Current Population Reports

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019

Current Population Reports

By Jessica Semega, Melissa Kollar, Emily A. Shrider, and John F. Creamer Issued September 2020 Revised September 2021

P60-270 (RV)

Acknowledgments

The Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division of the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes Bernadette D. Proctor for her 26 years of service contributing to the poverty section of the Current Population Reports, Series P-60. Ms. Proctor moved to a new position within the Census Bureau in 2019. The division and the many data users who relied on her outstanding customer service will miss her experience, dedication, and good nature.

Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar prepared the income section of this report under the direction of Jonathan L. Rothbaum, Chief of the Income Statistics Branch. Emily A. Shrider and John F. Creamer prepared the poverty section under the direction of Ashley N. Edwards, Chief of the Poverty Statistics Branch. Trudi J. Renwick, Assistant Division Chief for Economic Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, provided overall direction.

Vonda Ashton, Mallory Bane, and Susan S. Gajewski, under the supervision of David Watt, all of the Demographic Surveys Division, and Lisa P. Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, processed the Current Population Survey 2020 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) file.

Andy Chen, Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Lan N. Huynh, Chandararith R. Phe, and Adam W. Reilly programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.

Emily Hood and Alfred G. Meier, under the supervision of KeTrena Phipps and David V. Hornick, all of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted statistical review.

Lisa P. Cheok of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Roberto Cases of the Associate Directorate for Demographic Programs, and Charlie Carter and Agatha Jung of the Information Technology Directorate prepared and programmed the computerassisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the CPS ASEC.

Additional people within the Census Bureau also made significant contributions to the preparation of this report. Brian Glassman, Gloria G. Guzm?n, Matthew Marlay, Abinash Mohanty, Lindsey Monte, Jonathan Vespa, and Lewis Warren reviewed the contents.

Corey T. Beasley, Faye E. Brock, Christine E. Geter and Stephen V. Gibson provided publication management, graphics design and composition, and editorial review for print and electronic media under the direction of Janet Sweeney, Chief of the Graphic and Editorial Services Branch, Public Information Office. William A. Burbano and George E. Williams of the Census Bureau's Administrative and Customer Services Division provided printing management.

Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers collected these data under extreme circumstances. The additional challenge of obtaining interviews during the COVID-19 pandemic increased the difficulty of this task. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019

Issued September 2020 Revised September 2021

P60-270 (RV)

U.S. Department of Commerce Wilbur Ross, Secretary

Karen Dunn Kelley, Deputy Secretary

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Steven Dillingham, Director

Suggested Citation

Semega, Jessica, Melissa Kollar, Emily A. Shrider, and John F. Creamer

U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Reports,

P60-270 (RV), Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019, U.S. Government Publishing Office,

Washington, DC, 2020.

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Steven Dillingham, Director Ron Jarmin, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Victoria A. Velkoff, Associate Director for Demographic Programs David G. Waddington, Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

Contents

TEXT

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Summary of Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

INCOME IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic on the

CPS ASEC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Household Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Caution for Historical Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Earnings and Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Residence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Work Experience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Disability Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Educational Attainment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Depth of Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Ratio of Income to Poverty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Income Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON INCOME AND POVERTY . . . . . . . . . . 19 State and Local Estimates of Income and Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Longitudinal Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 The Supplemental Poverty Measure (SPM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Interagency Technical Working Group on Evaluating Alternative

Measures of Poverty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

SOURCE AND ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

U.S. Census Bureau

Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019 iii

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