Los Angeles Mission College



Microbiology 20 Study Guide for Exam IChapter 1: History of MicrobiologyBeneficial functions of microbes and examplesMicrobes and infectious disease: Major microbial killers worldwide today and throughout history Important contributions and/or experiments of Edward Jenner, Robert Hooke, Anton van Leewenhoeck, Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Agostino Bassi, Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Paul Ehrlich, Alexander Fleming, and Rene Dubos.Chemotherapy: Early treatment of microbial infection and current challengesTypes of microorganisms and their characteristics: Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae, eukaryotic parasites, and acellular infectious agents (e.g.: viruses)Chapter 2: Chemistry of MicrobiologyElements, compounds, atoms, moleculesProperties of subatomic particles (electrons, protons, and neutrons)Atomic number, atomic mass, isotopes Electron configurations, unpaired electrons, valence electronsIons (cations and anions) and ionic bondsCovalent bonds: Polar and non-polar (Electronegativity)Hydrogen bondsProperties of water, Water as a solvent (hydrophilic versus hydrophobic solutes)The nature of pH and the pH scaleAcids, bases and buffersElements found in macromolecules (major, minor, and trace elements)Properties of carbonFunctional groups and their properties (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, and amino)Macromolecules: Polymers, dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis (anabolic versus catabolic, endergonic versus exergonic)Properties and functions of 4 major macromolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and proteinsStructures and roles of carbohydrates: Isomers, Mono-, di- and polysaccharidesThe functions of cellulose, starch and glycogenAmino acid structure, how amino acids are linked together in polypeptides Protein functions and structure levels (primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary) Nucleotide structureStructures, functions and types of nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) Structures and types of lipids: Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroidsSaturated versus unsaturated fatty acids, trans fatsChapter 3: Cell Structure and FunctionCharacteristics of all living organismsCharacteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organismsProkaryotic cell size, shapes, and arrangementsProkaryotic cell structure: External to Cell Wall: Glycocalyx (capsules and slime layers), flagella, endoflagella (axial filaments), fimbriae, piliCell wall structure: PeptidoglycanGram negative (outer membrane with LPS)Gram positive (teichoic acids)Acid fast cell wallsOther atypical cell walls (mycoplasma and archaebacteria)Plasma membrane structure and function in prokaryotic cellsMovement across prokaryotic cell membranes: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, and group translocationDefine isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions and explain their effects on different types of cellsInternal Cell Components: Cytoplasm, nuclear area, chromosome, plasmid, ribosomes (70S versus 80S), inclusions (various types), and endospores (sporulation process)Eukaryotic cell structure: Characteristics of eukaryotic cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, flagella, and ciliaCharacteristics and functions of eukaryotic organelles: nucleus, nucleolus, ribosomes (80S versus 70S), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles (central, contractile, and food), chloroplasts, plastids, mitochondria, centriolesEndosymbiotic theoryDifferences between plant and animal cellsDifferences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsPossible Exam Questions: Compare and contrast the structures of Gram positive and Gram negative prokaryotic cell walls. What is the medical importance of these differences?Draw a prokaryotic cell and label 10 distinct structuresDraw an animal cell and label 10 distinct structuresDraw a plant cell and label 10 distinct structuresExplain the endosymbiotic theory and how it explains the origins of two eukaryotic organelles Chapter 4: Microscopy and StainingMetric system units and prefixes: Mega, kilo, deci, centi, milli, micro, nano, and picoPrinciples of Microscopy: Wavelength of radiation, electromagnetic spectrum, magnification, resolution (resolving power), contrast, and refraction Types of Microscopes:Light microscopes (application and history): Simple, compound, darkfield, phase contrast, and fluorescenceCompound light microscope lensesOcular lensesObjective lensesCondenser lensElectron microscopes: Scanning and transmission electron microscopesScanning tunneling and atomic force microscopesPreparation of specimens for light microscopy: Smear preparation and fixationStaining: Basic versus acidic dye, chromophore, simple stain, differential stain and structural stainSteps, applications, and limitations of:Gram stainAcid fast stainCapsule stainEndospore stainPossible Exam Essay Question: Explain the steps of a Gram stain and discuss the importance of the structural differences between Gram positive and Gram negative cell walls during the staining process. Discuss applications and limitations of Gram staining. ................
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