Scope – (Not pressure bearing liners. Corrosion barrier only.)



DRAFT for DISCUSSIONStandard Specification for Thermoplastic Liners for Oilfield Tubular GoodsPhilosophy:Material selection driven by the design process and installation requirementsDesign process uses equations requiring mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus and volumetric swell as examples, and the time dependent aging behavior of the material in the service environment.DRAFTS FROM WORK GROUPS DUE WEEK OF 28 MARCH FOR A FACE TO FACE MEETING in HOUSTON 30 & 31 MARCH. 1.5 DAYS.Scope – (Not pressure bearing liners. Corrosion barrier only.)This specification provides the requirements for the selection, design, manufacture, installation and termination of thermoplastic liner pipes that are inserted into existing pressure rated pipes for the primary purpose of corrosion mitigation and the end connections or terminations of those lined pipelines. This specification also provides the requirements for operation and inspection of the lined pipeline. The liners of this specification are not intended to contribute to the pressure rating of the lined pipe. This standard does not apply to inserted pipes that become the primary pressure containment element of the lined system. The liners of this specification are used in onshore and offshore upstream oil and gas production system pipelines and downstream product transfer pipelines. Upstream pipelines include produced water lines, water injection lines, hydrocarbon production lines, multiphase production lines and gas production lines. Hot water transfer lines are also covered. Downstream pipelines include refined liquid product pipelines and natural gas (fuel gas) pipelines. This specification is confined to liner and end connections, and the procedures for installation and operation of the lined system. It does not relate to other system components and appurtenances. Where other system components (e.g. risers, valves, fittings, etc.) are of conventional construction they will be governed by other applicable codes and practices. Normative References PPI TR4ISO 23936-1 NORSOK M-710API 17J-2014ISO 24033:2009API 17 TR2Terms, Definitions and AbbreviationsMaterials Selection (Mason, Walsh, Fullmer, Cox, Boros)Remember the philosophy. What properties are needed for the design process, long term performance, manufacturability and installation??? GeneralThe liner material is normally selected by the installer in consultation with the owner. Materials shall be selected such that they meet the specified service and installation requirements.Polymeric compounds shall be specified using a cell classification system appropriate to the polymer type or specified as compliant with polymer pipe standards listed in Table 1. If a polymer pipe standard is used the dimensional requirements shall not apply. Fitness for purpose shall be established based upon tests as specified in Table 2 using extruded liner pipe specimens.Fusion joints in the liner are permitted provided that they are performed by a qualified operator using a qualified procedure according to a recognized standard. The liner shall maintain its integrity for the specified fluids under the given service conditions.Polymer PropertiesRefer to table 1 These properties may change with exposure so the measurements should be measured at thermal and chemical environmental equilibrium.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1 1 – Testing Requirements for Extruded Polymer LinersCharacteristicTestsStandardMechanical / Physical PropertiesResistance to CreepASTM D2990Yield Strength/ElongationASTM D638Ultimate Strength/ElongationASTM D638Stress Relaxation PropertiesASTM E328Modulus of Elasticity (Young’s Modulus)ASTM D638Compression StrengthASTM D695Impact StrengthASTM D256DensityASTM D792 or D1505Notch SensitivityASTM D256Thermal PropertiesBrittleness (or Glass Transition) TemperatureASTM D746 or ASTM E1356Glass Transition Temperature and Melting PointASTM D3418-12e1or ISO 11357Permeation CharacteristicsFluid PermeabilityAPI 17J-2014 Paragraph 6.2.3.1Blistering ResistanceSection 4.4 of this document or API 17J-2014 Paragraph 6.2.3.2Compatibility and AgingFluid CompatibilityAging TestsWeathering ResistanceASTM D2565 Chemical Resistance and AgingThe liner manufacturer or installer shall document the effects of the chemical components of the service environment at the design temperature on the liner materials. An engineering assessment shall be conducted to verify that the liner will retain integrity and fitness for purpose at the design conditions. The assessment shall be based on testing and experience and shall predict the aging or deterioration of the polymer under the influence of environment. As a minimum, polymer aging estimates shall consider temperature, water cut, and pH. Special attention should be given to deplasticization, loss and/or degradation of additive formulation components, fluid absorption, and changes of dimensions.Materials used in liners covered by this standard shall be demonstrated to remain stable for the design life of the product, retaining the necessary performance characteristics required to meet the original design specification. The fluid used in ageing-resistance tests should be representative of the specified pipeline fluid. Materials that are tensile- or compressive-loaded in service should be tested with similar stresses induced.NOTEPPI TR-19 may be used as a screening tool for evaluating fluid compatibility. ISO 23936-1 and NORSOK M-710 provide a methodology for performing fluid compatibility testing.Swelling TestThe following procedure shall be followed to determine the amount of swelling of liner polymer caused by absorption of pipeline fluids.At least 3 test specimens shall be machined from extruded polymer of the same type as the liner. The minimum dimensions of the samples shall be: Thickness: 5 mmLength:10 mmWidth: 10 mmMeasure the linear dimensions and record them to the nearest 0.01 mm.Weigh the specimens and record the weight to the nearest 0.001 g.Immerse the specimens in at least 500 ml of fluid representative of the anticipated pipeline contents. Raise the temperature to the design temperature of the pipeline to be lined.Expose the specimens at the design temperature for a minimum of 2 weeks.Periodically remove the specimens, wipe them dry, weigh them and record the weight with the same accuracy as the initial weighing. Replace the specimens into the test fluid.When the weight stabilizes for three successive measurement intervals, wait for the specimens to return to room temperature, then measure the linear dimensions and record them with the same accuracy as the initial pre-exposure measurements.Calculate the volumetric swell of the specimens using Equation 1.?Vswell = Vexposed-Vpre-exposureVpre-exposure Eq. 1Calculate the linear swell using Equation 2.εswell= ?Vswell2 × 100 Eq.2 Blister ResistanceBlistering resistance tests shall reflect the design requirements, relating in particular to fluid conditions, pressure, temperature, number of decompressions and decompression rate. The following conditions shall apply as a minimum.Samples:Samples shall be taken from extruded linerFluid mixtures:Use gas components of specified environment as documented in the test procedure.Soak time:Use sufficient to ensure saturation.Test cycles:If available, use expected number of decompressions, or else use 20?cycles as a minimum.Decompression rate:If available, use expected decompression rate, or else use as a minimum 7?MPa/min (1015?psi/min).Thickness:Liner wall thickness as a minimum.Temperature:Use the expected decompression temperature.Pressure:Use design pressure as a minimum.Procedure:After each depressurization the sample shall be examined at a magnification of 20x for signs of blistering, swelling and slitting. If the liner is a multilayer or coextruded structure, the adhesion between layers shall not be compromised during the blistering test.Table SEQ Table \* ARABIC 1 - Polymer Material StandardsPolymerStandardTitlePolyethylene (PE)ASTM D2513-14, Section 4 - MaterialsorStandard Specification for Polyethylene (PE) Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and FittingsASTM F2619-13, Section 4 - MaterialsorStandard Specification for High-Density Polyethylene (PE) Line PipeAPI 15LE, Sections 2 & 5.1.1orSpecification for Polyethylene Line Pipe (PE)ISO 4437-1:2014Plastics piping systems for the supply of gaseous fuels - Polyethylene (PE)All Polyamides (Nylons)ASTM D6779Standard Classification System for and Basis of Specification for Polyamide Molding and Extrusion Materials (PA)PVDFASTM D3222Standard Specification for Unmodified Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) (PVDF) Molding Extrusion and Coating MaterialsASTM D5575Standard Classification System for Copolymers of Vinylidene Fluoride (VDF) with Other Fluorinated MonomersPEXASTM F876Standard Specification for Crosslinked Polyethylene (PEX) Tubing Other PolymersASTM D4000Standard Classification System for Specifying Plastic MaterialsLiner Polymer TypesLiner polymers must be able to be extruded into the desired shape and dimensions, have sufficient resistance to weathering and UV damage so prevent degradation in storage and shipment, be able to be joined in the field, inserted in to the host pipe by the installer’s method, be terminated using the installer’s preferred terminations and resist the service environment for the design life.PolyethylenesPolyethylenes suitable for use as liners covered by this standard shall have a long term hydrostatic strength rating listed in PPI TR-4. If a materials is not listed in TR-4 the materials supplier shall demonstrate that the material has met all the requirements to be listed in TTR-4 High Density Polyethylenes shall be classified as PE4710 or PE100. Polyethylenes of Raised Temperature are permitted provided that they are designated as PE-RT Type II according to ISO 24033:2009. Cross Linked polyethylenes shall be …Polyamides (nylons)Because polyamide materials age by hydrolysis, polyamide (nylon) materials for use as liners covered by this standard shall be described by an aging model developed consistent with API 17 TR2, including the effects of temperature and pH on the aging rate.Other PolymersQualification using Table 1 test methods shall be required together with an aging model And……. Liner Design (Fullmer, Baron, Compton, Kneller)Design ObjectivesThe function of the liner is to separate the host pipe wall from the corrosive pipeline contents while minimizing the reduction in inside diameter compared to the unlined pipe. As a minimum, the liner should be designed with the thickness necessary to: a. retain its shape in handling and storageb. permit high quality fusion jointsc. be installed correctlyd. resist collapseDesign ProcedureThe design procedure consists of determining the thickness necessary to limit loads on the liner to acceptable levels and to prevent collapse. The liner OD shall be determined by taking into account the ID of the host pipe, the installation method and desired tightness. The wall thickness shall be determined by handling and storage requirements, fusion joint quality, and critical radial buckling pressure differential (collapse resistance). Effect of Tightness Essential Design Equations Annulus Venting End FittingsLiner Manufacturing Requirements (Boros, Dyer/Casteel, Pomante, Ponda)Polymer GradeRework requirementsDimensional RequirementsForm: Coil vs stickMarkingQuality TestingDocumentationPackaging and TransportationInstallation (Compton, Kneller, Baron, Fullmer)Host Pipeline Preparation Preparing an existing pipelineDesigning a new pipeline intended for use with a liner.Material Handling and StorageMethods JoiningPull lengthsEnd fittingsQuality testingCommissioningOperation (Cox, Mason, Compton) XFER to COXRoutine ProceduresUpset ConditionsRepair and MaintenanceIntegrity Management of Liner And Host PipeDocumentation (later…)To Be Supplied By the BuyerTo Be Supplied By the DesignerTo Be Supplied By the InstallerQuality (Later…)API Q1 ???API Q2 ??? ................
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