Social Studies Unit 3: Turn of the Century America
Social Studies Unit 3: Turn of the Century America
Notes
Chapter 7 Lesson 3: Cattle Ranchers (pgs. 238-241)
Time Period:
• 1865-1980
Texas Cattle
• In the 1860’s ranchers raised and sold ___________________________________ that lived on the Texas plains
• __________________________, Mexican cowhands, taught their methods of herding on horseback to other cowhands and ranchers in the Southwest
Demand and Supply for Cattle
• Cattle was in greater ________________________, the amount of something people want to buy at certain prices, in the eastern and northern United States ($4 in Texas versus $40 in the east and north)
• _______________________________ is the amount of something that people want to sell at certain prices
• Prices for goods are set by using _______________________________________
• The more supply the _______________________ the cost
• The less the supply the ____________________________ the cost
The Cattle Drives
• Ranchers sent their cattle to ______________________________- towns where the railroad tracks begin or end
• The cattle were loaded onto trains and shipped to cities in the north and east
• Cowhands had to lead the cattle hundreds of miles from the ranches in Texas to the railheads- _______________________________________
• These cattle drives took weeks or months to complete
• Used trails where water and grass were available
o ____________________________- San Antonio- Kansas City
o ____________________________- San Antonio- Newton, Abilene, or Ellsworth
o _____________________________- Bandera- Dodge City or Ogallala
o Goodnight-Loving Trail- Fort Concho- Pueblo, Cheyenne, or Denver
Life on the Drives
• Cattle drives was dangerous, boring, and dirty
• 10-14 hours per day on horseback
• Slept on the ground
• Had to guard the heard at night to protect from thieves and animals
The End of the Drives
• Invention of ____________________________- twisted wire with a sharp barb, or point, every few inches
o Blocked the cattle trails
• Growth of railroads
o Railheads were nearby to ship cattle
• Not enough grass to feed all the cattle
• A terrible winter in 1886-1887 killed thousands of cattle
Chapter 8 Lesson 1: The Rise of Big Business (pgs. 258-265)
Time Period
• 1865-1900
A Time of Invention
• New inventions saved people time, money, and ___________________________.
Inventions for Home and Work
• 1872- Elijah McCoy- invented an _______________________- allowed trains and machines to run longer by dripping oil over moving parts
• 1875- E. Remington and Company- made a sold ________________________- saved office workers time
• 1867- Margaret Knight- made paper bags with a bottom- were able to hold more
• 1876- _________________________________________- invented the telephone
o Used by businesses to talk to workers on different floors
o Used by people at home to talk to family and friends many miles away
• 1877- _____________________________- invented the phonograph (record player)
• 1879- Thomas Edison- invented the electric light bulb
o _________________________________________________________
o Allowed factories and shops to stay open after dark
Big Business
• 1865- Henry Bessemer- invented a process to make steel (Bessemer Process)
• Made steel much ________________________ expensive to produce
• Andrew Carnegie built a factory to use the Bessemer Process to make steel rails for railroads
• Carnegie also bought fuel companies, __________________________ , and ships- this allowed him to lower the price he paid for getting fuel for his factories as well as shipping costs
Corporations
• John D. Rockefeller- formed the Standard Oil Company (1870)
o Made products such as fuel and lamp oil
o Standard Oil Company was a _____________________________, a business where many people own shares, or parts, of the business
• Corporations pay part of their ________________________, the money earned after all costs are paid, to the share owners
Companies Grow Larger
• Corporations grew larger by selling stocks to raise money
• Corporations were able to build factories and buy expensive machines with the money
• Small businesses could not afford to purchase machines or build factories
• Standard Oil Company grew by buying more oil companies
• Rockefeller bought the companies to reduce ________________________- when more than one business tries to sell the same good or service
• Competition allows prices to remain low and quality high for consumers
• Standard Oil Company became a ___________________________ because it bought so many companies
• A monopoly is a company that has no competition
Workers’ Lives Change
• Machines were used to speed up the process of producing goods
• The goods could be sold at lower prices
• Many people bought the items
• Businesses made more goods and hired more workers
• Factories had ___________________________ working conditions and many workers were injured or killed in accidents
The Labor Movement
• Workers were paid poorly and struggled to pay for a home and food.
• Worked for ______________________ hours each day
• Many _______________________ had to work to help their families earn money
• Workers would be fired for complaining about their working conditions
• ________________________________, an organization of workers that tries to improve pay and working conditions for its members, were formed
• 1869- The Knights of Labor was formed- the 1st large labor union
o Wanted to:
▪ make safer working conditions
▪ _____ hour work day
▪ Stop hiring children
• Unions used _________________________(when workers refuse to work) to try to force businesses to make changes
• 1886- American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed- large group of trade unions (organizations of workers who do the same type of job- such as plumbers or steelworkers)
o _____________________________ elected President of AFL
o Wanted:
▪ Better wages
▪ Safer conditions
▪ Shorter workdays
• First labor unions _____________________________
o Businesses fired strikers
o People were hurt or killed in fights between police and strikers
o Monopolies blocked progress for workers
Chapter 8 Lesson 2 Immigrants in America (pgs. 266-269)
Time Period
• 1880-1924
Arriving in America
• About ____________ million immigrants moved to America between 1880-1924
• Before 1880 immigrants came from ______________ and western Europe (Ireland, Germany, England, Sweden, Denmark)
• After 1880 immigrants came from southern and ____________________ Europe (Italy, Russia, Hungary, Greece, and Poland)
• Immigrants came for work and to escape war or ______________________, unfair treatment or judgment
• Jews in eastern Europe were hurt or killed because of their __________________
Immigration Stations
• Ellis Island
o _____________________________ immigrants arrived here
o In _____________________________________
o Government asked immigrants where they planned to work and live
o Examined by doctors for diseases
o Almost all were allowed to enter
• Angel Island
o __________________________________
o ____________________ and ________________ immigrants arrived here (1850’s)
o Faced _____________________ prejudice
o Had to stay for week, months, or years before entering U.S.
o About 25% had to return to their home countries
Living in a New Country
• Immigrants settled near family and friends
• Entire neighborhoods were made up of one ____________________________, a group of people who share the same culture
• Immigrants spoke their native language, practiced their religion, and kept their countries customs
• Immigrants worked in dangerous steel mills, noisy and dirty factories
• They worked long hours for ________________________ pay
• Lived in ____________________________
o _______________________ built apartment buildings,
o crowded
o unsafe
o often had no windows
o several families lived in _____________________ small apartment
Hard Times for Immigrants
• Immigrants faced prejudice because people were frightened by unfamiliar languages and customs
• Employers like immigrants because they worked hard for little money
• People wanted to _______________________________ immigration because they were afraid of losing their jobs to immigrants
Laws Against Immigration
• 1882- ___________________________________- kept out almost all new Chinese immigrants
• 1921 and 1924- Congress passed laws that greatly lowered the number of Europeans and kept out most Asians from the U.S.
• Immigrants over came hardships to help the U.S. become one of the richest and fastest growing countries in the world
• Immigrants built railroad tracks, ______________________________, and worked in factories
Chapter 8 Lesson 3 Growing Cities (pgs. 272- 275)
Time Period
• 1880-1924
Moving to Cities
• Cities in the U.S. grew quickly in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s because most jobs were in the cities
Good Locations
• Factories were built across the country in cities that were ________________ to natural resources or transportation routes
• Railroads and canals made it easy to ship raw materials and finished goods into and out of cities
Chicago Booms
• Chicago grew quickly because of its location near transportation routes, natural resources, and _____________________________________
• Factories cut logs into timber
• Mills turned wheat and corn into food
• ____________________________________, a fenced area where large numbers of animals such as cattle and pigs are kept until they are used for food, were also located in Chicago
Changes in Cities
• 1885- The first _________________________, very tall building, was built in Chicago
• Skyscrapers were possible because the _____________________ frames could be taller than buildings with heavy iron or brick frames
• Electricity also changed cities
o Thomas Edison and Nikola Tesla thought of new ways to make electricity and send it through wires
o Electric elevators
o Electric lights
o Electric signs
o Electric powered streetcars and subways (rapid transit)
• Big city problems:
o Noisy and crowded
o People lived in __________________, poor crowded part of the city
o Buildings were built cheaply and ________________________
o Were ____________ safe
o Could catch fire easily
o Many had no fire escapes
Helping Each Other
• Reformers and immigrants helped each other find jobs and housing
• Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr
o Opened _______________________________
o First ___________________________- a community center for people in cities
o Taught people English
o Gave medical care
o Helped people find jobs
o Had clubs for boys and girls
o Had a nursery for babies while parents worked
Chapter 9 Lesson 1 New Territories (pgs. 296-301)
Time period
• 1867-1914
The Nation Expands
• The nation found new ways to expand
Alaska and Hawaii
• 1867- Secretary of State ______________________________ convinced Congress to purchase Alaska from Russia
• Many Americans thought it was a terrible idea (“Seward’s Folly”)
• 1896- miners found ______________________ in Alaska
• The __________________, forests, and __________________ were worth much more than its gold
• 1912- Alaska became a territory
• 1959- became the 49th state
Hawaii joins the United States
• Late 1800’s- Americans who had set up sugar and pineapple plantations owned most of the land and businesses in Hawaii
• Hawaiian’s were unhappy
• _____________________________________________ wanted power and land returned to native Hawaiians
• 1893- Wealthy Americans led a revolt and forced the queen from power
• Americans in Hawaii asked to join the U.S.
• 1898- became a U.S. territory
• 1959- became the _________________ state
The Spanish-American War
• 1898- U.S. Navy ship Maine exploded in Havana harbor, Cuba
• American newspapers blamed Spain
• ___________________________________ asked Congress to declare war on Spain
• U.S. Navy sank most of Spain’s fleet in the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines
• War shifted to Cuba
Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
• ___________________________________, Assistant Secretary of the U.S. Navy, supported ______________________________ (the building of empires by adding colonies)
• He quit his job and formed the ________________________________, a voluntary group that went to Cuba to fight
• They were joined by the _____________________________, a group African American soldiers
• The Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers won the famous battle- The Battle of San Juan Hill
• 1898- Spain surrendered and gave ___________________________, the Philippines, and Guam to the U.S.
• _________________________ became independent
Building the Panama Canal
• 1901- Theodore “Teddy” Roosevelt became President
• Wanted to build a canal to ________________________ the time it took ships to get from the east coast to the west coast of the U.S.
• Isthmus of Panama was narrowest place in Central America
• Panama was part of ________________________
• Colombia would not allow U.S. to _________________ land
• Roosevelt helped people of Panama win independence from Colombia
• New leaders of Panama allowed U.S. to build the __________________________
• Building the canal was difficult, dangerous, and ______________________
• Took _______ years to complete
• Opened in August ___________________
• Took ships ________________________ instead of months to travel from the east coast to the west coast
Chapter 10 Early Aviators (pg. 332)
• 1903- Kitty Hawk, North Carolina- ________________________________ made the 1st successful airplane flight
• Showed Americans that flight was possible
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