Anemia - University of California, Los Angeles



Anemia

|Types of anemia |Hypoproliferative anemia |Ineffective hematopoiesis |Compensatory proliferative erythropoiesis |

|Etiology |High epo: |Disordered cellular DNA synthesis |Extramedullary cause of early erythrocyte |

| |Fe deficiency |B12 metabolism |destruction (hemolytic anemia) |

| |Blockade of heme synthesis (Pb, INH, or |Malabsorption of B12 due to pernicious anemia, |Intravascular causes: |

| |pyrazinamide, sideroblastic anemia—congenital or |gastrectomy, absent intrinsic factor |Vascular disorders |

| |acquired) |Intestinal malabsorption due to ileal resection, |Physical agents: burns, trauma (march |

| |Anemia of chronic disease |regional ileitis, infiltrative intestinal disease |hemoglobinuria, valvular heart disease, prosthetic |

| |Myelophthisic disorders |Folate deficiency |valves) |

| |Solid tumors, leukemia, lymphoma |Inadequate intake |DIC |

| |Intracellular infections: TB, histoplasmosis, |Malabsoption |TTP/HUS – bacterial or viral cause. Endothelial |

| |sarcoidosis |Alcohol |injury triggers platelet plug |

| |Storage dz: Gaucher’s |DHFR inhibitor |Vasculitis |

| |Osteopetrosis, myelofibrosis, myeloma. |Cytotoxic chemotherapy, AZT, hypothyroidism, purine |Plasma Factors |

| |Aplastic anemia |and pyrimidine antagonists, inborn errors of nucleic|Snake/insect venom |

| |Low epo: |acid metabolism |C. perfringens toxin |

| |Chronic renal disease |Myelodysplasia |Chemical Agents |

| |Cancer | |Benzene |

| |Rheumatoid arthritis | |Hypotonic soln |

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| | | |Extravascular hemolysis |

| | | |Membranopathy |

| | | |Congenital (hereditary spherocytosis, |

| | | |elliptocytosis, poikylocytosis) |

| | | |Acquired (lymphoreticular neoplasia, autoimmune dz, |

| | | |drugs) |

| | | |Enzymopathy |

| | | |G6PD |

| | | |Pyruvate Kinase |

| | | |Hemoglobinopathy |

| | | |Hgb SS |

| | | |Hgb SC |

|Peripheral blood smear |Reticulocytopenia, immature wbc/rbc, tear drop cells|Reticulocytopenia |Reticulocytosis |

|Bone Marrow |hypocellularity |Hypercellularity |Hypercellularity |

| | |Intramedullary hemolysis | |

| | |Megaloblastic features (hypersegmented PMNs and | |

| | |macrocytosis) | |

| |Hypochromic |Oval macrocytic |Variable |

| |Normo-/microcytic | | |

|LDH |Low |High (intramedullary hemolysis) |High |

|Erythropoietin |Variable |High |High |

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