WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2019

WORLD STEEL IN FIGURES 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD

Foreword 3 Steel impact 4 Steel initiatives 6

CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION

World crude steel production, 1950 to 2018 7 Top steel-producing companies, 2018 8 Major steel-producing countries, 2017 and 2018 9 Crude steel production by process, 2018 10 Continuously-cast steel output, 2016 to 2018 11 Monthly crude steel production, 2015 to 2018 12

STEEL USE

Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2008 14 Steel production and use: geographical distribution, 2018 15 Apparent steel use, 2012 to 2018 16 Apparent steel use per capita, 2012 to 2018 17

RAW MATERIALS

Pig iron, 2017 and 2018 18 Direct reduced iron production, 2011 to 2018 19 Iron ore, 2017 20 World trade in iron ore by area, 2018 21 Trade in ferrous scrap, 2017 and 2018 22 World trade in ferrous scrap by area, 2018 23

TRADE

World trade in steel products, 1975 to 2018 24 World volume of trade, 2000 to 2018 24 World steel exports by product, 2013 to 2018 25 World trade in steel by area, 2018 26 Major importers and exporters of steel, 2018 27

INDIRECT TRADE

Indirect trade in steel, 2000 to 2017 28 Major indirect importers and exporters of steel, 2017 28 True steel use, 2011 to 2017 29 Apparent and true steel use per capita, 2017 29

For details on the notation used in this publication, please refer to page 30.

The steel industry remains at the heart of global development. In our April Short Range Outlook, we forecast that in 2019 and 2020 global steel demand was expected to continue to grow, but growth rates would moderate in tandem with a slowing global economy. However, uncertainty over the trade environment and volatility in the financial markets continue and could pose downside risks to this forecast. At the time of writing this, nothing has changed.

worldsteel recently concluded a global economic modelling exercise with Oxford Economics that found that in 2017 the steel industry sold US$2.5 trillion worth of products and created US$500 billion value added. For every $1 of value that is added by work within the steel industry itself, a further $2.50 of value added activity is supported across other sectors of the global economy because of purchases of raw materials, goods, energy and services. This generates over US$1.2 trillion of value added.

On the employment side the study confirmed that the steel industry employs more than 6 million people and that for every 2 jobs in the steel sector, 13 more jobs are supported throughout its supply chain, in total around 40 million jobs globally. Our members can find our full report on the extranet and other visitors will find an executive summary on the public website ? .

As always, we have had a very busy year of activity in worldsteel. Firstly, I would like to commend our 2018 Sustainability Champions; ArcelorMittal, JSW Steel Limited, Tata Steel Europe, Tata Steel Limited, Tenaris and Ternium. We have recently launched our step up programme, a multistep continuous improvement approach covering raw materials, energy input, yield and maintenance, which can substantially improve a mill's operational efficiency. We have also completed some very interesting work mapping the characteristics of the steel industry's environmental, social and governance (ESG) issues related to the supply chain.

This booklet provides a comprehensive overview of steel industry activities. If you have any comments, please do not hesitate to contact me.

Dr Edwin Basson Director General

3

STEEL IMPACT

Human capital is a key asset

Worldwide more than 6 million people work for the steel industry. In 2017, for every 2 jobs in the steel sector, 13 more jobs were supported throughout its supply chain.*

Responsible management of natural resources

Very little waste is produced. In 2017, 96.3% of the raw materials used for steelmaking were converted to steel products and co-products.

Essential in all sectors of the economy

New modern steel products are lighter and stronger than before, helping other industries to reduce their environmental footprint.

Biggest challenge of the industry

In 2017, on average 1.83 tonnes of CO2 were emitted for every tonne of steel produced. Breakthrough technologies are being developed worldwide to address this challenge.

Innovation is crucial

New and innovative steels are continually developed. In 2017, the steel industry invested 5.9% of revenue in capital investment projects, research and process improvement.

Significant improvement in energy consumption

Since the 1960s, the steel industry has reduced its energy intensity per tonne of steel produced by 61%. The average in 2017 was 20 GJ/tonne.

The figures above are derived from the worldsteel 2017 Sustainability Indicator data. Data for 2018 will be available on in October 2019. The figures marked with an asterisk (*) are sourced from a global study carried out by Oxford Economics for worldsteel in 2019.

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INNOVATION

COMMUNITY

EMPLOYMENT

INVESTMENT

SAFETY

ECONOMY

EDUCATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

Contributing to society

In 2017, the steel industry generated US$500 billion value added and a further US$1.2 trillion through its global supply chain.*

Taking action to fulfil responsibility

Abiding by environmental regulations is a prerequisite for acceptance by society. We aim to continually reduce our environmental impact.

Optimal resource efficiency, nothing to waste

Nearly 100% of our industry co-products can be used. Steelmaking co-products are used in e.g. concrete, fertilisers, plastics, paints and cosmetics.

A systematic approach brings effective results

In 2017, about 96.8% of steel industry employees and contractors worked in Enivironmental Management Systems-registered production facilities.

Safety first, nothing is more important

We are working towards zero incidents. In 2017, the industry's Lost Time Injury Frequency Rate was 0.97, an improvement of around 80% since 2006.

?

Informed decisions on material choice

We provide life cycle inventory data for 17 key steel products. This helps customers to select the most sustainable materials for their products.

5

STEEL INITIATIVES

WORLD CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION 1950 TO 2018

STEEL SAFETY DAY A safe and healthy working environment is the number one priority for every worldsteel member. Steel Safety Day was set up to reinforce awareness of the five most common causes of safety incidents.

CLIMATE ACTION This programme recognises steel producers that submit CO2 emissions data for worldsteel's data collection, according to the worldsteel methodology ? now a standard, ISO 14404.

STEP UP PROGRAMME A multistep methodology covering raw materials, energy input, yield and maintenance, which can substantially improve a mill's operational efficiency.

ONLINE BENCHMARKING SYSTEMS worldsteel offers free online benchmarking systems for its members on reliability, process yield, and energy intensity for each process of the basic oxygen furnace and electric arc furnace production routes.

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT Since 2018, worldsteel is updating its life cycle inventory data for 17 steel products on an annual basis. This ensures that customers and stakeholders have the most up-to-date data available when making their material choices.

STEEL DATA VIEWER An interactive map featuring a unique range of charts and tables showing the evolution of world crude steel production, trade and apparent steel use since 2000 is now available at .

STEEL SUSTAINABILITY CHAMPIONS This programme aims to encourage steel companies to increase their efforts, set higher standards and make further progress in their sustainability programmes and business practices.

STEELIE AWARDS The Steelie Awards recognise member companies or individuals for their contribution to the steel industry over a one-year period in a series of categories.

STEELCHALLENGE steeluniversity hosts an annual competition, steelChallenge, for students and young industry employees to test their knowledge and skills using sophisticated simulations.

6

million tonnes, crude steel production

Years 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

World 189 270 347 456 595 644 717 719 770 753

Years 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

World 850 852 905 971

1 063 1 148 1 250 1 348 1 343 1 239

Years 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

World 1 433 1 538 1 560 1 650 1 669 1 620 1 627 1 730 1 808

million tonnes, crude steel production

1 800 1 600 1 400 1 200 1 000

Average growth rates % per annum

Years

World

1950-55

7.4

1955-60

5.1

1960-65

5.6

1965-70

5.5

1970-75

1.6

1975-80

2.2

1980-85

0.1

1985-90

1.4

1990-95

-0.5

1995-00

2.5

2000-05

6.2

2005-10

4.5

2010-15

2.5

2015-18

3.7

800

600

400

200

0 1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

7

TOP STEELMAKERS 2018

MAJOR STEEL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 2017 AND 2018

million tonnes, crude steel production

Rank

Company

Tonnage

1 ArcelorMittal

96.42

2 China Baowu Group

67.43

3 Nippon Steel Corporation (1) 49.22

4 HBIS Group (2)

46.80

5 POSCO

42.86

6 Shagang Group

40.66

7 Ansteel Group

37.36

8 JFE Steel Corporation

29.15

9 Jianlong Group

27.88

10 Shougang Group

27.34

11 Tata Steel Group (3)

27.27

12 Nucor Corporation

25.49

13 Shandong Steel Group

23.21

14 Valin Group

23.01

15 Hyundai Steel

21.88

16 Maanshan Steel

19.64

17 NLMK

17.39

18 JSW Steel

16.83

19 IMIDRO (4)

16.79

20 SAIL

15.93

21 Benxi Steel

15.90

22 China Steel Corporation

15.88

23 Gerdau

15.80

24 Fangda Steel

15.51

25 Techint Group (5)

15.38

Rank

Company

26 U. S. Steel Corporation

27 Baotou Steel

28 Rizhao Steel

29 Liuzhou Steel

30 EVRAZ

31 MMK

32 thyssenkrupp

33 CITIC Pacific

34 Severstal

35 Sanming Steel

36 Shaanxi Steel

37 Jingye Steel

38 Anyang Steel

39 Taiyuan Steel

40 Jinxi Steel

41 Nanjing Steel

42 Metinvest Holding

43 Xinyu Steel

44 Tsingshan Stainless Steel

45 Erdemir Group

46 Steel Dynamics, Inc.

47 Zenith Steel

48 SSAB

49 Tianjin Steel

50 Donghai Special Steel

Tonnage 15.37 15.25 14.95 13.53 13.02 12.66 12.58 12.55 12.04 11.68 11.38 11.25 10.97 10.70 10.33 10.05 9.37 9.36 9.29 9.14 8.92 8.70 8.03 7.77 7.61

(1) Formerly named Nippon Steel and Sumitomo Metal Corporation (NSSMC). Tonnage includes that of Nippon Steel Nisshin Co. Ltd., Nippon Steel Stainless Steel Corporation, Ovako Group and part of USIMINAS (31.45% voting shares).

(2) Includes tonnage of Serbia Iron & Steel d.o.o. Beograd and MAKSTIL A.D. in Macedonia (3) Includes tonnage of Bhushan Steel Ltd. (4) Combined tonnage of Mobarrakeh Steel, Esfahan Steel, Khuzestan Steel and NISCO (5) Includes part of USIMINAS tonnage (39.6% voting shares)

Notes on company ownership and tonnage calculations: For worldsteel members, the data was sourced from their official tonnage declarations. For Chinese companies, the official CISA tonnage publication was used, unless otherwise noted. In case of more than 50% ownership, 100% of the subsidiary's tonnage is included. In cases of 30%-50% ownership, pro-rata tonnage is included. Unless otherwise specified in the declaration, less than 30% ownership is considered a minority and therefore not included.

For an extended company listing go to steel-by-topic/statistics/top-producers.

8

million tonnes, crude steel production

Country

China India Japan United States South Korea Russia Germany Turkey Brazil Italy Iran Taiwan, China Ukraine Mexico France Spain Vietnam Canada (e) Poland Belgium Egypt United Kingdom Austria Netherlands South Africa Australia Indonesia (e) Saudi Arabia Slovak Republic (e) Argentina Czech Republic Pakistan Sweden Kazakhstan (e) Thailand Finland Romania Malaysia (e) United Arab Emirates Qatar Byelorussia (e) Luxembourg Portugal Oman (e) Algeria (e) Hungary Serbia Switzerland (e) Philippines (e) Greece Others World

e = estimate

Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

2018 Tonnage 928.3 106.5 104.3 86.6 72.5 71.7 42.4 37.3 34.9 24.5 24.5 23.2 21.1 20.2 15.4 14.3 14.1 12.9 10.2 8.0 7.8 7.3 6.9 6.8 6.3 5.7 5.5 5.2 5.2 5.2 4.9 4.7 4.7 4.6 4.3 4.1 3.5 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 14.0

1 808.4

Rank 1 3 2 4 6 5 7 8 9 10 13 11 12 14 15 16 18 17 19

21 23 22 20 24 25 26 27 31 28 32 33 29 30 35 34 36 37 39 38 40 41 42 43 44 66 45 46 47 48 49

2017 Tonnage 870.9 101.5 104.7 81.6 71.0 71.5 43.3 37.5 34.5 24.1 21.2 22.4 21.4 20.0 15.5 14.4 11.5 13.6 10.3 7.8 6.9 7.5 8.1 6.8 6.3 5.3 5.2 4.8 5.0 4.6 4.6 5.0 4.9 4.5 4.5 4.0 3.4 3.2 3.3 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 0.4 1.9 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.4 14.1 1 729.8

9

CRUDE STEEL PRODUCTION BY PROCESS, 2018

Million tonnes

Oxygen Electric Open hearth Other Total

%

%

%

%

%

Austria Belgium (e)

6.9

89.7

10.3

-

-

100.0

8.0

67.7

32.3

-

-

100.0

Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic

0.7

-

100.0

-

-

100.0

0.1

-

100.0

-

-

100.0

4.9

95.0

5.0

-

-

100.0

Finland (e) France Germany

4.1

67.5

32.5

-

15.4

68.4

31.6

-

42.4

70.1

29.9

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Greece Hungary Italy

1.5

-

100.0

-

2.0

83.4

16.6

-

24.5

18.4

81.6

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Luxembourg Netherlands Poland

2.2

-

100.0

-

6.8

100.0

-

-

10.2

53.1

46.9

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Portugal Romania (e) Slovak Republic

2.2

-

100.0

-

3.5

61.3

38.7

-

5.2

91.6

8.4

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Slovenia Spain Sweden

0.7

-

100.0

-

14.3

34.3

65.7

-

4.7

60.8

39.2

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

United Kingdom European Union (28) Turkey

7.3

77.8

22.2

-

167.7

58.5

41.5

-

37.3

30.9

69.1

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Others Other Europe Russia (e)

5.1

48.1

51.9

-

42.4

32.9

67.1

-

71.7

66.9

30.8

2.4

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Ukraine Other CIS CIS Canada (e) Mexico United States NAFTA Argentina

21.1 8.5 101.3 12.9 20.2 86.6 119.7 5.2

69.7

7.5

22.8

53.1

46.9

-

66.3

27.2

6.4

56.8

43.2

-

24.2

75.8

-

32.0

68.0

-

33.3

66.7

-

44.9

55.1

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Brazil Chile Venezuela

34.9

77.5

21.0

1.1

68.9

31.1

0.1

-

100.0

-

1.5

100.0

-

-

100.0

-

-

100.0

Others

3.7

6.6

93.4

Central and South America

45.1

67.5

31.4

Egypt (e)

7.8

6.4

93.6

-

-

100.0

-

1.1

100.0

-

-

100.0

South Africa Other Africa (e) Africa

6.3

61.6

38.4

3.3

12.3

87.6

17.4

27.6

72.4

-

-

100.0

-

0.2

100.0

-

0.0

100.0

Iran Saudi Arabia Other Middle East (e)

24.5

9.2

90.8

-

5.2

-

100.0

-

8.3

-

100.0

-

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

Middle East China (e) India

38.0 928.3 106.5

5.9

94.1

88.4

11.6

46.7

53.3

-

-

100.0

-

0.0

100.0

-

-

100.0

Japan

104.3

75.0

25.0

-

South Korea

72.5

66.6

33.4

-

Taiwan, China

23.2

60.5

39.5

-

Other Asia (e)

34.5

23.1

76.9

-

Asia

1 269.3

80.2

19.8

-

Australia

5.7

74.3

25.7

-

New Zealand

0.7

100.0

-

-

Total of above countries

1 807.1

70.8

28.8

0.4

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

0.0

100.0

-

100.0

-

100.0

0.0

100.0

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 99.9% of world crude steel production in 2018. e = estimate

10

CONTINUOUSLY-CAST STEEL OUTPUT 2016 TO 2018

Million tonnes

% Crude steel output

Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Finland France Germany (e) Greece Hungary Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania (e) Slovak Republic Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom European Union (28) Turkey Others Other Europe Russia (e) Ukraine Other CIS CIS Canada Mexico United States NAFTA Argentina Brazil Venezuela Other Latin America Central and South America Egypt (e) South Africa Other Africa (e) Africa Iran Saudi Arabia Other Middle East (e) Middle East China (e) India (e) Japan (e) South Korea Taiwan, China Other Asia (e) Asia Australia New Zealand Total of above countries

2016

7.2 7.7 0.5

4.9 4.1 14.0 40.1 1.2 1.3 22.1 2.2 6.8 8.9 2.0 3.2 4.8 0.5 13.4 4.1 7.5 156.4 33.2 4.4 37.6 58.0 11.7 7.4 77.1 9.9 18.8 78.0 106.7 4.1 30.9 0.6 5.0 40.5 5.0 6.1 1.9 13.1 17.9 5.5 8.1 31.5 797.5 82.0 103.2 67.7 21.7 24.5 1 096.5 5.2 0.6 1 565.3

2017

7.8 7.8 0.7

4.2 4.0 15.0 41.3 1.4 1.9 22.7 2.2 6.8 9.9 2.1 3.3 5.0 0.5 14.2 4.1 7.4 162.2 37.5 4.7 42.2 58.6 10.8 8.1 77.5 8.9 20.0 81.3 110.1 4.6 33.8 0.4 4.9 43.7 6.9 6.3 1.6 14.8 21.2 4.8 8.4 34.5 860.0 87.4 103.1 70.1 22.3 31.5 1 174.4 5.3 0.7 1 665.4

2018

6.6 8.0 0.7 0.1 4.6 4.1 14.9 41.2 1.5 2.0 23.2 2.2 6.8 10.1 2.2 3.5 5.2 0.5 14.1 3.9 7.1 162.5 37.3 5.1 42.4 58.8 11.4 8.5 78.6 9.0 20.2 85.0 114.2 5.1 34.2 0.1 4.9 44.3 7.8 6.3 3.3 17.4 24.5 5.2 8.3 38.0 914.3 92.0 102.7 71.5 23.0 34.5 1 238.0 5.7 0.7 1 741.9

2016

96.6 100.0 100.0

92.6 99.6 96.9 95.3 100.0 100.0 94.8 100.0 98.7 98.3 99.4 97.7 99.8 80.7 98.3 85.5 98.7 96.4 100.0 99.7 100.0 82.3 48.3 99.9 75.5 78.2 99.9 99.4 97.1 99.7 98.7 100.0 100.0 99.0 100.0 100.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 98.7 85.9 98.5 98.7 99.6 100.0 97.7 99.5 100.0 96.3

2017

96.3 100.0 100.0

92.8 99.6 97.0 95.4 100.0 100.0 94.4 100.0 100.0 95.6 99.0 97.6 100.0 80.3 98.3 83.8 98.2 96.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.0 50.4 99.9 76.7 65.2 100.0 99.6 95.6 99.7 97.9 100.0 100.0 98.3 100.0 100.0 99.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 98.8 86.1 98.5 98.7 99.6 100.0 97.7 100.0 100.0 96.3

2018

95.7 100.0 100.0 100.0 92.8 99.6

97.0 97.1 100.0 100.0 94.5 100.0 100.0 98.9 100.0 97.6 100.0 80.8 98.3 83.1 98.3 96.9 100.0 100.0 100.0 82.0 54.0 99.9 77.6 70.0 100.0 98.2 95.5 99.7 97.9 100.0 100.0 98.3 100.0 100.0 99.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 99.9 100.0 98.5 86.4 98.5 98.6 99.1 100.0 97.5 100.0 100.0 96.4

The countries in this table accounted for approximately 99.9% of world crude steel production in 2018. e = estimate

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