Income in the United States: 2021

Income in the United States: 2021

Current Population Reports

by Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar Issued September 2022

P60-276

Acknowledgments

The Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division of the U.S. Census Bureau recognizes Trudi J. Renwick for her 14 years of service with the Census Bureau. Dr. Renwick retired in 2022. From her dissertation that developed a methodology for basic family budgets to her research on the development of the Supplemental Poverty Measure, she spent her career dedicated to improving the measurement of poverty and the well-being of low-income families. While at the Census Bureau, Dr. Renwick provided leadership to the income, poverty, and program participation branches. Her dedication to her staff, subject matter expertise, and overall guidance were appreciated and will be greatly missed.

Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar prepared this report, Daniel C. Lin prepared the tax model and provided content for Appendix C, and Matthew Unrath prepared Appendix D, all of the Income Statistics Branch. Jonathan Spader, Assistant Division Chief for Housing Characteristics in the Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division, reviewed and provided overall guidance.

Mallory Bane and Susan S. Gajewski, under the supervision of David Watt, all of the Demographic Systems Division, and Lisa Cheok of the Demographic Programs Directorate--Survey Operations, processed the Current Population Survey, 2022 Annual Social and Economic Supplement (CPS ASEC) file.

Adam W. Reilly, with the assistance of Kirk E. Davis, Raymond E. Dowdy, Lan N. Huynh, and Chandararith R. Phe, programmed and produced the historical, detailed, and publication tables under the direction of Hung X. Pham, Chief of the Tabulation and Applications Branch, Demographic Surveys Division.

Emily Hood, under the supervision of David V. Hornick, of the Demographic Statistical Methods Division, conducted statistical review.

Lisa Cheok, assisted by Roberto Cases, of the Demographic Programs Directorate--Survey Operations, provided overall direction for the survey implementation. Charlie Carter, Agatha Jung, and Johanna Rupp, of the Application Development and Services Division, prepared and programmed the computer-assisted interviewing instrument used to conduct the CPS ASEC.

Additional people within the U.S. Census Bureau also made significant contributions to the preparation of the report. Liana E. Fox, Charles Hokayem, Matthew Marlay, Lindsay Monte, Rachel Shattuck, and Bruce Webster Jr. reviewed the contents.

Stacey Barber, Faye E. Brock, and Steven Brown provided publication management, editorial review, and 508 compliancy for print and electronic media. Paula Lancaster and Stephen Gibson provided graphic design and composition, all under the direction of Corey Beasley, Chief of the Graphic and Editorial Services Branch, Public Information Office.

The authors would like to also thank the Census Bureau field representatives and telephone interviewers who conducted the interviews that provide the data in this report. Without their dedication, the preparation of this report or any report from the Current Population Survey would be impossible.

Income in the United States: 2021

Issued September 2022

P60-276

U.S. Census Bureau Robert L. Santos, Director

Suggested Citation

Jessica Semega and Melissa Kollar, U.S. Census Bureau,

Current Population Reports, P60-276,

Income in the United States: 2021, U.S. Government Publishing Office,

Washington, DC, September 2022.

U.S. CENSUS BUREAU Robert L. Santos, Director Ron S. Jarmin, Deputy Director and Chief Operating Officer Victoria A. Velkoff, Associate Director for Demographic Programs David G. Waddington, Chief, Social, Economic, and Housing Statistics Division

Contents

TEXT

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

HOUSEHOLD INCOME BY SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS. . . . . . . . . . . 2 All Households. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Type of Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Race and Hispanic Origin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Age of Householder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Nativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Region. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Residence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Educational Attainment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

INCOME INEQUALITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Money Income Inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Equivalence-Adjusted Income Inequality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

EARNINGS AND WORK STATUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Workers by Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

SUMMARY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

FIGURES Figure 1. Median Household Income and Percent Change by

Selected Characteristics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Figure 2. Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic

Origin: 1967 to 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure 3. Income Distribution Measures and Percent Change

Using Money Income and Equivalence-Adjusted Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Figure 4. Median Earnings and Percent Change by Work Status and Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure 5. Total and Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older With Earnings by Sex: 1967 to 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Figure 6. Female-to-Male Earnings Ratio and Median Earnings of Full-Time, Year-Round Workers 15 Years and Older by Sex: 1960 to 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Figure D-1. Historical Median Income Using Alternative Price Indexes: 1967 to 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Figure D-2. Real Year-Over-Year Income Growth Using Alternative Price Indexes: 2016 to 2021. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

U.S. Census Bureau

Income in the United States: 2021 iii

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