Biology 1406 - WCJC



Biology 1406 Review Sheet for Final Mr. Dees

Note: the following is a brief synopsis of the topics covered by the final exam. Be sure that this sheet is not all that you study, for this list may be incomplete and is not very detailed. Anything covered in lecture is fair-game for the exam. Use this to be sure you do not have any “gaps” in your notes. A helpful section is provided at the end of each chapter in the form of a chapter summary, key terms, and review questions..

Approximately ½ of the final exam will cover new material with the remaining portion being comprehensive; be sure to look back over the material from exams 1-4.

Chapter 16

• DNA

• Organic polymer

• Monomers – nucleotides

• Watson

• Crick

• Griffith

• Avery

• Chargaff’s rules

• Franklin

• Double Helix

• Components of a nucleotide

• Phosphate sugar backbone

• Base-pairs

• Hydrogen bonding

• Complementary strands

• Antiparallel strands

• Structure of DNA allows self-replication and ability to carry information

• Semiconservative replication model

• Process of DNA replication in eukaryotic cells

• Origin

• Replication forks and bubbles

• Helicase

• Topoisomerase

• Single stranded binding protein

• DNA polymerases

• Primase – RNA primer

• Leading and Lagging strands

• Okazaki fragments

• DNA ligase

• Telomeres

• Organization of DNA

• Chromatin –Chromosomes

• Histone proteins

• Nucleosomes

• Protein scaffold

• Process to form chromosomes from chromatin

Chapter 17

• DNA forms genetic code; how?

• Understand the connection between genes and phenotype

• As example – gibberellins in pea plants

• Proteins serve as the link between genotype and phenotype

• Gene expression

• Transcription

• Translation

• RNA components

• mRNA

• tRNA

• differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes’ gene expression

• RNA polymerase

• Uracil

• Differences in nucleotides of RNA and DNA

• Promoter

• Transcription as a process

• Terminator sequence

• Codons

• How many possible codons?

• How many natural amino acids

• RNA processing

• Pre-mRNA

• Exons

• Introns

• Cap and tail

• Translation as a process

• Structure of ribosome

• Anticodons

• Process of creating a polypeptide

• GTP

• Release factor

• Be sure that you can take a DNA template and create a mRNA molecule and then match the corresponding anticodons of a tRNA molecule

Chapter 18&20

• Review the organization of DNA

• Histone acetylation

• Differential gene expression

• Biotechnology

• Cloning processes for bacteria and plants and animals

• Plasmid

• Restriction enzyme

• Recombinant bacterium

• Dolly the sheep

• Embryonic and adult stem cells

• PCR – process and uses

• Restriction fragments of DNA

• Electrophoresis

• Practical uses of Biotechnology

• Human gene therapy

• Manufacture of pharmaceutical products

• Forensics

• Environmental cleanup

• Transgenic organisms aka genetically modified organisms (GM)

• Pharm animals

• Ethics of genetic manipulation

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