Genetics - MARRIC



Name:____________________________________ Date:_____________ Period:_____

Genetics - DNA Unit 3 – Overview

Schedule - October 29, 2007 through December 14, 2007; Unit Exam Tuesday 12/11/07

Fall Semester Final Week 12/17 - 12/21.

Grant Key Standards

3D: The genetic composition of cells can be altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into the cells.

Students will describe the processes of genetic engineering and biotechnology and analyze the ethical implications. (5c, 5d) Key Elements:

1. Define the following concepts: genetic engineering, biotechnology, ethical implication

2. Describe the processes of genetic engineering and biotechnology.

3. Analyze the ethical implications of genetic engineering and biotechnology.

3E:Genes are a set of instructions encoded in the DNA sequence of each organism that specify the sequence of amino acids in proteins characteristic of that organism

Students will demonstrate the role of DNA and RNA in the processes of replication, transcription, and translation. (1a, 4a, 4b, 4c, 5a, 5b) Key Elements:

1. Define DNA, RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), replication, transcription, translation, genetic code, codon, anticodon, amino acid, mutation, base pairing, protein, complement, template.

2. Transcribe DNA into mRNA.

3. Translate mRNA into an amino acid sequence.

4. Explain the role of DNA in each of the following processes: replication, transcription, and translation.

5. Explain the role of RNA in each of the following processes: replication, transcription, and translation.

6. Explain the steps of each of the following processes: replication, transcription, and translation.

Textbook – Chapters 12 (pg 324 – 357) 13 (pg 358-387). Class Website – marric.us/teaching;

Resources -

Tentative Schedule

10/29 - 11/2 – Chapter 12 – Transcription/Translation Process Diagrams

11/5 - 11/9 – Chapter 12 – Replication and Mutations and Processing

11/12 - 11/16 – Chapter 13 – Biotechnology – DNA Extraction Lab

11/19 - 11/23 – Thanksgiving Holiday – No homework – Free Study

11/26 - 11/30 – Begin Review for Semester Final – DNA Regulation and Expression

12/3 - 12/7 – Review for Unit 3 Exam

12/10 - 12/14 - Unit 3 Exam 12/11 – Review for Semester Final

12/17 - 12/21 - Review for Semester Final (12/20 and 12/21)

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the hereditary material in eukaryotic cells. This hereditary material is DNA whose information is found in DNA’s nitrogen bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Each DNA monomer or subunit is a nucleotide which is made of a phosphate group, a dexoyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base. DNA is a double stranded helix (ladder) and is complementary in that one strands thymine (T) pairs with the other strands adenine (A). Likewise cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) in accordance with Chargaff’s Rule.

DNA is transcribed (transcription) as messenger RNA that is transferred from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by exiting the nuclear pores. DNA needs messenger RNA because DNA is double stranded and cannot exit the nuclear pores whereas RNA is single stranded and can do so. RNA is made from DNA by an enzyme called RNA polymerase (an enzyme that makes a polymer of RNA). Additionally RNA (made of ribose sugar) does not have a thymine base instead RNA has the base uracil (U) which pairs with adenine (A). The hereditary information must get into the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located because ribosomes are the structures where messenger RNA is translated (translation) into a protein (polypeptide with the help of transfer RNA (tRNA). Ribosomes along with tRNA translate the genetic information into a protein by adding one amino acid per three mRNA bases (codons). Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes and tRNA to make proteins –remember viruses do not have ribosomes and cannot make their own proteins.

DNA must also replicate itself when a new cell is needed. The process involves several other enzymes including DNA helicase (opens the helix), DNA polymerase, RNA primase, and DNA ligase. With so many steps and enzymes involved it is a miracle that there are so few errors in the replication process. Especially when you consider that a human genome has about 30,000 genes and 3.5 billion base pairs. Nevertheless, mutations do occur: insertions, deletions, substitutions as point mutations or frameshift mutations (insertion or deletion mutations) which can affect the type of protein that is produced. Besides having great repair enzymes the code has a redundancy that helps maintain integrity in that there are multiple codons that code for the same amino acid: 20 amino acids per 64 possible base combinations in a codon (4x4x4). When a mutation does occur the three most common outcomes are cancer, birth defects, or no problem at all. The regulation of gene expression is very complicated and most is known about prokaryote (bacteria) gene regulation. You will learn about two operons or regulatory units called the trp operon and the lac operon. Onward molecular biologists.

1. Adenine___________________________________________________________________

2. Amino acid_________________________________________________________________

3. Anticodon__________________________________________________________________

4. Base pairing ________________________________________________________________

5. Birth defect________________________________________________________________

6. Cancer____________________________________________________________________

7. Chromosome________________________________________________________________

8. Codon_____________________________________________________________________

9. Complementary strand ________________________________________________________

10. Cytosine___________________________________________________________________

11. Deletion mutation ___________________________________________________________

12. Deoxyribose _______________________________________________________________

13. Double helix _______________________________________________________________

14. Enzyme ___________________________________________________________________

15. Expressed gene _____________________________________________________________

16. Exon _____________________________________________________________________

17. Frameshift mutation__________________________________________________________

18. Gene _____________________________________________________________________

19. Genetic code _______________________________________________________________

20. Genome ___________________________________________________________________

21. Genotype __________________________________________________________________

22. Guanine ___________________________________________________________________

23. Hemoglobin_________________________________________________________________

24. Heredity __________________________________________________________________

25. Heterozygous_______________________________________________________________

26. Homozygous ________________________________________________________________

27. Intron ____________________________________________________________________

28. Insertion mutation ___________________________________________________________

29. Inversion mutation ___________________________________________________________

30. Ligase ____________________________________________________________________

31. Mutation(s) ________________________________________________________________

32. Nitrogen bases______________________________________________________________

33. Nucleotide _________________________________________________________________

34. Okasaki Fragment____________________________________________________________

35. Plasmid____________________________________________________________________

36. Phosphate group_____________________________________________________________

37. Polymerase_________________________________________________________________

38. Probability_________________________________________________________________

39. Promoter __________________________________________________________________

40. Protein____________________________________________________________________

41. Purine ____________________________________________________________________

42. Pyrimidine _________________________________________________________________

43. Recessive__________________________________________________________________

44. Regulatory site _____________________________________________________________

45. Replication ________________________________________________________________

46. Repressor _________________________________________________________________

47. Ribose ___________________________________________________________________

48. Template _________________________________________________________________

49. Thymine __________________________________________________________________

50. Trait ____________________________________________________________________

51. Transcription ______________________________________________________________

52. Translation (protein synthesis) _________________________________________________

53. Translocation ______________________________________________________________

54. tryptophan ________________________________________________________________

55. Uracil ____________________________________________________________________

56. DNA _____________________________________________________________________

57. RNA _____________________________________________________________________

58. tRNA (transfer RNA) ________________________________________________________

59. mRNA (messenger RNA) ______________________________________________________

60. rRNA (ribosomal RNA) ________________________________________________________

61. Biotechnology_______________________________________________________________

62. Clone _____________________________________________________________________

63. Genetic engineering __________________________________________________________

64. Variation __________________________________________________________________

65. 3’ (three-prime) _____________________________________________________________

66. 5’ (five-prime) ______________________________________________________________

67. Catalyzing__________________________________________________________________

Unit 2 Genetics – DNA Name:______________________________

Date:________________ Period:________

1. What are the building blocks of DNA?

2. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest in size?

Nucleus, DNA, Chromosome, nucleotide, cell

3. What are the purine bases and what are the pyrimidine bases for DNA:

a) Purine bases =

b) Pyrimidine bases =

4. A particular sequence of parent DNA has four purine bases and two pyrimidine bases. According to base-pairing rules what are the possible sequences formed during replication:

Represent Purine as Pu and Pyrimidine as Py

[pic]

5. In which part of the cell does this process shown above take place?

6. Structure I in the figure above represents a(n) __________________________________.

7. Structure II in the figure above represents a(n) _________________________________.

8. Structure III in the figure above represents a(n) ________________________________.

9. Structure IV in the figure above represents a(n) _________________________________.

10. Structure IV in the figure above represents a(n)__________________________________.

11. The process illustrated in the figure above is called _______________________________.

12. Which of the structures in the figure above are composed of RNA?

13. X-ray evidence was used to discover that the shape of DNA was a _______ .

14. In 1962 a Nobel Prize for Medicine/Physiology was awarded to whom?

15. The information that directs replication, transcription and translation is found in DNA’s ___________________

16. What is Chargaff’s Rule and how was it important for determining DNA’s structure?

17. This segment of DNA has undergone a mutation in which six nucleotides have been deleted. A repair enzyme would replace them. Which series of bases will complete the strand of DNA?

The messenger RNA codes for six different amino acids are shown in the table below.

18. In one type of mutated gene for hemoglobin, CAC has replaced the normal CTC in the DNA code. What amino acid substitution has taken place in the mutated hemoglobin?

[pic]

19. Process 1 in the diagram above is known as

20. Process 2 in the diagram above is known as

21. Process 3 in the diagram above is known as

22. What is the product of process 3 as shown in the diagram above,? ______

23. Which process in the diagram above occurs in the nucleus?____________________________

24. Which process in the diagram above occurs in the cytoplasm? _________________________

25. How many bases are needed to specify four amino acids?

26. What is the difference between the lagging strand and the leading strand?

27. A DNA segment is changed from-AAGTAG- to -AAATAG-. This is a ________________mutation.

28. A DNA segment is changed from -AATTAGAAATAG- to -ATTAGAAATAG-. This is a(n) __________________________ mutation.

29. Here are two related mRNA sequences: 5'UUUAGCGAGCAU3' and 5'UUUAGCCAUAAAAAAAA3'. How was the second sequence formed?

30. Use the amino acid code chart to sequence the following messenger RNA strand into an amino acid strand. AUGUUACCCCAAUUU –

|Help Wanted |

|Positions Available in the genetics industry. Hundreds of entry-level openings for tireless workers. No previous experience |

|necessary. Must be able to transcribe code in a nuclear environment. |

|Accuracy and Speed vital for this job in the field of translation. Applicants must demonstrate skills in transporting and |

|positioning amino acids. Salary commensurate with experience. |

|Executive Position available. Must be able to maintain genetic continuity through replication and control cellular activity |

|by regulation of enzyme production. Limited number of openings. All benefits. |

|Supervisor of production of proteins—all shifts. Must be able to follow exact directions from double-stranded template. |

|Travel from nucleus to the cytoplasm is additional job benefit. |

31. Applicants for the first job of the Help Wanted ad in the table above "Position Available," could qualify if they were ______________________________.

32. Applicants for the second job of the Help Wanted ad in the table above "Accuracy and Speed vital," could qualify if they were ______________________________.

33. Applicants for the third job of the Help Wanted ad in table above "Executive Position," could qualify if they were _________________________.

34. Applicants for the fourth job of the Help Wanted ad in the table above "Supervisor," could qualify if they were ______________________________.

35. What is the mRNA sequence for a strand of DNA reading CACGTAC?

36. The template strand of a piece of DNA being replicated reads: 5'-ATAGGCCGT-3'. A partially synthesized Okazaki fragment is 5'CCTA3'. If the next fragment is four bases long, what is its first base?

37. What type of mutation has occurred in the figure?

38. What will be the result of the mutation in the figure above?

39. This is a template DNA sequence: 3' AATCGCA 5'. This is a partially-completed mRNA strand transcribed from the DNA template: 3'GCGA5'. What is the next nucleotide that RNA polymerase will attach?

40. Using DNA sequencing, you discover that a bacterium has experienced a deletion mutation that removed three nucleotides. The bacterium appears completely unaffected in all its functions. Where is the mostly likely location for the mutation?

41. Three samples of DNA contain the percentages of nitrogenous bases listed in Table 12-2. According to Chargaff’s law, which two samples probably belong to the same species?

42. You have a building toy set consisting of parts that can be connected together. You are going to use it to model a piece of DNA. You have decided that each part of DNA will be represented by a different type of toy piece. You have chosen the following four pieces so far: adenine = large red cube; guanine = large green cube, thymine = small orange cube; cytosine = small blue cube. How many other types of pieces do you need to represent the remaining parts both the 3-prime and the 5-prime strands of a section of DNA?

43. Describe the parts which are found in each nucleotide found in DNA?

a. ____________________________________________________________

b. ____________________________________________________________

c. ____________________________________________________________

d. ____________________________________________________________

44. Because of base pairing in DNA, the percentage of ______________________ in DNA is about equal to the percentage of _________________________.

45. DNA is copied during a process called ________________________

46. How is RNA different from DNA?

47. Which type(s) of RNA is(are) involved in protein synthesis?

48. What is produced during transcription?

49. During transcription, an RNA molecule is formed:

a. Inside the ____________________

b. Is _____________-stranded

c. Is ___________________ to one of the strands of DNA

50. Why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon?

51. Which type of RNA functions as a blueprint of the genetic code?

52. What happens during the process of translation?

53. The cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce _____________.

54. During translation, the type of amino acid that is added to the growing polypeptide depends on the ___________________on the mRNA and the _________________ on the tRNA to which the amino acid is attached.

55. Explain the following types of gene mutations:

a. Insertion -

b. Deletion -

c. Substitution -

d. Point mutation –

e. Frame-shift mutation -

56. What is a promoter?

57. RNA polymerase is used to _________________________________________________.

58. An expressed gene is turned ___________.

59. Proteins that bind to ____________________________ on DNA determine whether a gene is expressed.

60. If a specific kind of protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is ______________________________________

61. A bacterium that was once able survive in a tryptophan-free environment is now unable to synthesize its own tryptophan. The bacterium is otherwise unaffected. Where is the most likely location for the mutation causing the change?

62. What can result when a mutation to DNA occurs?

63. Under certain conditions RNA can perform additional functions which include?

64. Describe the following enzymes:

a. DNA helicase –

b. DNA ligase –

c. DNA polymerase -

d. RNA primase -

e. RNA polymerase -

65. What are introns and exons?

66. Compare and contrast the trp operon and the lac operon

67. What are plasmids and how are they used in biotechnology

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