THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF CONFLICTS IN LITERATURE:



CLASS NOTES COPY Date___________________Mrs. Arresto: Short Stories Literature Section #2Plot: A series of related events selected by the author to bring about the resolution of a conflict. The structure of a plot is as follows:center63500Exposition: Introductions and explanations; characters are introduced; background information is given. Inciting Event: The event or action that sets the central conflict into motion and propels the story forward.Rising Action: Twists, turns, conflicts and problems are introduced into the lives of the primary character(s); plot gets more involved.Climax: The turning point of the plot; the peak of the action; takes place when the reader experiences the greatest emotional response to a character’s problem.Falling Action: When the action winds down; the threads of the plot begin to come together.Resolution (also called Denouement): The outcome of the plot; the protagonist (main character) overcomes, copes with, or is defeated by the conflict.*Every story, novel, or play develops around a struggle or conflict. Sometimes there may only be one conflict. Sometimes characters may be involved in many conflicts. An author writes a story with a specific outcome in mind. Therefore, those incidents that are important to the plot are arranged in a cause-and-effect relationship.Conflict: The problem faced by the character(s) in a story. Without conflict, there is no plot. THERE ARE TWO GENERAL TYPES OF CONFLICTS IN LITERATURE: INTERNAL AND EXTERNALType of Internal ConflictExample of Internal Conflictcenter25971500Man vs. Selffears/phobiasidentityguilt/dealing with one’s consciencestressdecision-makingregretjealousyTypes of External ConflictsExample of External Conflictcenter26924000Man vs. Manbullyingdisagreement/argumentphysical fightingcompetitionMan vs. Naturecenter14033500weatherenvironment animalspollutionthis type of conflict occurs when the setting creates a conflict for the character(s)Man vs. Societycenter762000racism/prejudicesreligiondefying (breaking/going against) the law(s)/rules/normsbullying/gossipCLASS NOTES COPY Date___________________Mrs. Arresto & Mrs. Shapiro: Short Stories Literature Section #7Figurative Language is language expanded beyond its ordinary literal meaning. It uses comparisons to achieve new effects, to make things clearer, or to express a fitting relationship between things that are unlike each other. Figurative language compares two things that are different in enough ways so that their similarities, when pointed out, are interesting, unique and/or surprising. Types of Figurative LanguageSimile: A comparison in which the words like or as are used to point out a similarity between two basically unlike things.Examples: Mrs. Smith was “as busy as a bee” this afternoon as she organized the office (comparing Mrs. Smith’s level of energy to a fast-flying bee).Jenny is “like a ray of sunshine” when she enters the room because she is always smiling (comparing Jenny’s presence to that of the sun-warm and comforting).Metaphor: A figure of speech that involves an implied comparison between two basically unlike thingsExamples: “Time is a thief.” (Time isn't really stealing anything, this metaphor just indicates that time passes quickly and our lives pass us by-it compares time to a thief who steals things).“My brother is a pig” when he eats. (He isn’t really an actual pig, but his table manners are similar to a pig’s-implying that he is a messy eater.)Hyperbole: An exaggeration or overstatement used for dramatic effect.Examples: “Your suitcase weighs a ton!” (the effect of the hyperbole is to emphasize how heavy the suitcase is, but it doesn’t actually weigh a ton).“We had to read a million pages for social studies last night!” (The teacher did not actually assign one million pages for homework. The effect of this hyperbole is to exaggerate the length of the assignment.)Personification: A figure of speech in which human characteristics are assigned to nonhuman things.Example: “The leaves whispered in the wind.” (Leaves don’t talk. This description is used to mimic the sound that a soft breeze would make. The word “whispering” replaces the verb “rustling” which is the actual movement they would make.)-533400-27622500Figurative Language is often used to create IMAGERY in writing.When you consider what words suggest, you form pictures and sense impressions in your imagination. These pictures or sense impressions are called images. When writers present what can be seen, heard, touched, tasted, smelled, as well as what can be felt inside (joy, pain, fear), they are using images or imagery. The use of vivid sensory description (imagery) is a vital element in writing; images help to create or re-create an experience so that readers can respond as participants in the event.Imagery: Words or details that appeal to the sense of sight, sound, touch, smell, taste, and to internal feelings.Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.As the lights dimmed in the movie theater, I could make out only the shadowy figures of latecomers as they squeezed between rows, dodging feet and knees and whispering excuse me’s. Next to me, my friend Stephanie crunched on her popcorn, pausing only to wipe the greasy butter from her mouth before taking another noisy slurp of her cherry coke. The buttery aroma of the popcorn made my stomach growl, so I opened a pack of chocolate-covered raisin candies. I sucked the creamy milk chocolate away and then slowly chewed the sweet raisin. Behind us, a young boy began kicking the back of my seat. The thump, thump, thump of his kicks sent a dull ache from my lower back up to my head. An elderly woman in front of us coughed uncontrollably. After she fumbled in her purse, I heard the crinkle of a candy wrapper, and soon the aroma of peppermint drifted around her. Suddenly the blare of music shook the seats, and the screen sprang to life in a burst of rainbow colors. Now the real entertainment would begin.What sounds are presented?Crunching; whispering excuse me’s; noisy slurp; stomach growl; sucking; chewing; thump, thump, thump; coughing; crinkle of a candy wrapper; blare of music.What visual images (things you can “see”) appear in the passage?Lights dimmed; dodging feet and knees; fumbling in purse; the screen sprang to life in a burst of rainbow colors.What image(s) appeals to the sense of taste?57150007556500Crunched on popcorn; greasy butter; buttery aroma; cherry coke; chocolate-covered rain candies; creamy milk chocolate; sweet raisin; aroma of peppermint.Practice with Figurative LanguageDirections: Read each sentence carefully, and determine what type of figurative language is being used. Use the word bank below to write the correct answers on the line. DO NOT use abbreviations!hyperbole metaphor personification simile25781045720metaphor00metaphor_____________________ 4. My little sister is a monster when she hasn’t had a nap.257810132080simile00simile_____________________ 5. Her teeth are like shiny, white pearls.257810167005hyperbole00hyperbole_____________________ 6. We waited on line for an eternity at the movies.125730172720personification00personification_____________________ 7. The sun hugged us with his warm, gentle rays.125730188595metaphor00metaphor_____________________ 8. You are the sunshine of my life.173355147320personification00personification_____________________ 9. The sun played hide-and-seek with the clouds.173355210820personification00personification_____________________ 10. The rain sings a sad song.125730179070personification00personification_____________________ 11. The rain sings a sad song.173355156845metaphor00metaphor_____________________ 12. All the world is a stage.-140970153670Simile; also an idiom00Simile; also an idiom_____________________ 13. I was sick as a dog on the day of the test.173355187960hyperbole00hyperbole_____________________ 14. We nearly died laughing at her joke.173355156210metaphor00metaphor_____________________ 15. School is a prison to him.Figurative Language in PoetryDirections: Read each poem, and answer the questions that follow.Summer GrassCarl SandburgSummer grass aches and whispersIt wants something: it calls and sings; it poursout wishes to the overhead stars.The rain hears; the rain answers; the rain is slowcoming; the rain wets the face of the grass.16. What poetic device does the poet use to describe what the summer grass ‘wants’? Personification – the grass “aches,” “whispers,” “wants,” “calls,” “sings,” etc.17. What does the summer grass want?It wants rain/to be watered.FogCarl SandburgThe fog comeson little cat feet.It sits lookingover a harbor and cityon silent haunchesand then moves on._____ 18. Lines 1-2 contain an example of what poetic device?A. simileB. onomatopoeiaC. metaphorD. personification_____ 19. Lines 3-4 contain an example of what poetic device?A. simileB. hyperboleC. metaphorD. personificationCLASS NOTES COPY Date___________________Mrs. Arresto & Mrs. Shapiro: Short Stories Literature Section #9Directions: Read each excerpt and determine which point-of-view the author has used.first-person third-person limited third-person omniscient1. From Maniac Magee by Jerry SpinelliSo he turned and started walking north on Hector, right down the middle of the street, right down the invisible chalk line that divided East End from West End. Cars beeped at him, drivers hollered, but he never flinched. The Cobras kept right along with him on their side of the street. So did a bunch of East Enders on their side. One of them was Mars Bar. Both sides were calling for him to come over.Point of View? Third person limited2. From The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du BoisIt is funny that my trip has ended by being such a fast trip around the world. I find myself referred to now as one of the speediest travelers of all times. Speed wasn’t at all what I had in mind when I started out. On the contrary, if all had gone the way I had hoped, I would still be happily floating around in my balloon, drifting anywhere the wind cared to carry me – East, West, North, or South.Point of View? First person3. From Number the Stars by Lois LowryOne of the soldiers, the taller one, moved toward her. Annemarie recognized him as the one she and Ellen always called, in whispers, “The Giraffe” because of his height and the long neck that extended from his stiff collar. He and his partner were always on this corner. He prodded the corner of her backpack with the stock of his rifle. Annemarie trembled. “What is in here?” he asked loudly. “Schoolbooks,” she answered truthfully.Point of View? Third person limited4. From Missing May by Cynthia RylantThe day after May didn’t come to us, Ob didn’t get out of bed. He didn’t get me up either, and from a bad dream I woke with a start, knowing things were wrong, knowing that I had missed something vitally important. Among these, of course, was the school bus. It was Monday, and Ob should have called me out of bed at five-thirty, but he didn’t, and when I finally woke at seven o’clock, it was too late to set the day straight.Point of View? First person5. From The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe by C.S. LewisHe himself was a very old man with shaggy white hair which grew over most of his face as well as on his head, and they liked him almost at once. But on the first evening when he came to meet them at the front door he was so odd-looking that Lucy (who was the youngest) was a little afraid of him, and Edmund (who was the next youngest) wanted to laugh and had to keep on pretending he was blowing his nose to hide it.Point of View? Third person omniscient6. From I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya AngelouFor one whole semester the streetcars and I shimmied up and scooted down the sheer hills of San Francisco. I lost some of my need for the Black ghetto’s shielding-sponge quality, as I clanged and cleared my way down Market Street, with its honky-tonk homes from homeless sailors, past the quiet retreat of Golden Gate Park and along closed undwelled-in-looking dwellings of the Sunset District.Point of View? First personPoint of view means the way a situation is viewed. When you identify point of view, consider the following :1. Through whose eyes are you viewing this situation/scene/story?2. What can you tell about that person's opinions, values, and beliefs?3. How do you know that this speaker/narrator feels that way?CLASS NOTES COPY Date _________________Mrs. Arresto: Short Stories Literature Section #13Irony is a contrast between what is expected, or what appears to be, and what actually is. Here are three types of irony that we will study:Verbal Irony is when something is said that is the opposite of what is actually meant or felt (sometimes this can be called “sarcasm”).Example: Saying “Oh, great!” after spilling an entire carton of milk on the floor. Situational Irony is when something happens that is the opposite of what is expected or intended to happen. Example: Bill Gates, the president of Microsoft, wins a contest in which the grand prize is a brand new computer.403860052070Common in plays and movies4000020000Common in plays and moviesDramatic Irony occurs when the audience or reader knows more than the characters do.Example: On a TV talk show, a guest thinks she is there to have a makeover, but the audience knows that she will soon be confronted by her cheating husband and his girlfriend.Directions: Examine the cartoon and answer the questions.-9525012573000 1. What is ironic about this cartoon? Midvale is a school for gifted children, but the child entering isn’t gifted enough to realize that he is pushing on a door that is labeled “PULL.” 2. What type of irony is being used here? This is an example of situational irony because a gifted student should know to read signs. The result is humorous because it is the opposite of what is expected. 220472012065-Narrative poem = tells a story4000020000-Narrative poem = tells a story3374390114300Mudville is the setting020000Mudville is the settingErnest Lawrence Thayer4607560275590The Mudville team is losing4000020000The Mudville team is losingThe outlook wasn't brilliant for the Mudville Nine that day; The score stood four to two with but one inning more to play. And then when Cooney died at first, and Barrows did the same, A sickly silence fell upon the patrons of the game. 4607560274955The Mudville fans are desperate for a win; they hope that Casey will have a turn at bat. He is a good player.020000The Mudville fans are desperate for a win; they hope that Casey will have a turn at bat. He is a good player.A straggling few got up to go in deep despair. The rest 5Clung to that hope which springs eternal in the human breast; They thought if only Casey could but get a whack at that– We'd put up even money now with Casey at the bat. 4087495414655melancholy = sadness020000melancholy = sadnessBut Flynn preceded Casey, as did also Jimmy Blake, And the former was a lulu and the latter was a cake; 10So upon that stricken multitude grim melancholy sat, For there seemed but little chance of Casey getting to the bat. But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonderment of all, And Blake, the much despised, tore the cover off the ball; And when the dust had lifted, and the men saw what had occurred, 15There was Johnny safe at second and Flynn a-hugging third. 4300220196215The crowd’s reaction to Casey advancing to bat4000020000The crowd’s reaction to Casey advancing to batThen from 5,000 throats and more there rose a lusty yell; It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in the dell; It knocked upon the mountain and recoiled upon the flat, For Casey, Mighty Casey, was advancing to the bat. 204607560243205Casey is confident in his ability4000020000Casey is confident in his abilityThere was ease in Casey's manner as he stepped into his place; There was pride in Casey's bearing and a smile on Casey's face. And when, responding to the cheers, he lightly doffed his hat, No stranger in the crowd could doubt 'twas Casey at the bat. 5014595271145personification020000personification582930066167000Ten thousand eyes were on him as he rubbed his hands with dirt; 25Five thousand tongues applauded when he wiped them on his shirt. Then while the writhing pitcher ground the ball into his hip, Defiance flashed in Casey's eye, a sneer curled Casey's lip. And now the leather-covered sphere came hurtling through the air, And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty grandeur there. 30Close by the sturdy batsman the ball unheeded sped– "That ain't my style," said Casey. "Strike one!" the umpire said. 4063365-661035What does this reveal about Casey?020000What does this reveal about Casey?4914900107251500From the benches, black with people, there went up a muffled roar, Like the beating of the storm-waves on a stern and distant shore. "Kill him! Kill the umpire!" shouted someone on the stand; 35And it's likely they'd have killed him had not Casey raised his hand. With a smile of Christian charity great Casey's visage shone; He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the game go on; He signaled to the pitcher, and once more the spheroid flew; But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire said, "Strike two!" 40"Fraud!" cried the maddened thousands, and echo answered fraud; But one scornful look from Casey and the audience was awed. They saw his face grow stern and cold, they saw his muscles strain, And they knew that Casey wouldn't let that ball go by again. The sneer is gone from Casey's lip, his teeth are clenched in hate; 45He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon the plate. And now the pitcher holds the ball, and now he lets it go, And now the air is shattered by the force of Casey's blow. Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun is shining bright; The band is playing somewhere, and somewhere hearts are light, 50And somewhere men are laughing, and somewhere children shout; But there is no joy in Mudville – Mighty Casey has struck out. 1. Describe Casey using the chart below.Character TraitSupporting Detail With Line #2711451905ConceitedNarcissisticCockyBoastful00ConceitedNarcissisticCockyBoastfulLine 21 – “There was ease on Casey’s manner as he stepped up to the plate.”Line 28 – “Defiance flashed in Casey's eye, a sneer curled Casey's lip.”Line 32 – “’That ain’t my style, said Casey.’”2. Describe the irony in the poem. What type of irony is used?It is ironic that Casey, who the narrator built up to be such a great baseball player, struck out and disappointed his team. This is an example of situational irony because he was expected to hit a homerun and save the game.Name_____________________________________________ Date___________________Mrs. Arresto & Mrs. Shapiro: Short Stories Literature Section #20Characterization Characterization: The process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character(s). Characterization is revealed both directly and indirectly.Direct Characterization: Tells the reader what the personality or appearance of the character is.-2076458572500Example: The gigantic boy slam dunked over the tiny girl to win the basketball game in gym class.Explanation: The author is directly telling the reader the appearance of these two children. The boy is “gigantic,” and the girl is “tiny.” Indirect Characterization: Shows things that reveal the personality of the character. It is up to the reader to infer what these things reveal about the character. In the above example, the reader learns that the boy will do anything to win even though the author doesn’t specifically state that.These are the five methods of indirect characterization:585025517272000-100012551879500SpeechWhat does the character say? What does this reveal about him/her? This can either be in dialogue or the narration of story in 1st person. Thoughts420243052006500What is revealed by the character’s private thoughts and feelings?Effect on othersHow do other characters feel about or behave in reaction to a certain character?-1028700-952500Actions417385555943500What does the character do? How does he/she behave? What does this reveal about him/her?LooksWhat does the character look like? How does the character dress? Does this reveal anything important about the character?active adventurous affectionate afraid aggressivealert ambitious angry annoyed anxious apologetic arrogant articulateathleticattentive average awkwardbad blue boastfulbold bored bossy brainy brave bright brilliant busy calm careful careless cautious charming cheerful childish clever clumsy coarse complexconceitedconcerned confident confused considerate cooperative courageous cowardly cross cruel curious dangerous daring dark decisive defiantdemanding dependable depressed determined disagreeablediscouraged dishonest disrespectful doubtful dull dutiful eager easygoing efficient embarrassed encouraging energetic evil excited expert fair faithful fearless fierce foolish forgivingfortunate foul fresh friendly frustrated funny generousgentle giving glamorous gloomy good graceful graciousgrateful greedy grouchy grumpy guilty happyhard-working harsh hateful healthy helpful honest hopeful hopeless humorous ignorant imaginative impatient impolite impulsiveinconsiderate independent industrious innocent intelligent jealous judgmentalkindlazy leader likablelively lonely loving loyal manipulativematerialisticmature mean melancholymessy mischievousmiserable mysterious naivenaughty nervous nice noisy obedient obnoxious old opinionatedoutgoingpassivepatientpeaceful personablepicky pleasant polite poor popular positive primproper proud quick quiet rational rebelliousreflectivereliable religious reservedresponsible restless rich rough rowdy rude sad satisfied scared secretive self-consciousselfish sensibleserious sharp short shy silly simple-mindedskillful sly smart sneaky sorry spoiled stingy strange strict strongstubborn studioussweet talented tall thankful thoughtful thoughtless timidtired tolerant touchy trusting trustworthy unfriendly unhappy useful vainwarm CLASS NOTES COPY Date___________________Mrs. Arresto: Short Stories Literature Section #22Mood: The feeling created in the reader by a literary work or passage.The setting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute to the mood.Mood is sometimes referred to as the “climate” or “atmosphere” of a literary work.Directions: Read the excerpt and answer the questions that follow. Circle words and details that contribute to the overall mood.It was Miss Murdstone who was arrived, and a gloomy-looking lady she was; dark, like her brother, whom she greatly resembled in face and voice, and with very heavy eyebrows, nearly meeting over her large nose. She brought with her two uncompromising hard black boxes, with her initials on the lids in hard brass nails. When she paid the coachman she took her money out of a hard steel purse, and she kept the purse in a very jail of a bag which hung upon her arm by a heavy chain, and shut up like a bite. It seemed that there had never been such a metallic lady altogether as Miss Murdstone was. ~Charles Dickens from David Copperfield1. What sort of woman is being described in this paragraph? Cite specific words that the author uses to describe her.Miss Murdstone seems to be a serious and cold woman. The writer uses words such as “gloomy” to describe her and states that she “resembles her brother in face and voice” which is an unfavorable comparison. She is probably unattractive.2. How do the woman’s possessions contribute to the overall picture of her?She carries two “uncompromising black boxes” which seem rigid and dark. Her money is kept in a hard steel purse in a “jail of a bag” which may indicate that she is cheap and mean.3. Consider the author’s choice of words to describe Miss Murdstone and describe the mood of this passage. (You may use the glossary on the back of this sheet to help you choose an appropriate word).The author uses the word “metallic” in the last line which can show that Miss Murdstone is cold (like metal) and unfriendly.Positive Mood WordsNegative Mood Wordsamused trustfulawed vivaciouscalm warmcheerful welcomingchipperconfidentcontemplativecontentdeterminedecstaticempoweredenergeticenlightenedexcitedexhilaratedflirtygiddygratefulharmonioushopefulhyperidyllicjoyousjubilantliberatinglight-heartedlovingmellownostalgicoptimisticpassionatepeacefulplayfulpleasedrejuvenatedrelaxedrelievedsatisfiedsentimentalsillysurprisedsympatheticthankfulthoughtfulaggravated moodyannoyed moroseanxious nauseatedapathetic nervousapprehensive nightmarishbarren overwhelmedbrooding painfulcold pensiveconfining pessimisticconfused predatorycranky restlesscrushed scaredcynical seriousdepressed somberdesolate stresseddisappointed suspensefuldiscontented tensedistressed terrifyingdrained threateningdreary uncomfortableembarrassed violentenraged worriedenviousexhaustedfatalisticforebodingfrustratedfutilegloomygrumpyhauntingheartbrokenhopelesshostileindifferentinfuriatedinsidiousintimidatedirateirritatedjealouslethargiclonelymelancholicCLASS NOTES COPY Date___________________Mrs. Arresto & Mrs. Shapiro: Short Stories Literature Section #26An INFERENCE is a judgment you make based on the information available to you. To make an inference – to infer – you have to have some kind of evidence. For example, if you were walking home from school and suddenly smelled smoke and heard sirens, your past experience and knowledge would lead you to the conclusion that there was a fire nearby.In literature, you use the things you read – the information that’s available to you – to make inferences about things such as:A character’s personality, interests, or physical appearanceA character’s historyA character’s ageThe history of relationships between charactersThe reasons for a character’s behavior A character’s intentionsAs a student, you’ll often be asked to make an inference about a piece of writing – then you’ll be asked to support that inference. Supporting your inference means explaining why you inferred what you did. To do this, you need to use specific examples from the piece of writing.When you walked into this classroom for the first time this year, you probably made a lot of inferences about what this class would be like, or what your English teacher(s) would be like. Provide one inference that you remember making during the first week of English class and provide evidence to back it up:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Make an Inference!Directions: Read each scenario and answer the questions that follow. Be sure to annotate each situation. 1. I walked down the aisle to our seats. The smell of freshly cut grass and leather was in the air. From a distance I could hear a vender bellow, “Hot dogs! Get your hot dogs here!” Point of view: First PersonWhere is this scene taking place? Provide evidence. This scene is taking place at a sport event (probably a baseball stadium) because there is an aisle, freshly cut grass, and a vendor selling hot dogs which are commonly eaten at baseball games.2. Jillian took a deep breath. This was always the most nerve-wracking part for her. It didn’t help that she had a middle seat, wedged between two 300-pound men. The “fasten seat belt” sign lit up, and she closed her eyes and said a prayer. “I can do this,” she thought. Point of view: Third-person limitedWhere is this scene taking place? Provide evidence. This scene is taking place on an airplane. The clues are that the “fasten seat belt” sign and that Jillian is wedged between other people in a middle seat. 3. After Joe changed into his sweatpants and tank top, he put in his earbuds and swiped his iPod to Guns n Roses. Today he wanted a thrashing rock band to pump him up. He surveyed the room and walked over to the treadmill next to the prettiest girl there. “Great, who’s this nerd?” she thought. He placed his water bottle in the cup holder, and set the machine to “super-fast.” It was go time! Point of view: Third-person omniscientWhere is this scene taking place? Provide evidence. Joe is in a gym. The clues are that he is changing into workout clothes and that he walks over to a treadmill next to a girl he doesn’t know.4. You walk up to the spooky house, terrified. You enter and immediately you’re surrounded by hundreds of mirrors which completely disorient you. Eventually, you make your way into the next room when, suddenly, Dracula pops out of nowhere causing you to scream. After a while you make your way out of the house and say to your friend, “Let’s go get some cotton candy.”Point of view: Second person Where is this scene taking place? Provide evidence. A haunted house (probably at an amusement park because the friends go to buy cotton candy afterward.Directions: Read the poem “The Builders,” and then answer the question that follows.The BuildersSara Henderson Hay (author)I told them a thousand times if I told them once:Stop fooling around, I said, with straw and sticks;They won’t hold up; you’re taking an awful chance.Brick is the stuff to build with, solid bricks.You want to be impractical, go ahead.But just remember, I told them; wait and see.You’re making a big mistake. Awright, I said, But when the wolf comes, don’t come running to me.The funny thing is, they didn’t. There they sat, One in his crummy yellow shack, and oneUnder his roof of twigs, and the wolf ateThem, hair and hide. Well, what is done is done.But I’d been willing to help them, all along,If only they’d once admitted they were wrong.1. Who is the speaker (narrator) of the poem? Underline a clue to the speaker’s identity in the poem.The author of the piece is not the same as the speaker of the piece. The speaker of this poem is the Third Pig from “The Three Little Pigs.” The clues are in line 4 (“Brick is the stuff to build with”) and line 8 (“But when the wolf comes, don’t come running to me”).Name_____________________________________ Date___________________Mrs. Arresto & Mrs. Shapiro: Short Stories Literature Section #30Implicit Endings vs. Explicit EndingsThe ending of “The Landlady” is considered an implicit ending. A story has an implicit ending when the reader is not specifically told what happens next but is given clues as to what’s going to happen. The opposite of this is an explicit ending where the resolution is very clear to the reader, and there are no questions left to be answered. Directions: Answer questions 1-5 using complete sentences.1. Do you prefer when a story/movie has an implicit or explicit ending? Why?2. Name one story or movie which has an implicit ending. Explain how it meets the criteria of being an implicit ending.3. Name one story or movie which has an explicit ending. Explain how it meets the criteria of being an explicit ending.4. Explain why the ending of “The Landlady” is an implicit ending. 5. Why do you think that Roald Dahl uses an implicit ending rather than an explicit ending for “The Landlady”? How would an explicit ending to “The Landlady” change how you feel about the story? Name_____________________________________ Date___________________Mrs. Arresto: Short Stories Literature Section #32Foreshadowing is an author’s use of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in a story. Writers use foreshadowing to build their readers’ expectations and to increase suspense. Example: A weapon found in a drawer early in a story might foreshadow a future crime in the story.Directions: Listen to a read-aloud of the children’s book The Stranger by Chris Van Allsburg. While the story is being read, answer the following questions.1. What does it mean when mercury is stuck at the bottom of a thermometer? What might this mean about The Stranger's temperature? Do you think the thermometer is really broken?2. What does The Stranger's interaction with the rabbits teach us about his character? Why do you think the rabbits are so comfortable with him?3. What do we know about the season when we see geese flying south? Why might The Stranger be so fascinated by the geese he sees?4. What is happening when The Stranger blows on the leaf? Look closely at the picture. What changes about the leaf as he blows on it? Look closely at his face. What might his expression mean?Who Do You think The Stranger is?Clue(s) in the text316103012954000Name ____________________________________ Date ________________Mrs. Arresto: Short Stories Literature Section #33239268023495Theme00ThemeTheme: The underlying meaning in a literary work. It is a general statement about what life is like or how people behave (human nature). A theme may be directly stated, but more often it is implied. Theme is sometimes referred to as the main idea or central idea of a piece of literature.Theme vs. TopicA story’s TOPIC is different from a story’s THEME. A topic is basically what a story is about (friendship, family, etc.); however, the theme is a message about people, life, and the world we live in that the author wants the reader to understand.Example: In the famous story Cinderella…If you are describing the TOPIC, you might say it is a story about a poor girl who marries a prince.-579120687705But if you are describing the THEME, it could be described as an example of karma or stated as “good things happen to good people.”How do I determine a story’s theme?Check out the title. Sometimes it tells you a lot about the theme.Notice repeating patterns and symbols. Sometimes these lead you to the theme.What allusions are made throughout the story?What are the details and particulars in the story? What greater meaning may they have?Examining other literary elements, such as plot/conflict, characterization, and setting can be very useful in helping you to determine the theme of a literary work.Remember that theme, plot, and structure are inseparable, all helping to inform and reflect back on each other. Also, be aware that a theme we determine from a story never completely explains the story. It is simply one of the elements that make up the whole.It is highly unlikely that an author would write: Attention readers - this is the theme of the story! It is up to you to make an inference based upon the information given to you.How do I express a theme?When you determine the theme of a literary work, you should make a general statement (that can be applied to anything, not just the story) by writing a single, declarative sentence. Do not use the names of characters or places!6117318117538400TV Theme SongsA theme song is the song that plays during a TV show’s opening credits. Sometimes a TV show will use a popular song from a well-known musician. For example, CSI uses The Who’s song “Who Are You?” This is a fitting theme song because CSI is a TV show about crime scene investigators trying to figure out who the criminals are based on forensic evidence.But it is expensive to pay for popular songs, so most TV shows have original theme songs. These songs try to capture the overall sense of the show. Think of the theme song for The Big Bang Theory which includes lyrics about nerdy scientific facts because the show revolves around four nerdy characters. Here is the theme song of a popular TV show from a few years back which is no longer on the air. “Save Me” by Remy ZeroSomebody save meLet your warm hands break right through meSomebody save meI don't care how you do itJust stay, stay, come onI've been waiting for you-55054546545500Just save me, save meI've made this whole world shine for youJust save me, save, come onMake a few inferences. For what type of show do you think this was the theme song: comedy or drama? Why?What types(s) of character(s) might appear on a show with this theme song? Underline words from the lyrics which support your inferences. 639318015684500Sometimes the theme is obvious, while at other times the reader must think carefully about a work in order to identify its theme.A fable’s theme is stated at the end of the story as a moral. Read each fable below, and then write the letter of the moral that states its theme. A. It’s easy to criticize what you cannot have. B. Don’t count your chickens before they’re hatched. C. Liars are not believed, even when they tell the truth. _____ 1. A shepherd boy watching a flock of sheep caused a group of villagers to come running to his aid twice by crying, “Wolf! Wolf!” Each time the villagers arrived, the boy laughed and boasted that he had fooled them. The next day, a wolf really did come, but when the boy cried out the villagers paid no attention. They thought the boy was trying to trick them again. The wolf was able to eat the boy’s sheep._____ 2. A hungry fox saw some grapes hanging from a high vine. After trying unsuccessfully several times to jump up and reach the grapes, he walked away, saying, “Those grapes are probably sour anyway.”61169551037590_____ 3. A milkmaid was walking to market to sell the milk she carried in a pail upon her head. As she walked, she thought about what she would do with the money. “I will use the money to buy a hen who will lay many eggs. Once the chickens that hatch from those eggs are grown, I will sell them for a great deal of money. I will use the money to buy a new gown. I will look so lovely that all the boys will wish to speak to me, but I will simply toss my head and turn away.” As she said this, the girl tossed her head. The pail fell, and the milk spilled onto the ground.-302895-482600The Lion and the Mouse AesopOnce, as a lion lay sleeping in his den, a naughty little mouse ran up his tail, and onto his back and up his mane and danced and jumped on his head ...so that the lion woke up. The lion grabbed the mouse and, holding him in his large claws, roared in anger. “How dare you wake me up! Don't you know that I am King of the Beasts? Anyone who disturbs my rest deserves to die! I shall kill you and eat you!” The little mouse escaped just in time.A few days later the lion was caught in a hunter's snare. Struggle as he might, he couldn't break free and became even more entangled in the net of ropes. He let out a roar of anger that shook the forest. Every animal heard it, including the tiny mouse. “My friend the lion is in trouble!” cried the mouse. He ran as fast as he could in the direction of the lion's roar, and soon found the lion trapped in the hunter's snare. “Hold still, Your Majesty,” squeaked the mouse. “I'll have you out of there in a jiffy!” And without further delay, the mouse began nibbling through the ropes with his sharp little teeth. Very soon the lion was free. “I did not believe that you could be of use to me, little mouse, but today you 4878705223520saved my life,” said the lion humbly. “It was my pleasure to help you, Sire,” answered the mouse. 1. What is the theme of this fable?2. What evidence in the text supports this theme?Name________________________________________ Date__________________Mrs. Arresto & Mrs. Shapiro Literature Section #43Allusions in LiteratureAllusion: A direct or indirect reference within a work to something famous outside it, such as a well-known historical event, religious or mythical story, a person, place, event, work of art, literature, music, or pop culture. Allusions are a type of metaphor.Purpose: Lets the reader/viewer understand new information, characters, plot, setting, etc. by connecting it to something already known. Allusions help us see unique connections between two ideas in order to better understand a subject.Whenever you come across an allusion, stop and ask yourself: What does the writer want me to understand about this character, setting, plot, etc. by connecting it to something with which I am already familiar?47536105461000What is the author’s purpose in using this allusion? 57169055842000To create the same feeling/mood as the original work? For comedic effect? To show character’s motives or traits?44405551905000*The three most popularly alluded to works are:The BibleShakespeare’s worksGreek/Roman Mythology-1504953849400121158049530Margaret had a smile that rivaled that of the Mona Lisa.Since everyone is familiar with the painting, it is easy to imagine what Margaret’s smile looks like. It is probably mysterious and subtle.020000Margaret had a smile that rivaled that of the Mona Lisa.Since everyone is familiar with the painting, it is easy to imagine what Margaret’s smile looks like. It is probably mysterious and subtle. 54692556731000112585568580002807335375285The makers of the Scream movies alluded to Munch’s work of art The Scream in order to instill fear.4000020000The makers of the Scream movies alluded to Munch’s work of art The Scream in order to instill fear.Can you figure out what these examples are alluding to?Directions: Read each of the following song lyrics and determine what allusion is being made.“Love Story” by Taylor Swift388810578740These lyrics are alluding to…020000These lyrics are alluding to…“Romeo, save me, they try to tell me how to feel.This love is difficult but it's real.Don't be afraid, we'll make it out of this mess.It's a love story, baby, just say, 'Yes.'"394525586995These lyrics are alluding to…020000These lyrics are alluding to…“Empire State of Mind” by Jay Z“The side lines is lined with casualtiesWho sip the life casually, then gradually become worseDon’t bite the apple, Eve.”394525582550These lyrics are alluding to…020000These lyrics are alluding to…“Left Behind” by Ugly Duckling“I’m full strength like a Cyclops’s eye drops, I got support like high-tops.“White Rabbit” by Jefferson Airplane3945255258445These lyrics are alluding to…020000These lyrics are alluding to…“When men on the chessboardGet up and tell you where to goAnd you’ve just had some kind of mushroomAnd your mind is moving slowGo ask Alice.I think she’ll know.”“Ramble On” by Led Zeppelin3945255106680These lyrics are alluding to…020000These lyrics are alluding to… “‘Twas in the darkest steps of MordorI met a girl so fair.But Gollum and the Evil OneCrept up and slipped away with her.”23736301714500Allusions in “The Veldt” by Ray BradburyDirections: Take out your copy of “The Veldt” by Ray Bradbury and use it to answer the following questions.1. List at least five allusions from “The Veldt.” _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. Consider the names of the children in the story. How are their names allusive? What connection does Bradbury want us to make between these two stories? Explain.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. After reading Ray Bradbury’s introduction to S Is for Space (worksheet #36), why does he include so many allusions in his writing? 5925412178689000___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ................
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