Biology End of Course Review



Name_____________________________ Date_____________ Group________ Block______

Biology End of Course Summary

Unit 1 Intro to science and safety:

• Scientific Method

• Hypothesis vs Theory

• Safety is a process

Unit 2 Biochemistry:

• Structures and functions of polymers and monomers of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

• Properties of water

• BOB

• Characteristics of all living things

Disease

• Structure of bacteria & viruses

• How diseases are spread

• How the body fights disease

• Immune response

• Homeostasis

Unit 3 Cells:

• Structure of prokaryotic & eukaryotic (animal & plant)

• Function of all major organelles (mitochondria, chloroplast, cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, ribosomes, ER, central/water vacuoles)

• Cell transport (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport & osmosis)

• Details of Photosynthesis & cellular respiration

• Stages and purpose of mitosis

• Levels of organization in living things

Unit 4 DNA, RNA, & Protein Synthesis:

• Structure or DNA & RNA

• Transcription, translation - protein synthesis

• Replication & mutations

Unit 5Genetics:

• Stages and purpose of meiosis

• Problems with meiosis

• Monohybrid crosses-Punnett squares

• Sex linkage & sex determination

• Co-dominance & incomplete dominance

• Pedigrees

• Genetic Engineering

Unit 6 Evolution:

• Theories of Darwin & Lamarck

• Evidence for evolution; fossils; DNA; homologous and vestigial structures; embryology comparisons

• Classification

Unit 7 Ecology

• Human impact on the environment; global warming, ozone depletion

• Nutrient cycles; carbon, nitrogen & water

• Food chains, webs & pyramids

Unit 1 Safety and Scientific Method:

1. Differentiate between scientific hypothesis and common hypothesis.

2. Differentiate between scientific theory and common theory.

Unit 2 Biochemistry review:

1. What is cohesion & adhesion?

Cohesion is: ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Adhesion is___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. What biological molecule possesses these properties _______.

3. Cellulose is an example of a carbohydrate. It is a polymer.

a. What is a polymer? _____________________________________

b. What are the monomers that make up cellulose? _________________________

4. What is the polymer that is made of amino acids called? ______________

5. How many types of amino acids are there? ______

6. What determines the shape and function of a protein? _________________________________________________________________________

7. What element is found in a protein that is not found in a carbohydrate or a lipid?

_______________

8. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat?

A saturated fat: __________________________________________________

An unsaturated fat: _______________________________________________

9. Using your knowledge of enzymes (like the ones we examined that are used in digestion) explain why many body systems begin to fail when the body temperature gets too high. Use scientific language and terms in your answer.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Dilute iodine solution forms a deep blue compound with starch. This color disappears as the starch is broken down.

Three test tubes were set up as shown. A few drops of iodine solution were added to each tube. After 10 minutes the contents of tube A were still deep blue, tube B was colorless and tube C was pale blue.

a. What do the results from tubes A and B indicate about the action of amylase on starch? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. How does the presence of aspirin in tube C appear to affect the action of amylase? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Experiments were carried out to investigate the action of two enzymes at different pH values. The enzymes were pepsin (a protease) and amylase. All experiments were carried out at 37oC for 20 minutes. The results are shown on the graph below.

a. How much substance was produced in the pepsin-controlled reaction at pH3? ______

b. At which pH values were 60mg of substance produced by:

i. Pepsin- ___

ii. amylase- ___

c. Which substance is produced when amylase acts on starch? _____

d. Name the enzyme that works best conditions. ______________

e. Scientists were searching for an enzyme to remove lipids from clothes to be added to a new laundry detergent.

i. Which two substances would be produced as the enzymes digest the lipids? ___________________

ii. Why should laundry detergent containing enzymes not be used at high temperatures? ____________________

Unit 3Cell Review:

Nucleus: __________________________

Mitochondria- ___________________________

Golgi body- __________________________

Endoplasmic reticulum- ____________________

Chromosome- __________________

Vacuole- __________________________

Cell Wall- _______________________

Cell Membrane-

Two major differences between a prokaryotic & eukaryotic cell are:

1. ________

2. ________

Use the diagram to write a word and balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis

Respiration is sometimes called photosynthesis in reverse. Explain why and write an equation to show the reactants and products in aerobic respiration.

Elodea adds oxygen to water when it photosynthesizes. What gas does it add to the water when it is only doing cellular respiration? _________

The rate of photosynthesis of a tree was recorded for 36 hours. Use the graph below to answer these questions:

a. When was the rate of photosynthesis highest? ____________

b. When would most CO2 be released into the air? _____________

c. When would most O2 be released into the air? _____________

What is this process (shown above)? Write a full definition

What process is shown here? _______

What moves? ___________

In what direction? ______________________

Write a definition for this process

______________________________________

______________________________________

Cell Division review:

1. Which type of cell division is for growth & repair? ___________

2. What are the end products of mitosis?___________________

3. What are the end products of meiosis? __________________

4. Label the stages of mitosis below and write under each what is happening.

5. What word is used to describe the full set of chromosomes? ___________

6. What word describes the number of chromosomes found in gametes? ____________

7. A matching pair of chromosomes is called _________________________________________

Unit 4 DNA, RNA and Protein Synthesis Review:

1. What is the structure shown in the diagram called? ______________________

2. What are the 4 bases found in DNA called :

_______A - __________

_______T - ___________

_______C - __________

______ G - _________

3. Which base is not found in RNA? __________

4. Which base is only found in RNA? __________

5. What is the base pair rule for DNA? ____ ______

6. What is the base pair rule for RNA? ____ ________

7. Each set of 3 messenger RNA bases is called a? ___________________

8. DNA is only found in the nucleus, yet the instructions it contains are needed by the ribosomes. How does the DNA message get to the ribosome?

9. What is the carrier molecule and by what process is it made?

10. Each three letter code contains the instructions for assembly of what? ___________

11. A short section of DNA, containing multiple sets of 3 letter codes is called what? All these codes combined contain the instructions for what? ________________

12. What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome’s during protein synthesis?

____________________

13. Which would usually be more harmful; an insertion of a base in the DNA sequence or a switching of a base in the DNA sequence. Explain you answer fully, using a diagram if necessary.___________________________________

Unit 5 Genetics Review:

1. Having freckles is a dominant characteristic. Show a cross between a heterozygous freckled man and a woman with no freckles. What is the chance that they have a child with freckles?

2. Baldness is a sex-linked recessive condition. A bald man is married to a woman whose father was bald. Show their possible offspring.

3. What is the difference between a dominant allele, a co-dominant allele and an incompletely dominant allele?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.

[pic]

a. How many generations are represented in this pedigree? _______________________

b. In generation P, which parent is a carrier of sickle cell? ________________________

c. Which individual in generation F1 marries someone who is homozygous dominant? _______________________________________________________

d. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell appear? ___________________

e. Which generation contains the most male carriers? __________________________

f. Can two carriers produce an individual with sickle cell? ________________________

g. Can a normal homozygous individual produce children with sickle cell?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

h. In generation F2, individuals one couple has four children, two of whom have sickle cell. What is the probability of their offspring having sickle cell? Is the probability the same as the actual ratio of affected children? If not explain why there is a difference.

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Unit 6 Review:

1. Where is most fossil evidence found?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Why is the fossil record incomplete? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. A 6’2” Olympic runner marries a 5’9” concert pianist and together they have a child. Using Lamarck and Darwin’s theory of evolution explain why it is not guaranteed that their child will be both an accomplished athlete and pianist, but it is more likely that they will be tall. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Give a definition and example of a homologous structure, and a vestigial structure and natural selection.

Homologous: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Vestigial: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Natural selection: _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Which are more closely related; Triceratops & Diplodocus or Tyrannosaurus and Diplodocus?

Unit 5 Review:

1. Draw a simple diagram of the water cycle showing condensation, precipitation, run off, root uptake, transpiration, evaporation and seepage.

2. List and describe each level of organization in ecology. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is succession? When does succession occur and what is the end community called?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Fill in the trophic levels on the food chains below:

5. All the organisms living in this pond environment would be collectively referred to as a __________________________________

6. From the food web:

a. Name 2 primary consumers. ____________________________________________________

b. Name one secondary consumer. __________________________

c. Name one producer. ____________________________

d. If all the owls were killed what would happen to the numbers of

i. Dormice _________________________________________________________

ii. Earthworms _________________________________________________________

e. From the food web construct 2 food chains containing 4 members each.

____________ ______________ _____________ _____________

____________ ______________ _____________ _____________

7. The table below shows information about 3 food chains:

|Producer |Primary consumer |

|200 leaves |100 caterpillars |

|20 water weeds |200 insect larvae |

|5 cabbages |100 caterpillars |

|Secondary consumers |Tertiary consumers |

|5 thrushes |1 kestrel |

|5 small fish |1 otter |

|5 thrushes |500 fleas |

a.

a Draw a pyramid of numbers for each food chain.

b. The average masses for the organisms in these foods chains are: leaf 5g; caterpillar 4g; thrush 70g; kestrel 250g; water weed 250kg; insect larva 10g; small fish 300g; otter 1000g; cabbage 300g; flea 0.04g

Draw biomass pyramids for each food chain using this data.

c. What differences do you see between each pyramid of number and each pyramid of biomass?

8. This is a diagram of the carbon cycle:

Name the processes X & Y ____________________________________________________________________________

How does the carbon in coal become part of the CO2 in the air? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What environmental problem does excess CO2 in the air cause? ____________________________________________________________________________

What is process Z? _____________________________________________________

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