Agronomic Aspects of Irrigated Crop Production

Irrigation Manual Module 3

Agronomic Aspects of Irrigated Crop Production

Developed by Andreas P. SAVVA

and Karen FRENKEN Water Resources Development and Management Officers FAO Sub-Regional Office for East and Southern Africa In collaboration with Fabeon CHIGUMIRA, Horticulturist Consultant

Harare, 2002

Irrigation manual

ii? Module 3

List of figures List of tables List of abbreviations

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Terminology used 1.2. Information on the climate in Zimbabwe

2. CROPPING PROGRAMME AND CROP ROTATION 2.1. Crop selection 2.2. Cropping pattern 2.3. Crop rotation

3. FERTILIZATION 3.1. Symptoms of nutrient deficiency 3.2. Chemical fertilizers 3.3. Organic manure

4. CONTROL OF PESTS, DISEASES AND WEEDS 4.1. Types of pests, diseases and weeds 4.1.1. Pests 4.1.2. Diseases 4.1.3. Weeds 4.2. Control measures 4.2.1. Preventive measures 4.2.2. Chemical control 4.2.3. Biological control 4.2.4. Hand and mechanical weeding

5. INTEGRATED PRODUCTION AND PEST MANAGEMENT (IPPM) 5.1. Description of IPM and IPPM 5.2. Farmers' Field Schools (FFS)

6. RAISING VEGETABLE SEEDS 6.1. Seed storage 6.2. Seed treatment 6.3. Germination and emergence 6.4. Improved seedbed management 6.4.1. Rotation 6.4.2. Soil sterilization 6.4.3. Seedbed preparation 6.4.4. Sowing the seeds 6.4.5. Thinning the seedlings 6.4.6. Weed, pest and disease control 6.4.7. Irrigation 6.4.8. Transplanting 6.4.9. Protected cultivation 6.4.10. Module propagation

Contents

v vi vii

1 1 2

5 5 5 6

9 9 9 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 15 18 18

19 19 20

21 21 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 25 25

Module 3 ? iii

Irrigation manual

7. AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF VEGETABLE CROPS

27

7.1. Baby corn

27

7.2. Bean (green, fine or string)

28

7.3. Cabbage

29

7.4. Carrot

30

7.5. Cucum ber

31

7.6. Garlic

32

7.7. Okra

33

7.8. Onion

34

7.9. Paprika

35

7.10. Pea

36

7.11. Pea - Mange tout

37

7.12. Potato

38

7.13. Rape and Kale

39

7.14. Squash - Pumpkin

40

7.15. Tomato

41

7.16. Watermelon

43

8. AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF FRUIT CROPS

45

8.1. Apple and pear (pome fruits)

45

8.2. Avocado pear

47

8.3. Banana

49

8.4. Citrus spp.

50

8.5. Grape

53

8.6. Mango

60

8.7. Passion fruit (Maracuja, Grenadilla)

63

8.8. Peach, plum, apricot and nectarine (stone fruits)

66

9. AGRONOMIC ASPECTS OF FIELD CROPS

69

9.1. Dry bean

69

9.2. Groundnut

70

9.3. Maize

71

9.4. Rice

72

9.5. Wheat

73

10. PREPARATIONS NECESSARY FOR MARKETING OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS

75

10.1. Characteristics of vegetables and fruits

75

10.1.1. Seasonality

75

10.1.2. Susceptibility to damage

75

10.1.3. Perishability

75

10.1.4. Diversity

75

10.2. The relationship between producer, distributor and consumer

75

10.3. Harvesting

75

10.4. Storing the produce before marketing

76

10.5. Packing and grading

76

10.6. Transport

77

REFERENCES

79

iv? Module 3

List of figures

1. Examples of insect pests

14

2. Examples of fungal diseases

15

3. Anthracnose on bean pods

29

4. Rust on a bean leaf

29

5. Aphids colonies on a cabbage leaf

30

6. Root-knot-nematode (RKN) attack on carrot

31

7. Powdery mildew on a carrot leaf (right), compared with a healthy leaf

31

8. Bacterial spot on paprika leaf and fruit

36

9. Downy mildew and powdery mildew on squash leaves

40

10. Root-knot-nematode attack in roots of tomato

42

11. Leaf spot on a tomato leaf

42

12. Fusarium on watermelon leaves

43

13. Pruning and staking of an apple tree during the 1st season

46

14. Scab on apple fruit

47

15. Fence trellis system for grapes

54

16. Perold trellis system for grapes

54

17. Slanting trellis system for grapes

55

18. Training and pruning of vines in which fruitful buds occur near base of the canes

57

19. Downy mildew on a grape leaf

59

20. Fruit rot (Rhizopus sp.) on grapes

59

21. Anthracnose on a mango leaf and fruit

62

22. Passion fruit high-density (intensive system) trellis plan: plan view

64

23. Passion fruit high-density (intensive system) trellis plan: side view

64

24. Passion fruit low-density (extensive system) trellis plan: side view

64

25. Passion fruit low-density (extensive system) trellis plan: cross-section

65

26. Groundnut leaf spot

71

27. Groundnut web blotch

71

28. Rice blast leaf lesions

72

Module 3 ? v

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