Chapter 1, “The Study of Lifeâ€



Chapter 1, The Study of Life

Section 1, Introduction to Biology:

Adaptation

Biology

Development

Growth

Homeostasis

Organism

Organization

Reproduction

Response

Species

Stimulus

Section 2, The Nature of Science:

Ethics

Forensics

Metric system

Peer review

Science

SI

Theory

Section 3, Methods of Science

Control group

Constant

Data

Dependent variable

Experiment

Experimental group

Hypothesis

Independent variable

Inference

Observation

Safety symbol

Scientific method

Serendipity

Chapter 2, Principles of Ecology

Section 1, Organisms and Their Relationships:

Abiotic factor

Biological community

Biome

Biosphere

Biotic factor

Commensalism

Ecology

Ecosystem

Habitat

Mutualism

Niche

Parasitism

Population

Predation

Symbiosis

Section 2, Flow of Energy in an Ecosystem:

Autotrophy

Biomass

Carnivore

Detritivore

Food chain

Food web

Herbivore

Heterotopy

Omnivore

Trophic level

Section 3, Cycling of Matter

Biogeochemical cycle

Denitrification

Matter

Nitrogen fixation

Nutrient

Chapter 3, Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems

Section 1, Community Ecology:

Climax community

Community

Ecological succession

Limiting factor

Primary succession

Secondary succession

Tolerance

Section 2, Terrestrial Biomes:

Boreal forest

Climate

Desert

Grassland

Latitude

Temperate forest

Tropical rain forest

Tropical savanna

Tropical seasonal forest

Tundra

Weather

Woodland

Section 3, Aquatic Ecosystems:

Abyssal zone

Aphotic zone

Benthic zone

Estuary

Intertidal zone

Limnetic zone

Littoral zone

Photic zone

Plankton

Profundal zone

Sediment

Wetlands

Chapter 4, Population Ecology

Section 1, Population Dynamics:

Carrying capacity

Density-dependent factor

Density-independent factor

Dispersion

Emigration

Immigration

Population density

Population growth rate

Section 2, Human Population:

Age structure

Demographic transition

Demography

Zero population growth (ZPG)

Chapter 5, Biodiversity and Conservation

Section 1, Biodiversity:

Biodiversity

Ecosystem diversity

Extinction

Genetic diversity

Species diversity

Section 2, Threats to Biodiversity:

Background extinction

Biological magnification

Edge effect

Eutrophication

Habitat fragmentation

Introduced species

Mass extinction

Natural resource

Overexploitation

Section 3, Conserving Biodiversity:

Biological augmentation

Bioremediation

Endemic

Nonrenewable resource

Renewable resource

Sustainable use

Chapter 6, Chemistry in Biology

Section 1, Atoms, Elements, and Compounds:

Atom

Compound

Covalent bond

Electron

Element

Ion

Ionic bond

Isotope

Molecule

Neutron

Nucleus

Proton

Van der Waals force

Section 2, Chemical Reactions:

Activation energy

Active site

Catalyst

Chemical reaction

Enzyme

Product

Reactant

Substrate

Section 3, Water and Solutions:

Acid

Base

Buffer

Hydrogen bond

Mixture

pH

Polar molecule

Solute

Solution

Solvent

Section 4, The Building Blocks of Life:

Amino avid

Carbohydrate

Lipid

Macromolecule

Nucleic acid

Nucleotide

Polymer

Protein

Chapter 7, Cellular Structure and Function

Section 1, Cell Discovery and Theory:

Cell

Cell theory

Eucharistic cell

Nucleus

Organelle

Plasma membrane

Prokaryotic cell

Section 2, The Plasma Membrane:

Fluid mosaic model

Phospholipid bilayer

Selective permeability

Transport protein

Section 3, Structures and Organelles:

Cell wall

Centriole

Chloroplasts

Cilium

Cytoplasm

Cytoskeleton

Endoplasmic reticulum

Flagellum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Nucleolus

Ribosome

Vacuole

Section 4, Cellular Transport:

Active transport

Diffusion

Dynamic equilibrium

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Facilitated diffusion

Hypertonic solution

hypo tonic solution

Isotonic solution

Osmosis

Chapter 8, Cellular Energy

Section 1, How Organisms Obtain Energy:

Adenosine troposphere (ATP)

Cellular respiration

Energy

Metabolism

Photosynthesis

Thermodynamics

Section 2, Photosynthesis:

Calvin cycle

Granum

NADP+

Pigment

Rubisco

Stroma

Thylakoid

Section 3, Cellular Respiration:

Aerobic

Aerobic respiration

Anaerobic process

Fermentation

Glycolysis

Krebs cycle

Chapter 9, Cellular Reproduction

Section 1, Cellular Growth:

Cell cycle

Chromatin

Chromosome

Cytokinesis

Interphase

Mitosis

Section 2, Mitosis and Cytokinesis:

Anaphase

Centro mere

Metaphase

Prophase

Sister chromatid

Spindle apparatus

Telophase

Section 3, Cell Cycle Regulation:

Apoptosis

Cancer

Carcinogen

Cyclin

Cyclin-dependent kinas

Stem cell

Chapter 10, Sexual Reproduction and Genetics

Section 1, Meiosis:

Crossing over

Diploid

Fertilization

Gamete

Gene

Haploid

Homologous chromosome

Meiosis

Section 2, Mendelian Genetics:

Allele

Dominant

Genetics

Genotype

Heterozygous

Homozygous

Hybrid

Law of independent assortment

Law of segregation

Phenotype

Recessive

Section 3, Gene Linkage and Polyploidy:

Genetic recombination

Polyploidy

Chapter 11, Complex Inheritance and Human Heredity

Section 1, Basic Patterns of Human Inheritance:

Carrier

Pedigree

Section 2, Complex Patterns of Inheritance:

Autosome

Codominance

Epitasis

Incomplete dominance

Multiple alleles

Polygenic trait

Sex chromosome

Sex-linked trait

Section 3, Chromosomes and Human Heredity:

Karyotype

Nondisjunction

Telomere

Chapter 12, Molecular Genetics

Section 1, DNA: The Genetic Material:

Double helix

Nucleosome

Section 2, Replication of DNA:

DNA polymerase

Okazaki fragment

Semiconservative replication

Section 3, DNA, RNA, and Protein:

Codon

Exon

Intron

Messenger RNA

Ribosomal RNA

RNA

RNA polymerase

Transcription

Transfer RNA

Translation

Section 4, Gene Regulation and Mutation:

Gene regulation

Mutagen

Mutation

Operon

Chapter 13, Genetics and Biotechnology

Section 1, Applied Genetics:

Inbreeding

Selective breeding

Test cross

Section 2, DNA Technology:

Cloning

DNA ligase

Gel electrophoresis

Genetic engineering

Genome

Plasmid

Polymerase chain reaction

Recombinant DNA

Restriction enzyme

Transformation

Transgenic organism

Section 3, The Human Genome:

Bioinformatics

DNA fingerprinting

DNA micro array

Gene therapy

Genomic

Haplotype

Pharmacogenomics

Proteomics

Single nucleotide polymorphism

Chapter 14, The History of Life

Section 1, Fossil Evidence of Change:

Cambrian explosion

Era

Fossil

Geologic time scale

Half-life

K-T boundary

Law of superposition

Paleontologist

Period

Plate tectonics

Radiometric dating

Relative dating

Section 2, The Origin of Life:

Endosymbiont theory

Spontaneous generation

Theory of biogenesis

Chapter 15, Evolution

Section 1, Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection:

Artificial selection

Evolution

Natural selection

Section 2, Evidence of Evolution:

Analogous structure

Ancestral trait

Biogeography

Camouflage

Derived trait

Embryo

Fitness

Homologous structure

Mimicry

Vestigial structure

Section 3, Shaping Evolutionary Theory:

Adaptive radiation

Allopathic speciation

Bottleneck

Directional selection

Disruptive selection

Founder effect

Genetic drift

Gradualism

Hardy-Weinberg principle

Postzygotic isolating mechanism

Prezygotic isolating mechanism

Punctuated equilibrium

Sexual selection

Stabilizing selection

Sympatric speciation

Chapter 16, Primate Evolution

Section 1, Primates:

Anthropoid

Arboreal

Binocular vision

Diurnal

Hominin

Nocturnal

Opposable first digit

Prehensile tail

Section 2, Hominoids to Hominins:

Australopithecine

Bipedal

Hominoid

Section 3, Human Ancestry:

Cro-Magnon

Homo

Neanderthal

Chapter 17, Organizing Life’s Diversity

Section 1, The History of Classification:

Binomial nomenclature

Class

Classification

Division

Domain

Family

Genus

Kingdom

Order

Phylum

Taxon

Taxonomy

Section 2, Modern Classification:

Character

Cladistics

Cladogram

Molecular clock

Phylogeny

Section 3, Domains and Kingdoms:

Archaea

Eubacteria

Fungus

Protist

Chapter 18, Bacteria and Viruses

Section 1, Bacteria:

Bacteria

Binary fission

Capsule

Conjugation

Endospore

Nucleoid

Pilus

Section 2, Viruses and Prions:

Capsid

Lysogenic cycle

Lytic cycle

Prion

Retrovirus

Virus

Chapter 19, Protists

Section 1, Introduction to Protists:

Microsporidium

Protozoan

Section 2, Protozoans--Animal-like Protists:

Contractile vacuole

Pellicle

Pseudopod

Test

Trichocyst

Section 3, Algae-Plantlike Protists:

Alternation of generations

Bioluminescent

Colony

Section 4, Funguslike Protists:

Acrasin

Plasmodium

Chapter 20, Fungi

Section 1, Introduction to Fungi:

Chitin

Fruiting body

Haustorium

Hypha

Mycelium

Septum

Sporangium

Spore

Section 2, Diversity of Fungi:

Ascocarp

Ascospore

Ascus

Basidiocarp

Basidiospore

Basidium

Conidiophore

Gametangium

Rhizoid

Stolon

Section 3, Ecology of Fungi

Bioindicator

Lichen

Mycorrhiza

Chapter 21, Introduction to Plants

Section 1, Plant Evolution and Adaptations:

Nonvascular plant

Seed

Stomata

Vascular plant

Vascular tissue

Section 2, Nonvascular Plants:

Thallose

Section 3, Seedless Vascular Plants:

Epiphyte

Rhizome

Sorus

Sporangium

Strobilus

Section 4, Vascular Seed Plants:

Annual

Biennial

Cone

Cotyledon

Perennial

Chapter 22, Plant Structure and Function

Section 1, Plant Cells and Tissues:

Collenchyma cell

Companion cell

Cork cambium

Epidermis

Ground tissue

Guard cell

Meristem

Parenchyma cell

Phloem

Sclerenchyma cell

Sieve tube member

Tracheid

Vascular cambium

Vessel element

Xylem

Section 2, Roots, Stems, and Leaves:

Cortex

Endodermis

Palisade mesophyll

Pericycle

Petiole

Root cap

Spongy mesophyll

Transpiration

Section 3, Plant Hormones and Responses:

Auxin

Cytokinin

Ethylene

Gibberellins

Nastic response

Tropism

Chapter 23, Reproduction in Plants

Section 1, Introduction to Plant Reproduction:

chemo taxis

Heterosporous

Megaspore

Micropyle

Microspore

Prothallus

Protonema

Vegetative reproduction

Section 2, Flowers:

Day-neutral plant

Intermediate-day plant

Long-day plant

Petal

Photoperiodism

Pistil

Sepal

Short-day plant

Stamen

Section 3, Flowering Plants:

Dormancy

Endosperm

Germination

Hypocotyls

Polar nuclei

Radicle

Seed coat

Chapter 24, Introduction to Animals

Section 1, Animal Characteristics:

Blastula

Ectoderm

Endoderm

Endoskeleton

Exoskeleton

External fertilization

Gastrula

Hermaphrodite

Internal fertilization

Invertebrate

Mesoderm

Vertebrate

Zygote

Section 2, Animal Body Plans:

Acoelomate

Anterior

Bilateral symmetry

Cephalization

Coelom

Deuterostome

Dorsal

Posterior

Protostome

Pseudocoelom

Radial symmetry

Symmetry

Ventral

Section 3, Sponges and Cnidarians:

Cnidocyte

Filter feeder

Gastro vascular cavity

Medusa

Nematocyst

Nerve net

Polyp

Sessile

Chapter 25, Worms and Mollusks

Section 1, Flatworms:

Flame cell

Ganglion

Pharynx

Prognostic

Regeneration

Scolex

Section 2, Roundworms and Rotifers:

Hydrostatic skeleton

Trichinosis

Section 3, Mollusks:

Closed circulatory system

Gill

Mantle

Nephridium

Open circulatory system

Radula

Siphon

Section 4, Segmented Worms:

Clitellum

Crop

Gizzard

Setae

Chapter 26, Arthropods

Section 1, Arthropod Characteristics:

Abdomen

Appendage

Book lung

Cephalothorax

Malpighian tubule

Mandible

Molting

Pheromone

Spiracle

Thorax

Tracheal tube

Section 2, Arthropod Diversity:

Chelicera

Cheliped

Pedipalp

Spinneret

Swimmeret

Section 3, Insects and Their Relatives:

Caste

Metamorphosis

Nymph

Pupa

Chapter 27, Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates

Section 1, Echinoderm Characteristics:

Ampulla

Madreporite

pedicellaria

Tube foot

Water-vascular system

Section 2, Invertebrate Chordates:

Chordate

Dorsal tubular nerve cord

Invertebrate chordate

Notochord

Pharyngeal pouches

Postanal tail

Chapter 28, Fishes and Amphibians

Section 1, Fishes:

Atrium

Cartilage

Fin

Lateral line system

Nephron

Neural crest

Operculum

Scale

Spawning

Swim bladder

Ventricle

Section 2, Diversity of Today’s Fishes:

Tetrapod

Section 3, Amphibians:

Cloaca

Ectotherm

Nictitating membrane

Tympanic membrane

Chapter 29, Reptiles and Birds

Section 1, Reptiles:

Amnion

Amniotic egg

Carapace

Jacobson’s organ

Plastron

Section 2, Birds:

Air sac

Contour feather

Down feather

Endotherm

Feather

Incubate

Preen gland

Sternum

Chapter 30, Mammals

Section 1, Mammalian Characteristics:

Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

Diaphragm

Gestation

Gland

Mammary gland

Placenta

Uterus

Section 2, Diversity of Mammals:

Marsupial

Monotreme

Placental mammal

Therapsid

Chapter 31, Animal Behavior

Section 1, Basic Behaviors:

Behavior

Classical conditioning

Cognitive behavior

Fixed action pattern

Habituation

Imprinting

Innate behavior

Learned behavior

Operant conditioning

Section 2, Ecological Behaviors:

Agonistic behavior

Altruistic behavior

Circadian rhythm

Courting behavior

Dominance hierarchy

Foraging behavior

Language

Migratory behavior

Nurturing behavior

Territorial behavior

Chapter 32, Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Section 1, The Integumentary System:

Dermis

Epidermis

Hair follicle

Keratin

Melanin

Sebaceous gland

Section 2, The Skeletal System:

Appendicular skeleton

Axial skeleton

Compact bone

Ligament

Ossification

Osteoblast

Osteoclast

Osteocyte

Red bone marrow

Spongy bone

Yellow bone marrow

Section 3, The Muscular System:

Actin

Cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle

Myofibril

Myosin

Sarcomere

Skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle

Tendon

Voluntary muscle

Chapter 33, Nervous System

Section 1, Structure of the Nervous System:

Action potential

Axon

Cell body

Dendrite

Neuron

Neurotransmitter

Node

Reflex arc

Synapse

Threshold

Section 2, Organization of the Nervous System:

Autonomic nervous system

Central nervous system

Cerebrum

Hypothalamus

Medulla oblongata

Parasympathetic nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

Pons

Somatic nervous system

Sympathetic nervous system

Section 3, Senses:

Cochlea

Cone

Lens

Retina

Rod

Semicircular canal

Taste bud

Section 4, Effects of Drugs:

Addiction

Depressant

Dopamine

Drug

Stimulant

Tolerance

Chapter 34, Circulatory, Respiratory, and Excretory Systems

Section 1, Circulatory System:

Artery

Atherosclerosis

Capillary

Heart

Pacemaker

Plasma

Platelet

Red blood cell

Valve

Vein

White blood cell

Section 2, Respiratory System:

Alveolus

Breathing

Bronchus

External respiration

Internal respiration

Lung

Trachea

Section 3, Excretory System:

Kidney

Urea

Chapter 35, Digestive and Endocrine Systems

Section 1, The Digestive System:

Amylase

Chemical digestion

Esophagus

Large intestine

Liver

Mechanical digestion

Pepsin

Peristalsis

Small intestine

Villus

Section 2, Nutrition:

Calorie

Mineral

Nutrition

Vitamin

Section 3, The Endocrine System:

Aldosterone

Antidiuretic hormone

Calcitonin

Cortical

Endocrine gland

Glucagons

Hormone

Insulin

Parathyroid hormone

Pituitary gland

Thyroxin

Chapter 36, Human Reproduction and Development

Section 1, Reproductive Systems:

Epididymis

Menstrual cycle

Oocyte

Oviduct

Polar body

Puberty

Semen

Somniferous tubule

Urethra

Vas deferens

Section 2, Human Development Before Birth:

Amniotic fluid

Blastocyst

Morula

Section 3, Birth, Growth, and Aging:

Adolescence

Adulthood

Dilation

Expulsion stage

Infancy

Labor

Placental stage

Chapter 37, The Immune System

Section 1, Infectious Diseases:

Antibiotic

Endemic disease

Epidemic

Infectious disease

Koch’s postulates

Pandemic

Pathogen

Reservoir

Section 2, The Immune System:

Antibody

B cell

Complement protein

Catatonic T cell

Immunization

Interferon

Lymphocyte

Memory cell

Section 3, Noninfectious Disorders:

Allergy

Anaphylactic shock

Degenerative disease

Metabolic disease

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