SOCY1000 Sociology: Global Perspective



SOCY1000 Sociology: Global Perspective. Professor Backman.

December 2007. 

Final Exam. MODIFIED TO REFLECT CHANGE IN TEXTBOOK

Good luck!

As usual, the first three questions are the same. Be sure to answer all three.

1. According to the Thomas theorem,

  a.  people decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now

  b.  people decide what to do next on the basis of what is going on now

  c.  people use norms to help them decide what to do next

  d.  if someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return

  e.  society is characterized by a constant battle between groups of people, each of which is trying to obtain the best possible results for itself

2. According to the Thomas theorem,

  a.  people decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now

  b.  people decide what to do next on the basis of what is going on now

  c.  people use norms to help them decide what to do next

  d.  if someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return

  e.  society is characterized by a constant battle between groups of people, each of which is trying to obtain the best possible results for itself

3. According to the Thomas theorem,

  a.  people decide what to do next on the basis of what they think is going on now

  b.  people decide what to do next on the basis of what is going on now

  c.  people use norms to help them decide what to do next

  d.  if someone does you a favor, you owe a favor in return

  e.  society is characterized by a constant battle between groups of people, each of which is trying to obtain the best possible results for itself

4.  According to Backman (your 'umble professor), which of the following is the best definition of the sociological term "norm"?

  a.  what most people do

  b.  widely shared feeling or belief about what is important to a society's identity or well-being

  c.  an expectation shared by members of a group which specifies behavior considered appropriate in a given situation

  d.  a rule about what you should do that applies no matter what the situation

  e.  taking something that is hostile or neutral to you and making it more favorable to you, usually by using it in some way

5.  T  F  Sociology is the study of human social behavior.

6.  T  F  Sociologists tend to agree that an actor can be anything he or she wants provided the actor works hard.

7.  T  F  A recent sociological study used surveys to investigate why the majority of Protestants today are in "conservative" denominations (Baptists and Pentecostals, for example), whereas thirty years ago the majority were in "mainstream" denominations (Methodists and Lutherans, for example). This is an example of macrosociology.

8.  T  F  According to Lazarsfeld (and other sociologists), common sense is an inadequate guide to truth.

9.  T  F  In “Body Ritual Among the Nacirema,” Horace Miner illustrates the lack of magical thinking in industrialized societies like the United States and the widespread use of magic-based thinking in less developed societies.

10. T F A beneficial outcome of a pattern of behavior is called a "dysfunction."

11.  T  F  Manufacturing cars is a latent function of the American automobile industry.

12.  T  F  How attractive you find someone influences how likely you are to copy the person's behavior.

13.  T  F  The only thing that limits what can be part of any particular role expectation is the fact that all role expectations in a society must be consistent with each other. That is, the behavior any role expectation demands must not be in conflict with the behavior any other role expectation would require.

15. T  F  According to Perry’s model of the cognitive development of college students, the main cognitive achievement of the college years is overcoming the tendency to engage in metathought.

17. T  F  The divorce rate in the United States reflects in part the high standards Americans have for a marriage.

18.  T  F  There are people starving in the world for the simple reason that there are more people on the globe than there is enough food for.

20.  T  F  Generally speaking, American Indians living on reservations are better off financially than American Indians living off reservations.

21. T  F ”Jim Clow,” the pattern of race relations between whites and Asians on the West coast from about 1880 to 1950, was a form of legal protection of minorities. It was developed to enhance assimilation of Asian emigrants and their children into American culture as equals of whites.

22. T  F  Exogamy is essential for caste systems, but endogamy is typically allowed in class systems.

23.  T  F  The epidemiologic transition refers to a change in patterns of mortality from deaths being due mostly to degenerative diseases to deaths being mostly from infectious and contagious diseases.

24.  T  F  According to administrative science theorists, paperwork is necessary for effective management of large organizations.

25. T F  At the AdHoc-R-Us Company, when something a little unusual comes up, managers usually contact the CEO (or his executive assistant) for a decision about what to do. At the LookItUpBozo Company, when something unusual comes up, managers go to this huge Plans, Procedures, and Exceptions Manual to look up what they are supposed to do. Sociologists would say that AdHoc-R-Us is more formalized than LookItUpBozo.

26.  T  F  According to the Demographer's Estimating Equation, the population now equals the population at some earlier time plus the number of births between now and the earlier time minus the number of deaths between now and the earlier time plus the number of in-migrants between now and the earlier time minus the number of out-migrants between now and the earlier time.

27.  T  F  Most industrialized countries have infant mortality rates that are lower than infant mortality in the United States.

28.  T  F  Currently the total fertility rate for the world is higher than replacement fertility.

29.  T  F  Old adults are more likely to die than young adults.

30. T  F  Liza is 28, Betty is 45, and Elizabeth just turned 65. The one most likely to move during the coming year is Liza.

37.  The fundamental questions constantly facing every individual are

  a.  What is sociology? and Who cares?

  b.  Who am I? and What's going on here?

  c.  What's going on here? and What do I do next?

  d.  What's going on here? and Why is it going on?

  e.  What's going on here? and Who cares?

38.  "Cui bono" means

  a.  beware of unanticipated consequences of purposive action

  b.  all other things being equal

  c.  who benefits?

  d.  after the fact

  e.   Cher was a better singer than Sonny

39. According to the Plumbers Law,

a. people with power tend to feel a responsibility to use their power for everyone’s benefit

b. except for the middle class, people tend to be pretty confused about the systems that enmesh them

c. socially undesirable things happen disproportionately to people at the bottom of the social ladder

d. actors with the greatest resources are best able to take advantage of opportunities

e. more talented people have more "goodies" because you get what you work for

40.  The term “ethnocentrism" means

  a.  based on actual observation of the world

  b.  the belief that the best way to judge cultures is to compare them to your culture and that the more a culture differs from yours, the more inferior that culture is

  c.  the belief that there is no one best culture and that cultures must be evaluated by what they do for the individuals within them

  d.  the simultaneous presence of opposites

  e.  a relationship in which communication is deep and extensive, individuals relate to one another as full persons, and feelings are more important than getting things done

41. Which of the following sociologists had the greatest impact on the world?

 a. Emile Durkheim                 d. Herbert Spencer

 b. W.E.B. DuBois                   e. Max Weber

 c. Karl Marx

42.  The phrase, "We didn't know we were poor because everyone around us had as little as we did," reflects

  a.  the use of reference groups       d. Whig history

  b.  social evolution                        e. involution

  c.  social objectivism

43.  The two general types of social integration are

  a.  integration by motivation and integration by parts

  b.  integration by partial fractions and integration by substitution

  c.  integration by ambivalence and integration by interdependence

  d.  integration by sentiment and integration by feelings

  e.  integration by sentiment and integration by interdependence

44.  Long-term status passage creates role strain for actors

  a.  because expectations of the new status are complex and difficult to perform without practice

  b.  because the culturally defined demands of the new status usually conflict with the actor's personal preferences

  c.  when the actor's definition of the situation is appropriate to where the actor was a minute ago, not the situation the actor is in now

  d.  when the culturally defined demands of the new status conflict with the culturally defined demands of some other status

  e.  because role segmentation is impossible

45.  What method of role strain reduction is reflected in the following: I know my room is a mess, but I have been studying so hard for exams for the last week that I haven't had a chance to clean a thing.

  a. social hierarchy of obligations

  b. power differences

  c. tact

  d. special considerations for people in status passage

  e. protection of in-group members

50.  Socialization is

  a.  face to face interaction with others involving conversation, especially conversation with an expressive content

  b.  the process of members leaving a group

  c.  the process of teaching and learning the rules and ways of a group

  d.  the process of finding new members for a group

  e.  the gratification we feel in the course of conversation

51. Mead’s term for an individual’s understanding of society’s norms and usual procedures is

 a. egocentrism                         d. the looking-glass self

 b. the generalized other            e. the game

 c. the significant other

52. Who is more likely to get a divorce at some point in their life?

 a. people whose parents did not divorce

 b. people who lived together before they married

 c. people who marry at an older age

d. people with high incomes

 e. people with children born after the marriage

53.  Which of the following is the best example of using the concept of operant conditioning to explain the behavior of a group or of the members of a group?

  a.  The reason for the success of the Auburn football program under Coach Tuberville is that every player is taught exactly what he is supposed to do (expectations are very clear), and players are consistently rewarded or punished on the basis of the extent to which they meet their expectations.

  b.  It's easy to explain why Coach Tuberville's teams are so successful; anyone could win with the talented players he gets to come to Auburn.

  c.  The reason that Microsoft has such a homogeneous corporate culture is that individuals who don't fit in very well eventually leave the company, taking their disruptive influences with them.

  d.  The reason that Toyota's employees are so productive is that there are so many different things going on at once in different parts of the company that the alert worker can find help with almost any problem he or she faces.

  e.  Successful military training depends on knocking everyone down to the same low level, then building pride in the person's new identity as a soldier.

54.  America’s Second Harvest is

   a. a program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that collects leftover food from growers, food distributors, and grocery stores and distributes it to food banks in the United States for eventual distribution to hungry people

   b. a program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that collects leftover food from growers, food distributors, and grocery stores and sends it to less-developed countries for distribution to hungry people

   c. a nongovernmental organization that collects leftover food from growers, food distributors, and grocery stores and distributes it to food banks in the United States for eventual distribution to hungry people

   d. a nongovernmental organization that collects leftover food from growers, food distributors, and grocery stores and sends it to less-developed countries for distribution to hungry people

   e. a program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that shows farmers how to grow organic crops and otherwise lessen the dependency of American agriculture on chemical fertilizers and pesticides

55.  The US bureaucrat who developed the poverty line that we use today was

   a. Rachel Carson                             d. Mollie Orshansky

   b. W. Edwards Deming                    e. Jeffrey Passel

   c. Herman Hollerith

56. The 2006 official poverty rate in the United States was about ______ percent.

   a. 2             d. 16

   b. 8            e.  25

   c. 12

57. In which of the following systems of stratification are a person’s chances of social mobility the greatest?

 a. slavery-based systems     d. estate systems

b. caste systems e. all systems have equal chances of mobility

c. class systems

58. Which of the following industrialized countries has the largest gap between rich and poor?

 a. Australia             d. Canada

 b. Austria                e. the United States

 c. Sweden

61. According to Marx, the primary driving force of human social history has been

 a. individual great leaders

 b. environmental changes, including global climate change

 c. deeper, more profound and more widely shared religious understanding

 d. class conflict

 e. historical accidents

62. "Thesis" in the Marx/Hegelian dialectic refers to

 a. the ideal way to do things

 b. the current way of doing things

 c. a garden of opportunities

 d. a way of doing things that emerges from the conflict of the current way of doing things and the forces of opposition it generates

 e. a way of doing things that emerges in opposition to the current dominant way of doing things

66.  If we mean by "Bible belt" a region with high rates of religious participation, then the "Bible belt" in the United States is really

  a.  the Northeast               d.  everywhere but the Northeast

  b.  the South                     e.  everywhere but the west coast

  c.  the Midwest 

67. Which of the following is a technique that can help resist the problems of groupthink?

 a. Keeping outsiders from talking to the group

 b. Making sure that people who present ideas that do not conform to those of the group are punished

 c. Having the leader not make his or her preferences known while the discussion is going on

 d. None of the above help resist groupthink

 e. All of the above help resist groupthink 

68. Which of the following is not part of Weber's ideal type bureaucracy?

 a. A fixed division of labor

 b. A hierarchy of authority

 c. Written records

 d. Officials are hired on the basis of their social networks

 e. Separation between the officials' private lives and the organization and its property

69. Settling for outcomes that are "good enough" without insisting on the best possible is

  a.  anomie                                      d. formalization

  b.  centralization                              e. satisficing

  c.  decentralization

71. Patterns of relations within a large organization that are not those required by the organization’s written rules is a chief focus of which approach to the study of organizations?

  a. manufactured systems                           d. open systems

  b. metabolic systems                                  e. rational systems

  c. natural systems

72. In sociological terms, meeting members' needs, obtaining new members, and training members are examples of

  a. social desirabilities                   d. functional desirabilities

  b. abstract necessities                    e. functional prerequisites

  c. concrete necessities

73.  The sociological perspective that sees the most basic element in social life as the attempt of the individual human actor to make sense of a situation and give it meaning is

  a. the conflict perspective                  d. the Platonic perspective

  b. the consensus perspective             e. the Aristotelian perspective

  c. symbolic interactionism

74.  According to the conflict postulate,

  a.  humans do not have instincts and therefore must be taught how to function in the culture in which they find themselves

  b.  the female ancestors of sociologists who believe in symbolic interactionism tend to wear boots designed for warfare

  c.  a pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of a society to the extent that it benefits the society

  d.  a pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of the society to the extent that it benefits the powerful people in the society

  e.  a pattern of behavior will continue to be a part of the society to the extent that it continues to accomplish what the people who first invented the pattern intended it to accomplish

75.  The Hobbesian problem of order is most important to which sociological perspective?

  a. the conflict perspective                                      d. the Platonic perspective

  b. the consensus/functionalist perspective             e. the Aristotelian perspective

  c. symbolic interactionism

79.  The person famous for discussing the problem that, if unchecked, populations can grow faster than can the ability to feed people is

  a.  Durkheim                 d. Carson

  b.  Deming                       e. Spencer

  c.  Malthus

80. The most recent US census was taken in the year

  a. 1990 d. 2001

  b.  1995              e. 2004

  c.  2000

81.  What are the most important demographic events?

  a.  age and sex               d. age and marital status

  b.  health and sex             e. death, migration, birth

  c.  marital status and education

83.  (NO CALCULATORS, PLEASE) Assume that in 2002 a county had a population of 10,000. If between 2002 and 2003, 100 people died, 200 babies were born, 200 people moved out of the county, and 100 people moved into the county, what was the county's population in 2003?

  a.  80                                d. 9,920

  b.  10,000                              e. none of the above

  c.  10,600

84.  In the United States more people die from ______ than from any other cause.

  a.  AIDS/HIV                         d. stroke

  b.  cancer                              e. tuberculosis

  c.  heart disease

86.  What are the two preferred measures for evaluating a country’s health care system?

   a. crude death rate and life expectancy 

   b. crude death rate and infant mortality rate 

   c. life expectancy and rate of death from cancer

   d. sex ratio and infant mortality rate

   e. infant mortality rate and life expectancy

87.  The population of the world is now

       a. over 6 billion                d. over 8 billion

       b. nearly 5 billion             e. 3 billion

       c. 2 billion

88.  The population of the US is now about

       a. 300 million                  d. 1.1 billion

       b. 400 million                  e. 1.3 billion

       c. 500 million

89. About how many people in the United States moved last year? [NO CALCULATORS, PLEASE]

a. 75 million d. 43 million

b. 60 million e. 30 million

c. 50 million

92. The organismic metaphor compares

  a.  social life to the theater

  b.  the treatment of minorities in the United States to the treatment of colonies by colonizing countries

  c.  the division of labor in advanced industrial societies to a complex piece of music

  d.  society to a machine

  e.  society to a living organism

93. Which of the following is the objective part of the sociological definition of race? "A large number of people who …"

 a. have similar cultural features and a high rate of mutual interaction"

 b. see themselves and are seen by others as a cultural unity"

 c. have interbred over a long period of time, thus developing similar physical characteristics"

 d. see themselves and are seen by others as a biological unity"

 e. consider themselves as objects of collective discrimination"

94. What Supreme Court decision established the foundation for the civil rights struggles of the 1950s-1970s in the US?

   a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas

   b. Darwin v. Board of Education of the State of Kansas

   c. Loving v. Virginia

   d. Clay v. Liston

   e. Franklin v. Parker

95. Most Hispanics now in the United States trace their family’s origins to

  a. Argentina                         d. Puerto Rico

  b. Brazil                               e. Mexico

  c. Cuba

96.  Which of the following illustrates the pattern of intergroup relations known as pluralism?

  a.  the Trail of Tears 

  b.  affirmative action

   c.  the deaths of large fractions of the natives of North and South America following the arrival of Europeans

   d.  Hitler’s “final solution,” the Holocaust

   e.  the relations between German-, French-, and Italian-speaking citizens of Switzerland

97.  Which is NOT one of the conditions under which contact between members of a dominant and minority group is likely to reduce prejudice against the minority group?

  a.  when the minority group members have lower status than that of the dominant group members in the contact situation

  b.  when the contact involves cooperation toward the achievement of a shared goal

  c.  when the contact is personal

  d.  when the contact is socially approved

  e.  when the behavior of the minority violates the stereotypes

98. The person often seen as the “Martin Luther King” of the US Hispanic empowerment movement is/was

  a.  Gordo Gomez                         d. Antonio Villaraigosa

  b.  Che Guevara                           e. Venustiano Carranza

  c.  Cesar Chavez

99.  Which is NOT one of the typical features of minority groups?

  a.  members suffer various disadvantages at the hands of the dominant group

  b.  members feel a strong sense of oneness

  c.  it is usually difficult for people in the society to tell if someone is or is not a member

  d.  members have not usually chosen to be members of the group

  e.  the group tends to marry within the group

100. The Stonewall riots were a milestone for which social movement?

  a. Prohibitionism                                              d. The GLBT movement

  b. The environmental movement                       e. The U.S. Civil Rights movement

  c. The post-suffrage women’s movement

101. Which was the social movement Prof. Backman identified as providing inspiration and tactics for many other recent social movements?

  a. Prohibitionism                                              d. The GLBT movement

  b. The environmental movement                       e. The U.S. Civil Rights movement

  c. The post-suffrage women’s movement

102.  The key principle in the utilitarians’ approach to the question of how to set up a society and its government is

  a.  everyone should be allowed to do the best they can for themselves and the government should not interfere

  b.  "from each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs"

  c.  the smartest people should be given special education so that they can be put in charge of the government

  d.  to avoid a war of all against all, people must give up many of their liberties to a strong government

  e.  "greatest good for the greatest number"

103. The free rider problem refers to a situation in which

a. one or more members of a collective are getting benefits from a collective good but are not making any contributions

b. a group allows great differences between the richest and poorest members of the group

c. people with greatest need for the benefits of a collective good are given greatest access to the good

d. those people who contribute the most to a collective good are given greatest access to the good

e. a collective good is being overused

104. The reason examining recruitment is often a fruitful strategy for predicting the behavior of a group or its members is because

a. it answers the question, Cui bono?

b. members bring with them skills, other statuses, and overall perspectives that may affect how they perform in the group

c. it ignores the Zimbardo effect

d. recruitment determines how much resocialization occurs in the group

e. it is not useful. Everyone should be given a clean slate when they join an organization

105.  What idea did Prof. Backman present as an explanation of the origin of states?

  a. States are necessary to make sure that needed collective goods that require coordinated work from many people will be provided; states are granted the power to force at least some people to contribute toward the collective good, even if everyone wants to be a free rider

  b.  States aren’t necessary, but people often establish a state in order to ensure the greatest good to the greatest number. Once started, states don’t go away

  c.  A state is necessary to make sure that people with greatest need for the benefits of a collective good are given greatest access to the good

  d.  A state is necessary to make sure that those people who contribute the most to a collective good are given greatest access to the good

  e.  A state is necessary to clean up after a collective good has been overused

106.  The idea that the best arrangement for society is for everyone to do the best they can for themselves and for the government not to interfere, especially in economic affairs, is called

  a.  Laissez faire                                              d. psychoanalysis

  b.  stochastics                                                e. existentialism

  c.  greatest good for the greatest number

For the following questions, indicate which of the principles below related to stratification is illustrated in the example given in the statement. Be sure to put your answer on the scantron sheet.

  a. the plumbers law                                    d. the Catch 22 principle

  b. the fair and square principle                     e. the creaming principle

  c. the incorporation principle

109. Land that once had been occupied by American Indians is now the source of the wealth and success of non-American Indian farmers and ranchers throughout the West and Midwest.

110. The large majority of people in the US who have “made money” did so on the basis of inheriting or being given at least a modest amount initially – which they then used to make more.

111. The constitution of the Soviet Union granted citizens wonderful legal rights. Unfortunately for people who got on the wrong side of Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, the secret police ignored those rights for Stalin’s enemies.

For the remaining questions, you are to choose the thematic duality most relevant to the assertion given in the question. Choose from the dualities listed below. You can use any duality more than once. Be sure to put your answer on the computer answer sheet.

 a. individual vs. collective                             d. free will vs. determinism

 b. integration vs. differentiation                     e. statics vs. dynamics

 c. objective vs. subjective reality

112.  What people think is true often is false.

113.  E pluribus unum

114.  Weber's deep knowledge about the structure of the society of his day and about the structure of society under the Roman Empire led him to develop ideas concerning the processes by which Europe had changed in the 1500 years following the fall of Rome

115.  Wars can be great unifiers. A country's conflicts between rich and poor or between city dwellers and folks in the countryside may disappear as all groups work together as a nation to take on the opposing country.

116.  Great statues generate a sense of movement as well as of shape.

117.  The job of an actor is to take the words in a script and give them movement and life.

118.  In teaching, it does not matter so much what you say to students; what counts is what they think you said.

119.  Key to the sociological imagination is the ability to see the connections between private troubles and public issues.

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