Tourism trends in the world׳s main destinations …

Data in Brief 7 (2016) 1063?1069

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Tourism trends in the world's main destinations before and after the 2008 financial crisis using UNWTO official data

Oscar Claveria n, Alessio Poluzzi

AQR-IREA, University of Barcelona; International Tourism Destinations Consultant, Spain

article info

Article history: Received 2 February 2016 Received in revised form 29 February 2016 Accepted 9 March 2016 Available online 1 April 2016

Keywords: Tourism trends Tourist destinations UNWTO data

abstract

The first decade of the present century has been characterized by several economic shocks such as the 2008 financial crisis. In this data article we present the annual percentage growth rates of the main tourism indicators in the world's top tourist destinations: the United States, China, France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Mexico and Austria. We use data from the Compendium of Tourism Statistics provided by the World Tourism Organization (). It has been demonstrated that the dynamics of growth in the tourism industry pose different challenges to each destination in the previous study "Positioning and clustering of the world's top tourist destinations by means of dimensionality reduction techniques for categorical data" (Claveria and Poluzzi, 2016, [1]). We provide a descriptive analysis of the variables over the period comprised between 2000 and 2010. We complement the analysis by graphing the evolution of the main variables so as to visually represent the co-movements between tourism variables and economic growth.

& 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license

().

DOI of original article: n Corresponding author.

E-mail addresses: oclaveria@ub.edu (O. Claveria), a.poluzzi@tin.it (A. Poluzzi).

2352-3409/& 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY license ().

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Specifications Table

Subject area More specific sub-

ject area Type of data How data was

acquired Data format Experimental

factors Experimental

features Data source

location Data accessibility

Economics, Tourism Destination marketing

Tables, graphs Data from the Compendium of Tourism Statistics provided by the UNWTO and the World Bank. Raw We have calculated the annual percentage growth rates of the series in levels (raw data) We capture the dynamics of interaction between tourism indicators and economic growth in the world's top tourist destinations Top ten world destinations: the United States, China, France, Spain, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, Turkey, Mexico and Austria Data is within this article

1. Value of the data

The data presented in this article provide an overview of the main trends in the world's top ten

destinations during the years preceding and after the 2008 financial crisis.

The graphical representation of the series offers an outlook of the dynamic of interactions between

the main tourism indicators and economic growth.

This dataset can be used in destination positioning studies based on official macro data.

2. Data

The data included in this article were obtained from the Compendium of Tourism Statistics of the UNWTO (). We also use information about the evolution of GDP retrieved from the World Bank web (). The main indicators provided by the UNWTO include: overnight visitors (thousands), total

Table 1 Annual percentage growth rates of international overnight visitors ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Minimum

Skewness

Kurtosis

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

2.14 7.23 0.59 4.33 1.80 1.98 1.43 15.61 1.98 2.16

2.49 9.41 0.75 3.61 0.60 1.18 2.12 14.05 0.70 3.60

1.98 10.20

3.02 5.70 6.23 5.38 4.14 14.76 6.89 7.36

5.59 26.66

5.53 10.96 12.78 10.46

6.65 39.07 12.69 11.81

? 2.64 ? 10.41

? 3.10 ? 5.91 ? 6.40 ? 5.09 ? 8.77 ? 6.69 ? 9.61 ? 8.41

? 0.92 0.01 0.24

? 0.35 0.77 0.18

? 1.36 0.28

? 0.06 ? 0.27

4.83 2.77 1.66 1.97 2.46 1.61 4.50 2.08 2.08 1.53

Note: The Skewness and the Kurtosis indicators respectively measure the asymmetry and the shape ("peakedness") of the probability distribution. Negative skew indicates that the tail on the left side of the probability density function is longer than the right side.

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Table 2 Annual percentage growth rates of total expenditure ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

5.41 12.51

4.01 6.56 3.20 4.37 5.66 15.28 3.14 4.03

7.07 14.40

5.34 8.33 4.74 4.77 6.14 18.22 6.04 8.47

10.48 15.29

8.77 8.95 9.50 7.86 10.15 15.99 11.13 9.65

22.65 48.37 16.99 20.88 16.20 15.42 23.67 46.76 20.92 14.56

Note: See Note of Table 1.

Minimum

? 12.84 ? 13.96 ? 13.16 ? 11.11 ? 13.99 ? 14.83 ? 15.18

? 9.04 ? 16.68 ? 12.32

Skewness

? 0.16 0.69

? 0.32 ? 0.50 ? 0.23 ? 1.11 ? 0.33

0.31 ? 0.42 ? 0.56

Kurtosis

2.28 4.45 2.55 2.67 2.12 4.50 3.22 2.65 2.38 1.81

Table 3 Annual percentage growth rates of the occupancy rate ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

0.86 1.19 0.21 1.03 ? 0.74 ? 0.15 ? 1.27 2.74 0.71 ? 0.75

1.16 0.56 0.34 2.09 0.43 ? 0.19 ? 1.45 0.76 2.13 0.32

2.14 4.25 2.63 2.57 3.31 6.49 2.88 8.97 4.31 4.41

4.15 7.98 3.61 4.79 2.45 8.41 3.95 23.90 6.82 5.69

Note: See Note of Table 1.

Minimum

? 4.14 ? 6.67 ? 5.41 ? 4.32 ? 8.33 ? 14.18 ? 4.82 ? 9.77 ? 8.33 ? 9.62

Skewness

? 0.87 ? 0.33 ? 0.86 ? 0.62 ? 1.15 ? 0.72

0.45 1.01 ? 0.60 ? 0.58

Kurtosis

4.00 2.45 3.02 2.79 3.42 3.01 2.11 3.94 2.83 2.67

Table 4 Annual percentage growth rates of the number of rooms ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

? 0.05 6.49 0.43 0.73 1.25 3.33 2.52 6.22 2.40 1.93

0.35 7.61 0.06 0.83 1.10 3.88 2.34 6.24 2.77 1.98

1.59 9.16 0.85 0.66 0.50 4.81 1.21 3.07 7.74 1.96

2.79 24.68

2.01 1.84 2.34 9.30 4.06 13.63 19.06 5.13

Note: See Note of Table 1.

Minimum

? 2.72 ? 13.91

? 0.40 ? 0.34

0.67 ? 8.90

0.69 1.84 ? 14.64 ? 0.30

Skewness

? 0.14 ? 0.35

0.99 0.03 1.05 ? 1.39 ? 0.03 1.05 ? 0.07 0.34

Kurtosis

2.47 4.46 2.54 2.09 3.18 5.04 1.55 4.34 4.95 1.78

expenditure (US$ millions), occupancy rate (%), rooms, and inbound expenditure per GDP (%). `Overnight visitors' stands for inbound tourism.

3. Experimental design, materials and methods

The omission of economic indicators and the lack of attention paid to economic return in tourism studies [2], has led us to incorporate economic information. Given that ratios provide insight into the

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Table 5 Annual percentage growth rates of inbound expenditure per GDP ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Minimum

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

? 0.37 ? 3.61 ? 1.36

2.23 ? 1.95 ? 2.65 ? 2.16

8.31 ? 0.42

0.01

0.94 ? 2.98 ? 0.89

5.09 ? 2.74 ? 3.13 ? 3.01 ? 3.24

0.22 1.95

6.02 13.54

6.76 7.51 6.12 9.84 6.08 29.40 14.17 9.88

10.35 26.04 12.17 11.30

6.28 20.58

7.34 78.57 29.89 13.53

? 14.48 ? 23.77 ? 14.77 ? 11.30 ? 14.55 ? 16.05 ? 15.63 ? 15.07 ? 23.05 ? 16.19

Note: See Note of Table 1.

Skewness

? 0.74 0.61

? 0.04 ? 0.55 ? 0.59

1.06 ? 0.65

1.43 0.56 ? 0.22

Kurtosis

4.46 3.31 3.57 1.88 2.65 4.02 3.50 3.89 3.22 1.88

Table 6 Annual percentage growth rates of total expenditure per tourist ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Minimum

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

3.14 4.66 3.44 2.21 1.76 2.37 4.14 ? 0.04 0.97 1.74

3.97 3.09 2.25 4.32 2.88 4.21 1.17 ? 0.33 0.11 1.90

9.33 5.97 8.66 7.70 11.75 6.23 8.90 9.16 6.12 4.28

19.65 17.13 16.42 10.45 24.14 11.01 22.40 17.20 9.25 10.68

? 10.54 ? 3.96

? 10.39 ? 11.20 ? 14.99 ? 12.60 ? 7.03 ? 19.40 ? 10.94 ? 7.57

Note: See Note of Table 1.

Skewness

0.03 0.70 0.09 ? 0.65 0.35 ? 1.22 0.65 ? 0.25 ? 0.28 ? 0.16

Kurtosis

2.26 2.81 1.89 2.03 2.53 4.21 2.55 3.66 2.38 4.60

Table 7 Annual percentage growth rates of GDP at market prices ? (2000?2010).

Country

Mean

Median

Standard Deviation

Maximum

Austria China France Germany Italy Mexico Spain Turkey UK US

1.69 10.33

1.47 1.12 0.64 2.14 2.52 4.26 1.94 1.88

1.88 10.02

1.95 1.18 1.47 3.03 3.19 6.16 2.56 2.53

3.62 14.19

3.88 4.09 3.71 5.30 5.29 9.36 4.30 4.09

? 3.80 8.30

? 2.94 ? 5.64 ? 5.48 ? 4.70 ? 3.57 ? 5.70 ? 4.31 ? 2.78

Note: See Note of Table 1.

Minimum

2.04 1.81 1.77 2.73 2.37 3.05 2.49 5.29 2.38 2.00

Skewness

? 1.83 0.94

? 1.33 ? 1.33 ? 1.57 ? 0.95 ? 1.44 ? 1.00 ? 1.82 ? 1.18

Kurtosis

5.93 2.96 4.71 4.48 5.28 3.23 4.30 2.59 5.49 3.72

profitability and the sustainability of tourism activities, we have calculated the ratio of expenditure per tourist as a proxy of tourism profitability. Annual percentage growth rates of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and of total inbound expenditure over GDP were also calculated. By using annual percentage growth rates instead of levels, we avoided the issues derived from working with nonstationary time series.

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Fig. 1. Inbound expenditure with respect to GDP vs. expenditure per tourist.

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