Academic Writing - University of São Paulo
Academic Writing
A practical guide for students
Stephen Bailey
Text ? Stephen Bailey 2003 Original illustrations ? Nelson Thornes Ltd 2003
The right of Stephen Bailey to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Limited, of 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who commits any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
First published in 2003 by Nelson Thornes Ltd
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeFalmer 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2004.
RoutledgeFalmer is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 0-203-46412-5 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0-203-47059-1 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0 7487 6838 6 (Print Edition)
Illustrations by Oxford Designers and Illustrators Page make-up by Northern Phototypesetting Co. Ltd, Bolton
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank the staff and students at the Centre for English Language Education (CELE) at The University of Nottingham who have piloted these materials, and in particular my colleagues Ann Smith, Janet Sanders and Sandra Haywood for their specific contributions in unravelling some of the finer points of academic language. My wife, Rene, deserves my warmest thanks for her unfailing support, advice and encouragement over the whole period of the project's development. The author and publishers wish to thank the following for permission to reproduce photographs and other copyright material in this book. Corel 76 (NT) p 29; Corel 102 (NT) p 90; Corel 392 (NT) p 118; Corel 631 (NT) p33; Corel 786 (NT) p 19; Corel 787 (NT) p 41; Joe Cornish/Digital Vision LL (NT) p 38; Illustrated London News V1 (NT) p 56; Illustrated London News V2 (NT) p 4; Photodisc 31 (NT) p 78 ; Photodisc 41 (NT) p 46; Photodisc 46 (NT) pp 56, 80; Photodisc 71 (NT) p 8; Photodisc 72 (NT) p 17; Stockbyte 31 (NT) p 60. Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders and the publishers apologise to anyone whose rights have been inadvertently overlooked and will be happy to recitfy any errors or omissions.
Teachers and lecturers using this book with a class will be able to find extra teaching material within the teacher resources section of the RoutledgeFalmer website at
Contents
Introduction
vi
Part 1:
The Writing Process
1
Student introduction
1
1. Background to writing
Writing Foundations
3
2. Developing plans from titles
6
3. Evaluating a text
Reading and Note-Making
9
4. Understanding purpose and register
12
5. Selecting key points
15
6. Note-making
18
7. Paraphrasing
21
8. Summary writing
23
9. Combining sources
26
10. Planning a text
Writing Stages
29
11. Organising paragraphs
32
12. Organising the main body
36
13. Introductions
39
14. Conclusions
42
15. Re-reading and re-writing
45
16. Proof-reading
48
Part 2:
Elements of Writing
51
Student introduction
51
1. Cause and effect 2. Cohesion 3. Comparisons 4. Definitions 5. Discussion 6. Examples 7. Generalisations 8. Numbers 9. References and quotations 10. Style 11. Synonyms 12. Visual information
Flooding results from heavy rain
53
The former/the latter
55
His work is more interesting than hers
57
An assignment is a task given to students ... 60
Benefits and drawbacks
62
Many departments, for instance medicine,
65
Computers are useful machines
67
The figures in the report ...
70
As Donner (1997) pointed out
73
It is generally agreed that ...
76
Interpretation/explanation
79
Graphs, charts and tables
81
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