RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES …

Varicose veins can cause significant pain and discomfort, superficial thrombophlebitis, bleeding, and ulceration. As such, chronic venous insufficiency, including symptomatic varicosities, can have a substantial negative impact on quality of life.1 The pathophysiology that leads to these varicosities include inadequate muscle pump function, incompetent venous valves (reflux), and venous ... ................
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