Project 4: Graduated Symbols and the Index of Income ...



Geography 360/560 Nyerges

Spring 2010

Project 4

Graduate Symbol Maps and the Index of Income Inequality

Learning goals:

1. Did the gap between the rich and the poor increase or decrease from 1970 to 1990? Where?

2. How can we analyze change over time?

3. What design principles of graduated symbol map design are important when showing change on a map?

Files you need:

• USACities shapefile, State shapefile, Income_inequality.dbf

Turn in (each PAIR will turn in….):

1. Two maps (10 points):

• One that measures 1970 and 1990 data simultaneously (MAP A)

--OR--

• One that measures the change between 1970 and 1990 (MAP B)

2. Collaboratively-authored answers to the questions at the end of this assignment (5 points)

3. Short essays interpreting your work (One from each person, written independently) (10 points)

Tasks & Steps

Some of you worked collaboratively on Project Three, and in this project, there are also several collaborative elements. However, the collaboration and the materials that each person needs to turn in will be organized differently this time. The map-making part of this project is to be completed in pairs, but you and your partner will each create a different map. One of you will following the procedures for Map A, to create a map showing both 1970 and 1990 data simultaneously. The other will follow the procedures for Map B, to create a map showing the change between 1970 and 1990 with one attribute. You will compare how the maps portray the information and then write an assessment of the two different map techniques. Before you proceed, meet with your partner to discuss who will make Map A and who will make Map B and what map projection will be used (use the same projection for both maps – see “Project your map” on page 4 and 8). After you create the two maps, you will work together to answer the questions posed at the end of this assignment, and then each of you will prepare your own short essay (written independently). Remember, the essay MUST be written independently. If identical or near-identical essays are submitted, they will be returned to each person, and will not be graded until separate versions are obtained.

Introduction:

In this project you will create a map for the Index of Income Inequality, for two years (1970 and 1990). The Index of Income Inequality that you will use in this project was created by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), based on Census data. It provides a measure of the gap between the rich and the poor by dividing the income of the richest ten percent of the population (90th percentile) by that of the poorest ten percent (10th percentile). In other words, if the nation’s wealthiest people make 100,000 per year, and the poorest earn only 10,000 per year, then the index of income inequality would be:

Wealthiest income: 100,000 = 10

Poorest income: 10,000

If, 20 years later the wealthiest earned 200,000 and the poorest earned 15,000, the index would be:

200,000 = 13.33

15,000

Since 13.33 is greater than 10, we could say that, based on this measure, the gap between the rich and the poor increased during those 20 years.

Map A will have two symbols showing the value of the Index of Income Inequality for 1970 and 1990. Map B will have one symbol showing the difference between the value for 1970 and 1990. The goal of this project is to determine the limitations and advantages of both techniques.

To complete this project you will need:

1. A shape file for the United States as a background

2. A shape file for the 74 large cities for which we have attribute data (Index of Income Inequality)

3. A data table containing the Index of Income Inequality for the 74 cities.

A clarification about terminology:

Graduated symbols represent the magnitude of a phenomenon. ArcGIS (ArcMap) uses terminology that is slightly different than the Dent text and lecture. In the ArcMap software the selection for “Graduated symbols” is what Dent and lecture refer to as Range Graded Symbols. The selection for “Proportional symbols” in ArcMap is also referred to in Slocum as Proportional Symbols. So:

Dent & Lecture ESRI Software

Proportional Symbol = Proportional Symbol

Range Graded Symbol = Graduated Symbol

Common Steps for BOTH Maps

1. Login to the computer using your UW Net ID and password set in the previous lab

2. Click on “Start” on the bottom left of the screen and run the “My Computer” application

3. Using the icons, browse to the P:\ drive

4. Enter the P:\geog360s09\ folder

5. Right-click on the project4 folder and select the Copy option

6. Now browse to your own student folder S:\

7. Right-click on the empty space and select the Paste option

8. A folder named project4 should appear which includes all data, instructions and answer sheet for this lab assignment

Procedures for MAP A

Create a map showing the Index of Income Inequality for 1970

1. Start ArcMAP with ‘a new empty map’. Add the States.shp shape file, using the same procedures you have used in previous projects to add data and connect to your project 4 folder. Review instructions in a previous lab if you do not recall how to do this.

2. You will also need a shape file for US cities so locate and add the USAcities.shp shape file.

3. Save this map document in your folder.

4. For this project we will focus on the contiguous United States (the U.S. excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, etc.), so zoom in on this area by selecting the ‘data zoom in’ tool[pic]from the floating toolbar off to the right side of your screen. Click somewhere in the Pacific Ocean, just northwest of Seattle, and holding the mouse button down, draw a box around the "lower 48" states, release the button in the Atlantic Ocean, just southeast of Florida (be sure that all of Maine gets into the box). If you mess up, simply click the ‘previous extent’ button[pic] and try again.

5. Open the attribute table for USAcities, notice that there is no information regarding the Index of Income Inequality. You will need to add that data to your map document and join it to the USAcities shape file, similar to the way that you joined the Human Development Index attribute data to the countries shape file in the previous exercise.

6. Add the data table ‘income_inequality.dbf, using the same procedures you have used for adding shapefiles, and for adding the .dbf data table in the previous project.

7. In the next step, we are going to join this attribute table to the spatial data file, USAcities. Remember when last week’s lab noted that joining spatial and attribute data is a task you will repeat nearly every time you begin working on a GIS project? Open both the Income Inequality data table and the USAcities attribute table and see if you can determine the field (column) in each table that contains a unique identifier that you can use as a join field. Remember, the field names do not have to match, but the contents of the cells in that column must match exactly for the files you want to join. Once you have figured out which fields to use for the join, close both data tables.

8. Now you can join the two tables. Right click on the USAcities shape file to pull down the file menu. Choose ‘Joins and Relates…’ then choose ‘Join…’.

9. Fill out the necessary information in the resulting dialogue box, using what you learned last week about joining tables. The join is based on USAcities using the table income_inequality.dbf, and joining based upon the fields you identified as the unique identifier. Remember, the field names do not need to be the same, but the value in the joining cell must be exactly identical. In other words, "Seattle" will not join with "Washington" and "New York" will not match with "New York City" – they must be an exact match.

10. When you click "OK," you may see a dialog that asks if you want to index the data. Answer "no" and continue.

11. Inspect the data table for USAcities to make sure that the data was appended properly.

Symbolize the Index of Income Inequality for the year 1970 with a graduated circle

1. Navigate to the Symbology tab of the Layer Properties for USAcities. Next, select ‘quantities’ and then ‘graduated symbols’. (Go back later and play with the ‘proportional symbols’ option and see if you can discern the differences between the two methods.)

2. Now you need to select an attribute. In the Value box, select ‘income inequality.1970_INEQA’. That is the index of income inequality for 1970.

3. Select in the ‘normalization’ box.

4. Do not worry about which data classification method to use at this point. Do, however, click on the classify button and play with the methods and the histogram so that you can get a sense of the data’s range. What is the range? ______ - ______.

5. When you are satisfied with your method, click ‘OK’. In the next window, click ‘apply’, then ‘OK’.

6. Before continuing, re-name the layer you have just created. Double click on the word USAcities in order to make the ‘layer properties’ box appear.

7. Click on the ‘general’ tab.

8. In the box that says Layer Name: USAcities, simply type over the name and give it a new one (e.g. "1970"). Click ‘apply’, then ‘OK’.

9. If you want to change the title just above the classification in the table of contents, click once on the title to highlight it, and then once again so that you see your cursor over the words and can re-type the title, or delete it (in the Source mode). Note: Sometimes this operation can be finicky. If you are having trouble getting it to highlight so you can edit, try selecting it and then pressing the F2 button.

10. In the next set of steps, you will examine the data for 1990. The simplest way to do this is to save the layer you just created, add it again, and then change the attribute. This is similar to what you did in the previous project, but not exactly! To save the layer, click once on layer name (e.g. 1970) to highlight it, right click and select ‘save as layer file’. Be sure that you save it in your personal folder! If your folder is not visible on the "save as layer" window, you may have to "connect to" your folder first, using the "connect to" button. Be sure to give the layer a meaningful file name, such as "project 4 - 1970".

Symbolize the Index of Income Inequality for the year 1990 with a graduated circle

1. Now you need to add that layer to your map document. Click the ‘add data’ button, add the layer you have just saved (e.g., 1970.lyr).

2. Change the layer’s name in the table of contents so that you do not get confused (e.g., "1990").

3. You now have two layers that look exactly the same. Change the attribute for the "1990" layers to ‘income inequality.1990_INEQU’. What is the range of values for 1990? _____ - _____.

Classify your data

Now you should see two differently sized circles for most cities. However, because the symbols are the same, it is difficult to determine change over time. Since your goal is to analyze how the index has changed over time, you need to think carefully through your classification system for both years – how can you devise a classification scheme such that the indexes are comparable for the two years? For instance, if the range for one year is 5-10, and for the next year it is 7-15, how will you devise a classification method that allows you to compare the two years accurately? Hint: how would you design one legend that accounts for both data ranges?

1. Do the work manually first:

What is the range for 1970? _______ - ________

What is the range for 1990? _______ - ________

2. Now create one classification system with 5 classes that manages the entire extent of both ranges simultaneously. Write in the upper value of each class below. These are called the "break values":

1. ___________

2. ___________

3. ___________

4. ___________

5. ___________

What method did you use? _______________________.

Why?

3. Apply your classification method to both data sets (1970 and 1990): In the ‘symbology’ dialogue box, click ‘classify’. Notice the window on the right labeled "break values" [pic]. In that box, insert your own class breaks (as determined above) by typing over the ones in the "Break Values" list. Start at the bottom of the list and be sure to aply the same classification method to both data sets.

4. Change your symbols so that you can read both at the same time

Now your data sets for both years are comparable (in other words, the circle sizes represent the same values for both years), but it is probably still difficult to see both circles. In the next set of steps, we will try making the circles for 1990 solid black and those for 1970 hollow (empty fill) with a gray outline:[pic]. To change the fill and outline colors for your symbol:

1. Open the ‘symbology’ dialogue box in the ‘layer properties’ window.

2. Double-click on the symbol template button:[pic].

3. Double-click on the symbol you wish to change in the preview box.

4. Choose a new fill color with the color drop-down menu. Select no color if you want the symbol to appear hollow.

5. To choose a new symbol outline color, click on the properties button, then choose the new outline color from the the outline color drop-down menu.

6. Once you have decided on your symbols, click the ‘OK’ and ‘apply’ buttons.

7. Make sure that your ‘draw order’ is correct. In order to see all of your symbols clearly, you need to be sure that one symbol is not obscuring another. To change the draw order, make sure that your table of contents is in the display mode. To get to the display mode, click on the ‘display’ tab:[pic] at the bottom of the table of contents. To rearrange the display, click and drag the layers to change the order. Remember, ArcMAP draws from the bottom up, the layer at the top of the screen will be drawn last. Move the two layers on top of each other a couple times until you determine which order allows you to see all the data properly.

By now you should have decided on: classification methods, attribute symbols, and your display order. Your map is not yet ready for the layout because it is un-projected and doesn’t look very good.

Change the symbol for the STATES layer

1. Because the map will print in Black and white, we need to be especially conscious of the visual hierarchies on the map. Open the "symbology" tab in the Layer Properties for State.shp, using the same procedures you have used in this and previous projects. Choose an outline and a fill color for the States base map. Click "OK" when you are finished.

Project your map

1. MEET WITH YOUR PARTNER TO DISCUSS WHICH MAP PROJECTION YOU WILL USE FOR YOUR MAPS. IT WILL BE EASIER TO COMPARE TWO MAPS THAT ARE IN THE SAME PROJECTION.

2. To project your map, double-click on the layers title at the top of the table of contents to bring up the data frame properties dialog box.

3. Click on the ‘coordinate system’ tab.

4. In the ‘Select a coordinate system’ dialog box, click on the ‘Predefined’ folder.

5. Click on the ‘projected coordinate systems’ folder.

6. Click on the ‘continental’ folder.

7. Click on the ‘North America’ folder.

8. Choose one of the projections for North America.

9. Click ‘apply’.

10. A dialog box appears with a warning, click ‘yes’ to proceed.

11. Click ‘OK’. Another warning appears, click ‘yes’ to proceed, and click ‘OK’.

12. Your map should now be curved along the 49th parallel, indicating that it has been projected.

13. You may need to zoom in again to put the continental US in the center of your page.

Create a layout

1. Follow the steps laid out in previous projects to design an effective layout. You and your partner may wish to design your layouts together, to make comparison of your maps easier.

2. We want the legend labels to be meaningful. These labels come from the labels in the table of contents on the left of your display in ArcMap. In the table of contents, rename the attribute names from "income_inequality.1970_INEQA" and "income_inequality.1990_INEQU" so they both read "Income Inequality."

3. Rename your data ranges for both data sets so that “lowest, low, medium, high, and highest” become the data labels.

4. From the drop down menus, choose Insert⋄Legend, and in the next box, make sure you remove "STATES" from the "Legend Items" box. We do not need the state boundaries to be indicated in the legend. Also on this first screen, choose whether you want your legend to be one or two columns.

5. Experiment with the various settings in the Legend wizard. If you don't like the resulting legend, simply delete it and start again.

6. To finish your layout, be sure to add a proper title, and other relevant information such as data source, your name, date, etc. What is the best page orientation for this shape?

7. Pay attention to visual hierarchy, intellectual hierarchy, and visual contrast. Note that you can give your data frame a background in the data frame properties dialogue box (click on the frame tab).

8. Save your map document and print it out.

Procedures for MAP B

In this part of the lab, you will create a map showing the change in the value of the Index of Income Inequality between 1970 and 1990.

1. Start ArcMAP with ‘a new empty map’. Add the States.shp shape file, using the same procedures you have used in previous projects to add data and connect to the geog360 folder. Review instructions in a previous lab if you do not recall how to do this.

2. You will also need a shape file for US cities so locate and add the USAcities.shp shape file.

3. Save this map document in your folder, creating a new subfolder for your Project 4 files.

4. For this project we will focus on the contiguous United States (the U.S. excluding Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico, etc.), so zoom in on ths area by selecting the ‘data zoom in’ tool[pic]from the floating toolbar off to the right side of your screen. Click somewhere in the Pacific Ocean, just northwest of Seattle, and holding the mouse button down, draw a box around the "lower 48" states, release the button in the Atlantic Ocean, just southeast of Florida (be sure that all of Maine gets into the box). If you mess up, simply click the ‘previous extent’ button[pic] and try again.

5. Open the attribute table for USAcities, notice that there is no information regarding the Index of Income Inequality. You will need to add that data to your map document and join it to the USAcities shape file, similar to the way that you joined the Human Development Index attribute data to the countries shape file in the previous exercise.

6. Add the data table ‘income_inequality.dbf, using the same procedures you have used for adding shapefiles, and for adding the .dbf data table in the previous project.

7. In the next step, we are going to join this attribute table to the spatial data file, USAcities. Remember when last week’s lab noted that joining spatial and attribute data is a task you will repeat nearly every time you begin working on a GIS project??? Open both the Income Inequality data table and the USAcities attribute table and see if you can determine the field (column) in each table that contains a unique identifier that you can use as a join field. Remember, the field names do not have to match, but the contents of the cells in that column must match exactly for the files you want to join. Once you have figured out which fields to use for the join, close both data tables.

8. Now you can join the two tables. Right click on the USAcities shape file to pull down the file menu. Choose ‘Joins and Relates…’ then choose ‘Join…’.

9. Fill out the necessary information in the resulting dialogue box, using what you learned last week about joining tables. The join is based on USAcities using the table income_inequality.dbf, and joining based upon the fields you identified as the unique identifier. Remember, the field names do not need to be the same, but the value in the joining cell must be exactly identical. In other words, "Seattle" will not join with "Washington" and "New York" will not match with "New York City" – they must be an exact match.

10. When you click "OK," you may see a dialog that asks if you want to index the data. Answer "no" and continue.

11. Inspect the data table for USAcities to make sure that the data was appended properly.

Symbolize the difference between the Index of Income Inequality for 1970 and 1990 with a graduated symbol.

1. Navigate to the Symbology tab of the Layer Properties for USAcities. Next, select ‘quantities’ and then ‘graduated symbols’. Go back later and play with the ‘proportional symbols’ option and see if you can discern the differences between the two methods.

2. Now you need to select an attribute. In the Value box, select ‘income inequality.CHANGE’. That field was created by subtracting the 1970 value from the 1990 value. For example, if the Index for 1990 was 10.500 and for 1970 it was 7.500 then the change from 1970 to 1990 was 3.00, an increase. Complete the calculations for the following table:

|1990 |1970 |Change |+ or - Change? |

|7.853 |9.852 | | |

|9.555 |6.222 | | |

|12.000 |12.010 | | |

|8.880 |2.220 | | |

3. What is the range of values for ‘Income_inequality.CHANGE’? ________ - ________.

4. What is significant about that range? (That is, in your own words, if the change in income inequality from 1970-1990 is a negative number, what actually happened in terms of income inequality between those two periods?

5. On your map, you want to make a clear distinction between the values below zero (those cities where the gap between the rich and the poor has decreased) and the values greater than zero (those cities where the gap between the rich and the poor has increased). How can you achieve that?

6. You’ll want to create two symbols, one showing positive change and one showing negative change. Before you get started with the computer, try to solve the problem manually. Imagine that you are limited to showing just six data values for the entire range, what is the best way to break the range up, keeping the integrity of the zero value?

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

__________

7. What is the best way to symbolize those values? Remember, graduated circles represent the magnitude of something – whether it is a negative or a positive value, circle size should be the same for data with the same absolute value. Draw appropriate symbols next to your classification method above.

Create one classification method for values greater than zero

1. Open the Layer Properties for USAcities.shp and click on the ‘symbology’ tab.

2. Click on the ‘classify’ button.

3. Click on the ‘exclusion’ button – you are going to exclude all values less than zero (i.e. so that you can show only the cities that had a value greater than zero)

4. In the Exclude Clause dialogue box, under ‘fields’ double-click on the income_inequality.CHANGE field (you may have to scroll through to find it) so that it is written in the blank dialogue box below. [Note: constructing these clauses in ArcMap can be a little tricky, because you single click to add some items to your equation and double click to add others. You will know you did it right if your equation looks exactly like final exclusion clause shown 2 steps below here.]

5. Click on the less than sign [pic] so that it is written in the box below as well.

6. Type a zero after the less than sign. Your final exclusion clause should read as follows:[pic]. In other words, exclude all the values where the change in the index of income inequality between 1970 and 1990 is negative (where the gap between the rich and the poor shrunk).

7. ArcMAP presents you with a histogram based on your exclusion clause. In the right hand side of the dialogue box, manually enter the class break values ([pic]), based on the values you determined above.

8. Click the ‘OK’ and ‘apply’ buttons.

9. Inspect your map. Notice that you now have circles only where the attribute (income_inequality.CHANGE) is positive. You also want to create a symbol for the values that are negative. In order to do this, you’ll need to add another layer. A simple way to do this is to save the layer you have just created, add it back in, and then re-classify the data with the opposite exclusion clause where this time you exclude all values that are less than zero. Start by saving this layer using the same projects as you did in the previous project.

Create another classification method for values less than zero

1. Begin by adding the layer you just saved.

2. Go into the properties for that new layer and change the exclusion clause. Use exactly the same procedures as you did in creating the exclusion clause in the previous set of steps, but in the dialogue screen that shows the exclusion clause, select the greater than sign [pic] to construct this exclusion clause: [pic]. The result should show only cities where the change in income inequality was negative.

3. In the ‘break values’ box, enter the class break values based on what you determined above. Note that you can change the number of classes if you want to. Click ‘OK’.

4. In the next box, you can manually change the way that the value labels will appear in your table of contents and your legend.

At this point you should have two layers on your map, one that shows the change in the Index of Income Inequality to be positive and one that shows it to be negative. However, it might still be difficult to distinguish between the two due to circle size and circle color. You need to change the circle color so that the map reader can easily distinguish between positive and negative change. In addition, you need to set the circle size so that absolute magnitude can be read off the same circle size. In other words, the circle size for a range of 2 to 3 needs to be the same as the circle size for a range of -3 to -2, since you are comparing relative magnitudes.

Change the circle color

1. Open the layer properties dialogue box.

2. Double-click on the ‘template’:[pic].

3. Double-click on the symbol in the preview window.

4. Change the color by using the ‘color’ drop-down menu. Choose ‘no color’ if you want to leave the circle empty. Remember you will be printing in black and white, so we recommend you choose black or grey for the symbol color. Remember the issues of intellectual and visual hierarchies!

5. Click on the ‘OK’ and ‘apply’ buttons.

6. Do this for both layers.

Change the size of the circles

1. For this exercise, begin with the circles representing positive change.

2. Open the ‘symbology’ section of the layer properties dialogue box.

3. Notice the dialogue area that allows you to change the symbol size:[pic]. In this case, 4 represents the size of the smallest class, and 18 the size of the largest class. Change the symbol size range until you find one that best shows the data – one that is not too big to obscure other map elements, one that is not too small so that you do not see the differences between the classes.

4. Click ‘apply’ and ‘OK’.

5. Now change the size of the circle(s) representing negative change.

6. Open the ‘symbology’ section of the layer properties dialogue box.

7. Double-click on the ‘template’ button.

8. Set the size of the circle in the size window:[pic].

9. Click the ‘OK’ and ‘apply’ buttons.

If you haven’t done so already, change the layers’ names.

1. Open the layer properties dialogue box.

2. Click on the ‘general’ tab.

3. Enter a new name (e.g. Increase, Decline)

4. Delete the field title above the classification (e.g. ‘income_inequality.CHANGE).

Change the symbol for the STATES layer

1. Because the map will print in Black and white, we need to be especially conscious of the visual hierarchies on the map. Double click on the STATES layer to bring up the properties box and choose the "symbology" tab. Choose an outline and a fill color for the States base map. Click "OK" when you are finished.

Project your map

1. MEET WITH YOUR PARTNER TO DISCUSS WHICH MAP PROJECTION YOU WILL USE FOR YOUR MAPS. IT WILL BE EASIER TO COMPARE TWO MAPS THAT ARE IN THE SAME PROJECTION.

2. To project your map, double-click on the layers title at the top of the table of contents to bring up the data frame properties dialog box.

3. Click on the ‘coordinate system’ tab.

4. In the ‘Select a coordinate system’ dialog box, click on the ‘Predefined’ folder.

5. Click on the ‘projected coordinate systems’ folder.

6. Click on the ‘continental’ folder.

7. Click on the ‘North America’ folder.

8. Choose one of the projections for North America.

9. Click ‘apply’.

10. A dialog box appears with a warning, click ‘yes’ to proceed.

11. Click ‘OK’. Another warning appears, click ‘yes’ to proceed, and click ‘OK’.

12. Your map should now be curved along the 49th parallel, indicating that it has been projected.

13. You may need to zoom in again to put the continental US in the center of your page.

Create a layout

1. Follow the steps laid out in previous projects to design an effective layout. You and your partner may wish to design your layouts together, to make comparison of your maps easier. Be sure to think carefully through the legends, see if you can get all the symbols on one legend.

2. From the drop down menus, choose Insert⋄Legend, and in the next box, make sure you remove "STATES" from the "Legend Items" box. We do not need the state boundaries to be indicated in the legend. Also on this first screen, choose whether you want your legend to be one or two columns. Experiment with the various settings in the Legend wizard. If you don't like the resulting legend, simply delete it and start again.

3. To finish your layout, be sure to add a proper title, and other relevant information such as data source, your name, date, etc. What is the best page orientation for this shape?

4. Pay attention to visual hierarchy, intellectual hierarchy, and visual contrast. Note that you can give your data frame a background in the data frame properties dialogue box (click on the frame tab).

5. Save your map document and print it out.

INTERPRETING YOUR RESULTS

Meet with your partner to discuss the questions below. Consider what you have learned from lecture, by reading the text readings and by completing this project to answer the following questions on a separate (typed) sheet of paper. You may either retype the questions below and type in your answers, or number your responses to correspond with these questions. Make sure both partner’s names are on your answer sheet!

Questions

1. Describe the index of income inequality for 1970 across the US. What was the index’s range? Where there any discernable geographic patterns for 1970? For 1990?

2. Discuss the change between 1970 and 1990 for various regions of the country. What happened to the gap between the rich and the poor? In what regions?

3. Two techniques were used to symbolize change over time, A) two symbol approach and B) difference symbol approach. Which of the methods works better? Why?

4. What were your design considerations in developing your graduated symbol maps? Discuss the advantages and limitations of each technique (Map A and Map B).

5. What information do we now have regarding the topic that we did not have before we constructed our maps? If there is no new information, why not?

The following questions are for GEOG560 students only:

6. Do the data category and the data measurement used in this lab assignment address the lab assignment objective? Why or why not?

7. How do the three realms of geographic information representation (worldview, database, and display) interact in this lab assignment?

8. If you had the opportunity to revise this assignment, what would you introduce, remove, or emphasize further?

Short Essay

Independently, you and your partner will each need to consider the questions below, and write a short essay (2 pages maximum) that addresses the learning objectives for this assignment:

1. Did the gap between the rich and the poor increase or decrease from 1970 to 1990? Where?

2. How can we analyze change over time?

3. What design principles of graduated symbol map design are important when showing change on a map?

You may draw from your and your partner's responses to the questions above, however each partner must write his or her own essay independently. It is highly recommended that you read and follow the handout "Writing Reports or Essays for Geography 360" (provided as the "Essay Guidelines" link from the course website) when completing this part of the assignment.

Before you turn anything in, review the “Turn In” list at the beginning of this project to make sure you are turning in exactly what is required, and that you are clear on which parts are collaborative and which parts are independent!

Maps will be evaluated based on the following criteria:

• Title (1 points): Title must include Time, Space, and Attribute

• Legend (4 points): Must include correct information displayed in an understandable way (*Be mindful of data classification breaks and symbology with this one!)

• Source and projection (1 point): must have correct source

• Visual Hierarchy (4 points): Visual hierarchy must reflect intellectual hierarchy

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