No. 06-427 In the Supreme Court of the United States

No. 06-427

In the Supreme Court of the United States

TENNESSEE SECONDARY SCHOOL ATHLETIC

ASSOCIATION, PETITIONER

v.

BRENTWOOD ACADEMY

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI

TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

BRIEF FOR THE UNITED STATES

AS AMICUS CURIAE SUPPORTING PETITIONER

PAUL D. CLEMENT

Solicitor General

Counsel of Record

PETER D. KEISLER

Assistant Attorney General

GREGORY G. GARRE

Deputy Solicitor General

DAN HIMMELFARB

Assistant to the Solicitor

General

MARK B. STERN

ISAAC J. LIDSKY

Attorneys

Department of Justice

Washington, D.C. 20530-0001

(202) 514-2217

QUESTION PRESENTED

The United States will address the following question:

To what extent does the First Amendment limit the

government¡¯s ability to place restrictions on the speech of

individuals or entities that voluntarily participate in a

program administered by the government or enter into a

contractual relationship with the government?

(I)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Interest of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Summary of argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Argument:

The court of appeals misconstrued and misapplied the

First Amendment principles governing state action in

this context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

A. TSSAA¡¯s recruiting rule should have been

reviewed and upheld under the deferential

standard applicable to program participants or

contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1. Brentwood is a voluntary participant in a

program administered by TSSAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2. Brentwood has a contractual relationship with

TSSAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

B. The court of appeals also misapplied the

¡°intermediate scrutiny¡± standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Cases:

Board of County Comm¡¯rs v. Umbehr, 518 U.S. 668

(1996) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . passim

Board of Educ. v. Pico, 457 U.S. 853 (1982) . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Brentwood Acad. v. TSSAA:

531 U.S. 288 (2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 3, 4, 13, 19

535 U.S. 971 (2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

180 F.3d 758 (6th Cir. 1999), cert. granted, 528 U.S.

1153 (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

(III)

IV

Cases¨CContinued:

Page

13 F. Supp. 2d 670 (M.D. Tenn. 1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 4

Cafeteria & Rest. Workers v. McElroy, 367 U.S. 886

(1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Christianson v. Colt Indus. Operating Corp., 486 U.S.

800 (1988) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

City Council v. Taxpayers for Vincent, 466 U.S. 789

(1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 26, 29

City of San Diego v. Roe, 543 U.S. 77 (2004) . . . . . . . . 22, 24

Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, 468

U.S. 288 (1984) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 24

Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc.,

473 U.S. 788 (1985) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 7, 13, 14, 19

Edenfield v. Fane, 507 U.S. 761 (1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Florida Bar v. Went For It, Inc., 515 U.S. 618 (1995) . . . 28

Garcetti v. Ceballos, 126 S. Ct. 1951 (2006) . . . . . . . 2, 21, 24

Greer v. Spock, 424 U.S. 828 (1976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Grove City Coll. v. Bell, 465 U.S. 555 (1984) . . . . . . . . . 2, 15

Heffron v. International Soc¡¯y for Krishna

Consciousness, Inc., 452 U.S. 640 (1981) . . . . . . 9, 26, 29

Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703 (2000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

International Soc¡¯y for Krishna Consciousness, Inc.

v. Lee, 505 U.S. 672 (1992) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Legal Servs. Corp. v. Velazquez, 531 U.S. 533 (2001) . . . . 18

Los Angeles Police Dep¡¯t v. United Reporting Publ¡¯g

Corp., 528 U.S. 32 (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Metromedia, Inc. v. City of San Diego, 453 U.S. 490

(1981) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

NEA v. Finley, 524 U.S. 569 (1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 15, 17

V

Cases¨CContinued:

Page

Ohralik v. Ohio State Bar Ass¡¯n, 436 U.S. 447 (1978) . . . 28

Perry Educ. Ass¡¯n v. Perry Local Educators¡¯ Ass¡¯n,

460 U.S. 37 (1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin, 532 U.S. 661 (2001) . . . . . . . . 16

Pickering v. Board of Educ., 391 U.S. 563

(1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 8, 19, 20, 21

Regan v. Taxation with Representation, 461 U.S. 540

(1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 17

Rosenberger v. Rector & Visitors of Univ. of Va., 515

U.S. 819 (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Rottmann v. Pennsylvania Interscholastic Athletic

Ass¡¯n, 349 F. Supp. 2d 922 (W.D. Pa.

2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20, 23, 24, 25

Rumsfeld v. FAIR, 126 S. Ct. 1297 (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 15

Rust v. Sullivan, 500 U.S. 173 (1991) . . . . . 2, 5, 7, 14, 15, 17

Snepp v. United States, 444 U.S. 507 (1980) . . . . . . 2, 11, 21

Thomas v. Chicago Park Dist., 534 U.S. 316 (2002) . . . . . 17

Turner Broad. Sys., Inc. v. FCC, 512 U.S. 622 (1994) . . . . 4

United States v. American Library Ass¡¯n, 539 U.S.

194 (2003) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15, 18

United States v. Edge Broad. Co., 509 U.S. 418

(1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 27, 28

United States v. Kokinda, 497 U.S. 720 (1990) . . . . . . 10, 14

United States v. National Treasury Employees

Union, 513 U.S. 454 (1995) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 25

Ward v. Rock Against Racism, 491 U.S. 781

(1989) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8, 26, 28

Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661 (1994) . . . . . 11, 12, 20, 22

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