Macromolecules



Cardiovascular System Notes Part 2V. BloodThe _________________________ in the human body5x thicker than waterColor rangeOxygen-_______ blood is ______________ redOxygen-_______ blood is __________ redpH must remain between 7.35–7.455-6 Liters or about 6 quarts/bodyA. Composition1. Blood PlasmaMakes up _______ of bloodComposed of ____________________Contains nutrients, salts (metal ions), respiratory gases, hormones, proteins, waste products2. Erythrocytes – __________________________The main function is to ______________________Biconcave disksAnucleate (________________)Outnumber white blood cells 1000:1Each erythrocyte has 250 million hemoglobin molecules_________________________________Binds strongly to oxygen 3. Leukocytes – _______________________Crucial in the body’s _______________________4. PlateletsProduced from __________________________ (megakaryocytes)Needed for the ____________________ process4201160-3996055004368165-531749000B. Blood Disorders1. Anemia – caused by low _________ or hemoglobinSymptoms: fatigue, dizziness, headaches, shortness of breath2. Sickle-cell Anemia – recessive ___________ disorder4275455-3202305004073525-126873000Symptoms: fatigue, bone pain, ulcers, delayed growth, shortness of breath3. Hemophilia – recessive sex-linked bleeding disorderBlood lacks ________________ factorsMinor injuries can cause uncontrolled bleedingC. Blood Types1. ABO Blood TypesThere are 4 blood types, A, B, AB, and O, which are determined by antigens on our red blood cells.______________ are substances that trigger an immune response.People with Type A blood have _______________ on their cells, Type B have B antigens, Type AB have both A and B antigens, and Type O has neither A nor B antigens.We inherit our blood type from our parents.Type O is most common in the United States (45% of the population).Type AB is most rare (4%)320611525336500Blood transfusions can be done using the same blood type or another type that will not trigger an immune response (see chart).O is the universal ___________AB is the universal _______________2. Rh Blood TypesA person will also have + or – for their Rh factor (ex. O- or A+)The Rh factor usually does not affect transfusions, but can cause problems for a pregnant woman and the fetus if they have a different Rh phenotypeVI. Physiology of the HeartA. Conduction System of the Heart ____________, stimulates, and _____________ the contraction of the atria and ventriclesMakes the heart an effective pump2 types of Nodal tissue controls the heartbeat_________________________ – found in right atrium Initiates the heartbeat every 0.85 seconds Serves as the ________________________________________________ – bottom of right atriumThe SA node sends out an impulse causing the atria to contract.The impulse reaches the AV node and travels along the AV bundle.The impulses travels throughout the ventricles to the Purkinje fibers.Ventricles contract.The SA node sends out an impulse causing the atria to contract.The impulse reaches the AV node and travels along the AV bundle.The impulses travels throughout the ventricles to the Purkinje fibers.Ventricles contract.4120515-6873875003926205-222059500B. Cardiac Cycle & Heart SoundsCardiac cycle includes all the events that occur in ________________________Heart beats on average 72 beats per minute but can range from 60-100 bpm.L & R atria contract simultaneouslyAtria relaxes then L & R ventricles contract simultaneously_________________ – contraction_________________ - relaxation5715-2032000Steps of the Cardiac Cycle1. __________________________ – 0.15 secAtria is systole (contracted) pumping blood into ventricles (diastole-relaxed)2. __________________________ - 0.30 secVentricle fills with blood and contracts pumping blood to the aorta and pulmonary arteries3. Atrial & Ventricle _____________________ – 0.40 secBoth atria & ventricles are diastole (relaxed) as blood from the body fills the atriaWhat is that sound?___________: closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valve___________Dup: closing of aortic and pulmonary valve__________________: any one of the heart valves may not close properly43491152921000C. Measuring the Cardiac CycleElectrocardiograms (_______ or _______) are used to measure the electrical rhythm of the heart’s contractionD. Disorders of Conduction__________________ = irregular heart beat1) _________________ = more than 100 bpm Irregular contractions of the atria and/or ventricles due to chaotic electrical signalsResult is lack of blood flow to the heartHeart rate may be 100-175 beats per minute at rest2) ________________________ = less than 60 beats/minHeart does not pump enough oxygen-rich bloodPacemaker – used to maintain a consistent _____________________ when the body’s natural pacemaker (_____________) is not properly functioning4120515-121729500VII. Vital Signs1. ________________The stretching and recoiling of the ____________ wallsMonitored at “pressure points” where pulse is easily palpated2. Blood Pressure (BP)A device called a _____________________ or an automatic BP cuff measures the pressure in large arteriesSystolic: pressure at the peak of ventricular contractionDiastolic: pressure when ventricles relaxPressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increasesVariations in blood pressurea. Normal140–110 mm Hg systolic80–75 mm Hg diastolicb. Hypotension (__________ BP)Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)Often associated with illnessc. Hypertension (__________ BP)High systolic (above 140 mm HG)Can be dangerous if it is chronic4627880-367919000Warning sign for risk of heart attack and stroke3145155-151447500Learning GoalsList the four components of the blood and the four ABO blood types.Describe the conduction system of the heart, including the role of the SA node and AV node in sending signals to cause the heart to contract.Summarize the steps of the cardiac cycle, including what systole and diastole are.Describe blood pressure, including what the systolic and diastolic numbers mean and what is normal, high and low. ................
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