Motivation, Arousal, & Anxiety



Motivation, Arousal, & Anxiety

September 16, 1999

• Motivation

The coach of a little league baseball team offers $20 to any player who hits a home run

The coach of a college football team makes his players watch him swallow a worm

A college basketball coach leaves the bench in the middle of a game and sits in the stands

A high school coach uses fake blood and blanks to stage his own shooting in the school cafeteria

The coach of a college football team requires that his players witness the castration of a bull

Anderson, K. (1994) Coach gets cut by players. Sports Illustrated

General Models of Motivation

Trait Approach—(Personal Factors)

personality motivates performance (needs, interests, goals)

early research focused on identifying/measuring trait

Problem

personality scales poorl

General Models of Motivation

Situational Factors

motivation is primarily determined by situational factors (coaching, facilities)

Problem: Overjustification Effect

Rewards and Attribution

Controlling Rewards (designed to influence)

Informational Rewards (designed to give feedback)

Overjustification Effect and Professional Sports (Deci & Ryan)

Cognitive Evaluation

(Attributions for success/failure)

Locus of Causality

Internal (ability, effort)

External (task difficulty, luck)

Stability

Stable (ability, task difficulty)

Unstable (effort, luck)

Self-serving bias

Interactional View of Motivation

Sorrentino & Sheppard (1978)

Coaching

Understand why people participate

Both situations & traits

People often have conflicting interests

Motives Change Over Time

Major Motives for Participation

Youth Sports:

improving skills, fun, being with friends, fitness

Exercise Participation

initially: health factors, weight loss, fitness, self-challenge, feel better

later: program enjoyment, social factors

Coaching

Structure Environment to enhance motivation

Competition or recreation

Provide for multiple motives

Coaching

Be Realistic

Other physical and psychological factors influencing motivation must be considered

Some motivational factors are more easily influenced than others

Imagine that it is only a few minutes before a championship game. Your opponent in the sport in which you participate has defeated you once earlier in the season, the only loss you suffered. How do you feel three minutes before the game begins?

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Very anxious not at all anxious

Arousal, Anxiety, & Stress

Arousal--neutral emotionally (neustress/eustress)

Anxiety--negative emotionally (distress)

cognitive & somatic

Spielberger’s trait/state anxiety distinction

Measurement

Physiological measurement of arousal

biofeedback devices

Questionnaires

SCAT and CSAI

Sport Competition Anxiety Test

SCAT--measure of competitive trait anxiety

trait anxiety correlates significantly with the amount of state anxiety experienced just before competition

Scoring

reverse score items 6 and 11 as:

1 = often 2 = sometimes 1 = hardly ever

Do not score “dummy” items 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13

scores range from 10 (low competitive trait anxiety) to 30 (high competitive trait anxiety)

Stress Process

1. Environmental Demand

2. Individual’s Perception of Demand

3. Response

arousal, state anxiety, muscle tension, attention shifts

4. Outcome

Drive Theory

Monotonic relationship between arousal/anxiety and performance

As one increase, so too does performance

Inverted-U Hypothesis

Optimal arousal theory

Zones of Optimal functioning

Catastrophe Model (deterioration is not so gradual)

Why Arousal Influences Performance

Facilitation and Disruption

Nideffer’s Attentional Shift Model

low arousal: attention too broad

high arousal: attention too narrow

Muscular Tension

Self-handicapping

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