Types of Data

MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

Before you work on the practice problems (Section 3) please make sure that you read the supplementary notes (Section 1) and work through the examples (Section 2). Solutions to the examples and practice problems are posted in the appendices (Appendices A and B, respectively). It is important that you understand how to work through these problems before Exam 1.

1. Types of Data

Descriptive statistics is the organization and description of data sets using tables, charts and numerical measures calculated from the data set. Descriptive statistics can be done for both sample data and population data, although some definitions (like the standard deviation) depend on whether you are dealing with sample data or population data. It is important to classify the data you are describing, because different types of data require different descriptive statistics:

? Categorical or Qualitative Data - Categorical data is non-numerical data (for example, eye color of each Metro State student). We use pie charts and bar charts to graph distributions of categorical data.

? Discrete Data - Discrete data is numerical data whose possible values can be counted (for example, the number of siblings of each Metro State student). We use histograms with midpoint labels to graph discrete data.

? Continuous Data - Continuous data is numerical data that can take any value in a continuous range of numbers (for example, the height in mm of a Metro State student). We use histograms with cut points to describe continuous data.

This worksheet provides examples and exercises that require us to clearly organize and compute numerical measures for these data sets using the tables, graphs and numerical measures we have defined on in class. For further explanations and more detailed definitions of special terms and concepts, please refer to Chapters 2 and 3 of our textbook.

2. Examples (Solutions are in Appendix A)

2.1. Example (Categorical Data). The type of food advertised during after-school programming is observed and recorded for 24 randomly sampled ads. The categories of food type used are Cereal (Ce), Candy (Ca), Fast Food (FF), Drinks (D) and Snacks (S)

{ Ce , FF , FF , FF , D , Ca , Ce , FF , FF , D , Ce , S D , FF , Ca , D , FF , FF , D , D , FF , Ca , Ca , D }

(1) Construct a table that gives the frequency distribution of this data.

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MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

(2) Construct a table that gives the relative frequency distribution of this data. (3) Construct a pie chart of this data that displays the percentage of ads in the sample

that advertise each food type. (4) Construct a bar chart of this data that displays the frequency of ads in the sample

that advertise each food type. (5) Construct a bar chart of this data that displays the relative frequency of ads in the

sample that advertise each each food type. (6) Identify the mode of this data set

2.2. Example (Discrete Data). The clutch size of a bird is the number of eggs in their nest during a single incubation period. A sample of first clutch sizes for Hawaiian Red Junglefowl is given below:

{ 6 , 5, 5, 7, 5, 6, 5, 3, 4, 5 6 , 7, 5, 6, 5, 5, 5, 4, 5, 6}

(1) Construct a table that gives the frequency distribution of this data. (2) Construct a table that gives the relative frequency distribution of this data. (3) Construct a frequency histogram of this data. (4) Construct a relative frequency histogram of this data. (5) Construct a boxplot of this data. (6) Construct a stem and leaf plot for this data set. (7) Find the sample mean for this data set. (8) Find the median of this data set. (9) Find the sample standard deviation of this data set. (10) Describe the shape of this distribution using vocabulary presented in the textbook.

2.3. Example (Continuous Data). The farm incomes per acre of soybeans reported by 18 American soybean farms randomly sampled in 2011 are given below (dollars).

{ 435 , 358 , 383 , 396 , 591 , 403 , 411 , 492 , 438 437 , 510 , 548 , 470 , 459 , 493 , 383 , 412, 512 }

(1) Construct a table that gives the frequency distribution of this data. (2) Construct a table that gives the relative frequency distribution of this data. (3) Construct a frequency histogram of this data. (4) Construct a relative frequency histogram of this data. (5) Construct a boxplot of this data. (6) Construct a stem and leaf plot for this data set. (7) Find the sample mean for this data set.

MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

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(8) Find the median of this data set. (9) Find the sample standard deviation of this data set. (10) Describe the shape of this distribution using vocabulary presented in the textbook.

3. Practice Problems

3.1. Practice Problem (Categorical Data). A sample of major networks viewed on a given night by 14 randomly selected households is given as follows.

{ ABC , N BC , F OX , CBS , N BC , N BC , ABC , N BC , N BC , ABC , N BC , F OX , ABC , CBS }

(1) Construct a table that gives the frequency distribution of this data. (2) Construct a table that gives the relative frequency distribution of this data. (3) Construct a pie chart of this data that displays the percentage of networks. (4) Construct a bar chart of this data that displays the frequency of networks. (5) Construct a bar chart of this data that displays the relative frequency of networks. (6) Identify the mode of this data set

3.2. Practice Problem (Discrete Data). The clutch size of a bird is the number of eggs in their nest next during a single incubation period. A sample of second clutch sizes for Hawaiian Red Junglefowl is given below:

{ 3 , 3, 2, 5, 2, 4, 4, 3, 4, 2 3 , 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5}

(1) Construct a table that gives the frequency distribution of this data. (2) Construct a table that gives the relative frequency distribution of this data. (3) Construct a frequency histogram of this data. (4) Construct a relative frequency histogram of this data. (5) Use your calculator to compute the five-number summary of this data set. (6) Construct a boxplot of this data. (7) Use your calculator to compute the mean of this data set. (8) Use your calculator to compute the sample standard deviation of this data set. (9) Compare this data distribution to the data distribution in Example 2.2 by sketching

both of the boxplots over the same horizontal axis of possible values.

3.3. Practice Problem (Continuous Data). The farm incomes per acre of soybeans reported by 16 American soybean farms randomly sampled in 2014 are given below (dollars).

{ 445 , 286 , 260 , 280 , 284 , 334 , 292 , 250 , 330 , 385 , 319 , 218 , 371 , 263 , 327 , 286 }

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MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

(1) Construct a table that gives the frequency distribution of this data. (2) Construct a table that gives the relative frequency distribution of this data. (3) Construct a frequency histogram of this data. (4) Construct a relative frequency histogram of this data. (5) Use your calculator to compute the five-number summary of this data set. (6) Construct a boxplot of this data. (7) Use your calculator to compute the mean of this data set. (8) Use your calculator to compute the sample standard deviation of this data set. (9) Compare this data distribution to the data distribution in Example 2.3 by sketching

both of the boxplots over the same horizontal axis of possible values.

Appendix A. Solutions to Examples

Solution to Example 2.1:

(1) The frequency distribution is summarized by the following table:

Class Frequency

Ca

5

Ce

2

D

7

FF

9

S

1

(2) The relative frequency distribution is summarized by the following table:

Class Relative Frequency

Ca

.208

Ce

.083

D

.292

FF

.375

S

.0412

(3) The following pie chart was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

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(4) The following frequency distribution bar graph was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

(5) The following relative frequency distribution bar graph was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

(6) The mode of the data set is F F (Fast Food).

Solution to Example 2.2:

(1) The frequency distribution is summarized by the following table:

Clutch Size Frequency

3

1

4

2

5

10

6

5

7

2

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MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

(2) The relative frequency distribution is summarized by the following table:

Clutch Size Relative Frequency

3

.05

4

.1

5

.5

6

.25

7

.1

(3) The following frequency histogram was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

(4) The following relative frequency histogram was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

(5) The following boxplot was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

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(6) The following stem and leaf plot uses enough stems to reveal the distribution of the data: 30 4 00 5 00000000000 6 00000 7 00

(7) The mean is x? = 5.25 (8) The median is 5. (9) The standard deviation is s = .967 (10) The distribution is roughly bell-shaped with a slight right skew.

Solution to Example 2.3:

(1) The frequency distribution is summarized by the following table:

Income per acre (dollars) Frequency

340 x < 380

1

380 x < 420

6

420 x < 460

4

460 x < 500

3

500 x < 540

2

540 x < 580

1

580 x < 620

1

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MTH 1210: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS WORKSHEET

(2) The relative frequency distribution is summarized by the following table:

Income per acre (dollars) Relative Frequency

340 x < 380

.056

380 x < 420

.333

420 x < 460

.222

460 x < 500

.167

500 x < 540

.111

540 x < 580

.056

580 x < 620

.056

(3) The following frequency histogram was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

(4) The following relative frequency histogram was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

(5) The following boxplot was created using Minitab (saved as a .jpg using "Copy Graph")

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