorporate different key words and ideas that the students are choosing.

Example – Grade 6 Lesson 11 (What do you want to do?) Students are told a story and given choices about what they want to do. The students are trying to survive a night in a haunted house. At each point of choice, the students move to one side of the room or the other. One choice is “game over” and the other choice allows the students to move further through the adventure.

If you have enough time you can even make these types of adventures using GoAnimate. There is a feature in the animation where you can hyperlink another clip. For an example, go here :

11. Listen and Draw - Students are given white boards. The teacher says a new vocabulary and the students have to draw what they are hearing. The teacher checks with the class and then the students erase the board and listen again.

12. Pick and Listen - Students have picture cards that correspond to the key phrases in the lesson. Students pick one of the cards, hold it up, and listen to see if the card they pick is what the teacher says. If correct, student scores a point.

13. Go Animate - This is a free online animation program where you can design your own animation (with your own recorded voices or even with text-to-voice options) for the students to watch and listen. I find it best to be used with a worksheet so students can be listening to fill out their worksheet.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 8 (What will you do this summer?) Students were given a worksheet with pictures and blanks. The students were instructed to watch and listen to the video and read the dialogue. As the students listen, they were to fill in the blanks on the worksheet and put the pictures in order. The video was completely customizable and free to make and view. The flashcard pictures can be found at

Go Animate-

Speak (focusing on Speaking, incorporating Listening)

1. Flash Card War! - In this game the teacher gives each student a few flash cards with pictures and key words. The students number their own flash cards (1-X). The students mix their cards and each student draws one card off the top of their deck. They can do this by asking each other key dialogue questions. The student, whose card number is higher, wins. Students play until all cards are in control of one student.

Example- Grade 6, Lesson 8- Students are given a sheet of 8 flash cards with activities on them (picture and key words). Students number the cards and cut them out. Students mix the cards in their deck. Student 1 asks student 2, “What will you do this summer?” Student 2 turns over her first card and says, “I will (do what is on the card).” Student 2 then asks Student 1 the same question. Student 1 turns over a card and responds. The card with the higher number written on the card wins both the cards in play and puts those cards on the bottom of her deck.

2. Sing a Song – One of the best ways to get the students to open their mouths is to sing a song. Usually it is best to go through the song multiple times, make sure the students understand the lyrics, and give them some way to move or dance when they sing (especially with the younger ones). The class material comes with songs, but some of the best songs are on YouTube.









3. Territory Battle – Students are given a game board with a straight line of pictures with a goal on each end. Students move their marker from one end of the board to the other, taking turns and saying something for each picture space they land on. If the students meet, they rock/paper/scissors to see who is sent back to the beginning goal on their side. When one student reaches the other student’s goal, they score a point.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 6 (Story Time) After the class learns new vocabulary words that are in the story, they are shown a game board with pictures that correspond to the vocabulary words they learned. The teacher makes sure the class knows which words go with which pictures and that the students know how to play the game. The teachers model how to play the game for the students. Game sheets are handed out to the students and the students play in pairs.

4. Pair gap fill - Two students have complimentary worksheets and they help each other fill in the blanks. The worksheets compliment each other by one students dialogue fills in the blanks in the other student’s worksheet. Usually the teacher needs to divide the students before handing out the worksheets and watch them closely so they do not merely show each other the answers.

Example – The teacher/co-teacher model the proper use of the worksheets for the students. Form the desks into two lines, divide the students, and hand out worksheets. A student is paired with the student across from her, who reads her dialogue to the paired student. As the student listens, she fills in the missing words or phrases on her worksheet.

5. Pair Guessing Game- Students get into pairs and write a vocabulary word and hide it from their partner. Their partner makes guesses or asks questions to try to correctly guess the other student’s hidden word or phrase. Students can take turns or have a number of chances to guess.

Example – Grade 6 Lesson 9 (What did you do this summer?) Students are put into pairs and given instructions about the activity and the teachers model. The teacher asks for and writes things that people do during the summer on the board. Students then write down one thing that people do during the summer and hide it. The students then ask each other questions, trying to guess what the other student wrote down.

6. Find a partner-Similar to “Pair Gap Fill.” Students are introduced to dialogue. Half of the students are given one dialogue sheet and each student picks a role to play. The second half have a second dialogue sheet and each student picks a role to play from a matching list. Students then talk to students from the other half of the class and try to find 3 people who match with their dialogue and write their names on their sheet. When they are finished, they are to go with the third person they find up to the teacher and present their dialogue.

Example- Grade Lesson 12. Students are introduced to dialogue through PPT. Half of the students are given the first sheet and are told to pick a problem (on fire, stuck, drowning, studying). The second half of the students are given a second sheet and are told to pick a job (firefighter, weightlifter, lifeguard, teacher). The students fill out the rest of the sheet with the teacher learning the dialogue then are instructed to find 3 people who can help them/they can help and present to the teacher. Students walk around the room asking “I am on fire. Will you help me, please?” and students answering “I am a weightlifter. Sorry, I can’t help you.” Or “I am a firefighter. Yes, I can help you.” Then the students go to the teacher in pairs, presenting their situation and help dialogue.

7. Ask, Listen, and Slap- Students are presented dialogue. Students are then given slap cards that represent different parts of the dialogue. Students initiate the dialogue and the teacher answers. Whichever card that represents the part of the dialogue that the teacher responds with, the students try to touch first (in their pairs). The student that touches the card first scores a point.

Example- Grade 6, Lesson 12. Students are taught the lesson’s dialogue and are given two cards. (Happy face and Sad face) The students are instructed that the happy face means any variation of “yes.” (of course, sure, no problem) The sad face means any variation of “no.” (no, sorry I’m tired, sorry I’m busy, I can’t). In pairs, students lay out the cards between them. The students all ask the teacher, “Will you help me please?” The teacher responds with one of the key phrases, “Sure.” The students then try to be the first one to touch the smiley face. The student that does, scores one point. The game continues and the students continue to rack up points. The student with the most points wins.

8. Erase the Numbers- Before class, make cards with the numbers 1 to 6 on them.  Try to make all the cards look identical.  Or you can use a die.  Divide the class into three groups.  For each group, write the numbers 1 to 6 on the board.  Assign each number one sentence.  Turn the number cards face down on a desk or table in the front of the room.  When it is a team's turn, one member of the team will come to the front of the class and pick one card (or roll the die).  The whole team will say the sentence that corresponds with that number.  Then erase that number for that team's column on the board.  The goal is to erase all the numbers.

Example - Grade 6 - Lesson 12, Section 5 (story time) After students have read and memorized the story, each sentence will be assigned one number.  1 - One afternoon, Grandma... 2 - The dog barked... etc.  One person from Team A will come pick a number.  Maybe number 4 is chosen.  Team A will say, "The goldfish said, 'Grandma, he took the vase.' " and erase the number 4 on the white board (from Team A's column of numbers, leaving 1 2 3 5 6).  Mix up the number cards and have one person from Team B come forward.

9. Korean Ladder Game- For this game, students are given a worksheet with vertical lines on the paper with pictures and points at the end of each vertical line. Students make the horizontal lines between two vertical lines that are next to each other. Students then take turns running their pencil down a line, crossing to the next line when a horizontal line is present. Students then say the completed sentence and score the points at the end of the line. The student with the highest score wins.

Example- Lesson 13 (That’s too bad). Students are given the worksheet described above, draw the horizontal lines, and play the game. Students are to use the picture prompts to say the correct sentence. If the student can say the correct sentence, points are scored. Student with the highest score wins.

10. Speed Reading Game-(incorporates reading) Students are put into groups and given slips of paper with sentences on them. The sentences are put in the middle and mixed. Each student then grabs one or two slips of paper. The student with the first sentence (that is marked) reads his sentence; the next student (who has a slip of paper with both the first and a second sentence on it) reads the second sentence. This continues until all of the sentences are read. The time for each group can be recorded and the fastest group wins. It is best to explain the direction very well, perhaps in Korean.

Example- Lesson 13 (That’s too bad) Students are put into groups of 4 and given 8 slips of laminated paper. The first slip is marked “1” and has one sentence on it. The rest do not have numbers and have “Hear:______ Say:_______” The second slip has “Hear: (whatever sentence 1 is) Say: (sentence 2 of dialogue)” The third slip has “Hear: (whatever sentence 2 was) Say: (sentence 3 of dialogue)” In this way, students must listen for the first sentence and then read their second sentence. Mix up the sentences, time the groups, award prizes.

Read (focusing on Reading, incorporating Listening and Speaking)

1. Matching (Word + Picture)- Students are given a worksheet with words or sentences and pictures. Students read the words or sentences and match with the pictures. Also, you can listen to dialogue to help students pick their match.

Matching (Sentences parts)- Students are given a worksheet with multiple sentences broken into halves. One half of each sentence is on one side and the other half of the sentence on the other. Students listen to the sentences then read the sentence parts and match to make a correct sentence.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 3 (Seasons), Students are given a dialogue to read silently about the popular characters talking about the seasons they like. Then the students are given a worksheet with pictures of the characters and sentences. The students remember the dialogue and match the pictures and sentences.

2. Word Envelope Mix-Students are put into pairs and given an envelope. Each envelope has a number of pieces of paper with a single word written on each piece. The words can be put together to form sentences. The students read or listen to key dialogue and use the words to form the sentences.

Board Word Mix-After learning key sentences, the students are put into groups. The teacher puts a mixture of cards on the board that have a word on each card. Magnets on the back allow the cards to be mixed and ordered. A clock is used to time a student from a group as they race to read the cards and form a correct key sentence. Times are used to compare to other groups.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 4 (Months) After students are shown key sentences(When is it? It is March 30th), the students are given an envelope with words written on slips of paper inside.(When, is, it, ?, March, 30th) The teacher reads a key sentence (When is it?) and the students read the words on the slips and put the words in order. When the students are done they raise their hand. When all students are done, a new sentence is given.

3. Disappearing words - Story Time lessons are great for this activity. The teacher introduces a story to the class. Make sure the class understands the words then have the class read the story out loud together. As the class repeats the story, key words are dropped from the sentences and the students must recall the words.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 5 (Story Time) Students read through the story with the teacher once. Students then read the story as a class, having to fill in the words that are missing. As the class goes through story each time, the story has more words missing.

4. Word Search - After the teacher goes through new vocabulary words, the teacher hands out a word search worksheet for each student to find the new vocabulary words in. There are many free websites to make word searches with. Some websites allow the words to be either left to right or top to bottom (to allow for easier finding of words by students).

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 6 (Story Time) After the students learn new vocabulary words, they are given a word search (this one is pretty difficult). When they are finished, they can come up to the touch screen and mark a word that they found. After all of the words are found the class finds the secret message in the word find by taking letters from left to right and top to bottom that were not used in a word. (Students can write the message in their notebooks.) – this word search was taken from Paul on



5. Sentence Ordering- Students are given words on slips of paper that can be put together to make sentences.

6. Sentence Matching- Sentences are put into fragments and students must listen and match sentence fragments into correct sentences.

7. Listen and Circle Word- Students are given a list of words. Students listen and circle the words as they are heard.

8. Hammer Word- The teacher shows the class a number of words, one by one. The teacher writes the word on the board and has the students read it. If the teacher wants to review, he can then use PPT (or the board) to show the students two words, one on the left and the other on the right. The teacher says one of the words and the students raise their left hand if they think the word the teacher said was on the left or raise their right hand if the word the teacher said was on the right. The teacher goes through a list of these words.

Then the teacher can divide the students into two groups. A student from each group goes to the board (which has the words written on it). Each of these two students is given a toy hammer. The teacher uses a sheet of paper to show the class a word that matches a word on the board so the students at the board can’t see. The class reads the word out loud and the students at the board have to listen and then turn around and read the word they hear and “hammer” the word. The first student to do this wins a point for their team.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 7 (Jobs) The teacher writes jobs on the board in two columns, the students read the words with the teacher. Then, after all of the words are written down the teacher goes through the words again, this time asking which word (left or right) did the teacher say. The students indicate by raising their left or right hand. The students are then put into two groups and must read a word as their group member tries to find the word on the board and hammer it for a point.

9. Bingo Word- Students are given a BINGO board with words in the boxes. There are a couple different worksheets that are handed out with different words in different boxes. You can have blank BINGO boxes and have words at the bottom of the sheet that the students can cut out and paste where they want. Students listen for key words, read the word, and mark the correct box.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 6 (Can I have some…) Students are given a piece of paper with a BINGO board on the top and words (Can, Water, Pizza, Hotdog) that are mostly cut out on the bottom. Students tear off the words and glue them in any order on the board. Students listen to the teacher and read the words and mark the box when they hear the word. Two BINGO’s; win.

10. Song Review with DDR- The teacher can use a song from the previous section to do a reading activity. The teacher hands out a worksheet with the words divided up in a mixed order on a grid. The students listen to the song and try to touch the word on the grid with their finger when they hear the word in the song. Students have time to practice identifying the word order. Once the students have enough practice the teacher puts the words on the board in the same order as the grid. Students have a chance to come up to the board and use a toy hammer to try to hammer the words to the song.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 4 (When is your Birthday?) The students are given a handout with a grid with the months order mixed. The students listen to the song (The Month Song) and practice putting their finger on the word as it is sung. Once the students have enough time to practice, students take turns coming to the board and hammering the words in order as they sing the song.

11. Word-Line Bingo- Each student has a number of index size cards with a word written on each card. Students put the cards in an order of their own choosing. The card on each end is exposed so the student can see what word is on the card. As the teacher calls out the words on the cards, if either of the cards at end of the line are said, the student turns over that card, exposing the next card in the line. Once the student has gone through all of the word cards, he is finished and wins.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 2 Students are given cards with words on them. The students put the cards in any order with the cards face down, except for the cards on the ends. As the students listen to the teacher say the words, the students turn over any end cards that they hear. Once the student goes through all their cards, they are finished and win.

12. Gap fill matching- Give students a worksheet with sentences. Some words are missing and are written apart from the dialogue. Students read or listen to the dialogue and match the gap with the correct word. You can have a word bank for the who dialogue or for each sentence give options for words to fill in the gap marked with a letter or number, such as on a test.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 8 Section 3 (What will you do…?) The teacher gives the students a dialogue to read on a PPT and gives them a minute to read it. She then hides the dialogue and hands out a worksheet as described above that matches with the PPT. A sentence might read, “I will go __________ in Busan.” A group of words in a word bank from the dialogue might include the word “swimming.” The teacher then gives the students time to match the correct words with the appropriate gap. Low level students are given a copy of the dialogue so they can more easily match.

13. Go Animate! – This is a free online animation program where you can design your own animation with text bubbles for the students to watch and read. I find it best to be used with a worksheet so students can be looking for key words or phrases to fill out their worksheet.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 8 (What will you do this summer?) Students were given a worksheet with sentences with blanks and a word bank. The students were instructed to watch the video and read the dialogue. As the students read the dialogue, they were to fill in the blanks on the worksheet. The video was completely customizable and free to make and view.

14. Read and Match Picture - Students are given a paper with many different pictures on it. The students are then instructed to read given sentences (on PPT) and they are directed to number the pictures in the order they read the sentences. The teacher gives sentences (one at a time) and the students read the sentences and number the pictures.

Example: Grade 6 Lesson 10 (I am stronger than you) Students are given a worksheet with pictures of many interesting people and animals. The teacher looks at the worksheet with the students, asking questions. “Who is this?”/”It is a man”; “What is special about him?”/”He is very tall.”. Then the teacher directs the students to read the sentences that will be given and number the picture they think the sentence is talking about. The teacher then reviews the numbers with the students by asking which number goes with which picture.

15. Korean Ladder Game- Refer to Korean Ladder Game. It is number 9 under “Speak.” This time use words instead of pictures. It works the same way, but students are reading.

Example: Lesson 13 (That’s too bad). Students are given a worksheet with vertical lines and students make horizontal lines. Students follow the path down, crossing at any horizontal lines and scoring points after reading the correct sentence match. (On the picture to the right: pick represents the lines the students drew. Blue represents a possible path a student would take down the ladders. The student would then say: “I have a headache.” And score 10points)

16. Connect 5- Similar to Bingo (number 9). For this game, a pair of students is given a worksheet with a large grid. The blanks inside the grid are filled with words, phrases, or sentences. The students take turns claiming a tile. When a student claims a tile, he is to say whatever is in the box. A student tries to connect 5 squares.

17. Caught you!- The teacher prepares two stories using key dialogue. One story is a written and the second is a variation of the first story, with some key words changed. The students get the original story and are instructed to read the story silently. The teacher then reads the second story to the kids, telling the students to circle any words that are different than what the teacher reads. The teacher then reviews the mistakes with the students.

Write (focus on Writing, incorporating Listening, Speaking, and Reading)

1. Listen and Write (White Board)- Students put in pairs and given white boards. The students listen to the teacher and write the sentence that they hear. Students take turns writing and help each other. Students raise their board up when they are done writing. As students finish, the teacher checks for corrections.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 5 (May I help you?) Students are paired and given whiteboards. Students listen to the teacher’s sentences (How much is this doll?) and help each other write. (How much is the dall) When they are done they raise their board up. The teacher can walk around and monitor students and check their work. (Jihnho, how do you spell “doll”? Does it have an “a”? Remember your question mark.)

2. Read Question and Write Answer in Notebook- Students are given a sentence hint that is shown or read to them. If the students know the answer then they are to write the answer in their notebook. The students can be given multiple hints. After students are given enough time to write, the teacher shows the answer and students make any corrections.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 7 (Jobs) The students are told to open their notebooks and be ready to write. The students see a sentence hint on PPT that describes a job. Then students are shown a picture of someone dressed up like the job. After the students have some time to write the answer, the teacher calls on a student for the answer. The teacher then shows the answer and students make any necessary corrections.

3. Handout with picture promps- Students are shown an example of the activity. Pictures are given as prompts for students to write the key sentences. For example, a picture of a mother cutting hair can prompt the students to write, “My mother is a hair stylist.” A worksheet is given to the students with picture promps and lines to write.

Example- Grade 6 Lesson 7 (Jobs) The students are shown (on a PPT) pictures and appropriate sentences to write with the pictures. Students are then given a worksheet with pictures and lines. The teacher reviews the jobs the people in the pictures have. Students are then given time to write sentences describing the pictures. “My mother is a hair stylist” “My father is an actor” “I want to be a gymnast”

4. Pair gap fill - Two students have complimentary worksheets and they help each other fill in the blanks. The worksheets compliment each other by one students dialogue fills in the blanks in the other student’s worksheet. Usually the teacher needs to divide the students before handing out the worksheets and watch them closely so they do not merely show each other the answers.

Example – The teacher/co-teacher model the proper use of the worksheets for the students. Form the desks into two lines, divide the students, and hand out worksheets. A student is paired with the student across from her, who reads her dialogue to the paired student. As the student listens, she fills in the missing words or phrases on her worksheet.

5. Make a book – One craft project is making a book. It can be a little tricky to set up the sheet, but you can even put some picture into the book before-hand for the students to write about. Make sure to have scissors for everyone and one sheet per student. The teacher can show the students what kind of book is expected, so the students know what they are aiming for. There are websites to help design a book:





Example- Grade 6 Lesson 8 (Story Time) Students are given a sheet of paper with small pictures from the story “July 7th.” The students are instructed on how to make a mini-book out of the sheet of paper and that they are supposed to write one sentence per picture in their mini-book. Students are then given the paper and they make their book, writing a sentence under each picture which is printed on each page of the book. If they cannot think of a sentence, they can find the story in their books and copy a sentence for each picture.

6. Read a Story and Write- Students read a story with the teacher and then write answers to questions. First, the students read the story with the teacher. It is best to read the story on the computer (such as PPT) or on a handout. You can find pictures for the story yourself, scan pictures out of a book, or make up your own pictures (using anything from Paint to GoAnimate screenshots). The students can write in their notebooks or on worksheets. Try to put writing lines on the worksheets so the students can practice correct writing.

Example- Lesson 13 (That’s too bad) Students are given worksheets with questions and the teacher reviews the worksheet with the students so they know the questions. Students then read the PPT story “Treasure Island” with the teacher. When an answer comes up, students pause and write the answer on their worksheets. After the story is read, the students answer more questions at the bottom of the worksheet. The teacher finally reviews the story, questions, and answers with the students.

7. Fill in the squares- the teacher gives the students a worksheet with two activities. First, students are to unscramble the words and write them on a writing line. Second, students are to complete sentences using these words by filling in letter boxes. The letter boxes help indicate the spacing for letters, such as a high and thin box for “l” and a smaller short box for “a” and a longer lower box for “j”.

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