Philosophy 165: Epistemology



Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

Fall 2009

SET 2 TRUE/FALSE

Gabe Sanchez   

Philosophy 165

10-1-09

Set 2 True or False

1. With the corrigibility thesis, misusing the English language can result in always believing the thesis is correct.

False: It is possible for the people to misuse the English language during a   mental condition, which can be correctable making the incorrigibility thesis false.

2.  A common strategy internalists use to emphasize epistemic justification requires having good reasons for one’s belief.

True: Rationally you need to require good reasons that indicate a belief is true.

3.  In the “New Evil Demon Problem” the epistemic justification does imply one’s belief are always true?

False: In the “New Evil Demon Problem” the epistemic justification does not imply that one’s beliefs is objectively likely to be false.

4.  Pain is only and can only be a mental state of mind, a person can have.

False: pain is very important member of the bodily sensations that includes, itches, tickles, tingles, orgasm’s, and so on. People often misuse the word “pain” for a strong bodily sensation.

5.  The two main threads of pain are 1) pain as something in a body part and 2) pain as a subjective experience.

True: These are the two main threads of pain that pull in opposite directions due to not knowing exactly what pain is and  why its happening.

       

Samantha Smith

Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

Fall 2009

Set 2 True/False

1. Socrates felt that it was not rational to believe p without possessing a good reason for believing p.

2. Externalism allows for the possibility that one’s belief is justified even though one has no reason for that belief.

3. Grahek identifies pain asymbolia as the only case where someone ‘feels pain’ but is not ‘in pain.’

4. Descartes’s internalism requires that all justifying factors take the form of ideas.

5. It is possible for one to be experiencing an unpleasant or uncomfortable sensation, yet not be in pain.

Samantha Smith

Set 1 Answers

1. Socrates felt that it was not rational to believe p without possessing a good reason for believing p.

True. According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy website, internalism emphasizes that epistemic justification requires having a good reason for one’s belief.

2. Externalism allows for the possibility that one’s belief is justified even though one has no reason for that belief.

True. Basic beliefs, beliefs that are not supported by other beliefs, are ones that are still held for one reason or another, despite having a lack of foundation or reasoning for them. These beliefs can be justified simply by meeting an external condition (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy).

3. Grahek identifies pain asymbolia as the only case where someone ‘feels pain’ but is not ‘in pain.’

True. In his book Feeling Pain and Being in Pain, Grahek explores the different elements of pain and mind’s reaction to them. He says that to feel pain, one must experience pain; except in the cases of those with pain asymbolia.

4. Descartes’s internalism requires that all justifying factors take the form of ideas.

True. Descarte states that ideas are the only objects of perception. In his meditations he methodically doubts the assumptions that his every thought is occurring in a dream, thus requiring that justification come in the form of ideas (Lex Newman, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy).

5. It is possible for one to be experiencing an unpleasant, uncomfortable sensation, yet not be in pain.

True. Unpleasant experiences include itches, aches, foul smells or unpleasant noises. However, one would not be considered in any sort of pain when they experience an itch in the middle of their back that they cannot reach (Stuart Rachels, Unpleasantness Intrinsic to Unpleasant Experiences).

Khai Bui

Phil165

Set 2 T/F

1. The incorrigibility thesis states that all beliefs cannot be corrected.

2. The definition of pain accepted by most scientists is also accepted by most philosophers.

3. Externalists emphasizes on the subject's point of view, while Internalists emphasizes on the objective factors: the point of view of an ideal observer.

4. Memory is an unreliable source of beliefs.

5. A person may not be aware of his current mental states.

Khai Bui

Phil165

Set 2 Answers:

1. The incorrigibility thesis states that all beliefs cannot be corrected.

FALSE. The incorrigibility thesis states that first-person beliefs about phenomenal states cannot be corrected (or even be wrong). (page 2)

2. The definition of pain accepted by most scientists is also accepted by most philosophers.

FALSE. The definition of pain accepted by most scientists leave out many special cases such as a nose bleed.

3. Externalists emphasizes on the subject's point of view, while Internalists emphasizes on the objective factors: the point of view of an ideal observer.

FALSE. The truth is the exact opposite. Internalists emphasizes on the subject's point of view, while Externalists emphasizes on the objective factors: the point of view of an ideal observer.

4. Memory is an unreliable source of beliefs.

TRUE. Memory can be inaccurate, or sometimes even fabricated.

5. A person may not be aware of his current mental states.

TRUE. A person may not be aware of his emotions

Starnes Arnold

Philosophy Ring

10/7/09

Set 2

1. Fred can't see how Mike could be innocent of murder, when all the evidence supports Mike's guilt. Fred is an internalist.

2. An externalist stresses the importance of responsability, as irresponsability thinking hinders the truth and is not reflective of the best evidence available.

3. Internalists and externalists both capture significant aspects of knowledge.

4. Reliabilism identifies wishful thinking and hasty generalizations as unreliable.

5. An externalist believes the best evidence available is not sufficient for knowledge, but ok for justification.

　

Starnes Arnold

Philosophy Ring

10/7/09

Set 2 Answers

1. Fred can't see how Mike could be innocent of murder, when all the evidence supports Mike's guilt. Fred is an internalist.

True.Internalists take into account the best evidence available.

2. An externalist stresses the importance of responsability, as irresponsability thinking hinders the truth and is not reflective of the best evidence available.

False. externalists do not consider the evidence, they focus on a reliable process.

3. Internalists and externalists both capture significant aspects of knowledge.

True. Both are justified yet can often be wrong.

4. Reliabilism identifies wishful thinking and hasty generalizations as unreliable.

Tru e. Those ways of thinking lead to fallacies.

5. An externalist believes the best evidence available is not sufficient for knowledge, but ok for justification.

False, best evidence available not sufficient for knowledge or justification; rely on reliable process.

Jimmy Ma

Philosophy 165

Professor Ring

Set 2

1. One cannot be mistaken about the immediate apprehension of the contents of one’s sense experience.

2. Externalism requires the ability to give reasons, a justification.

3. One has infallible access to the contents of his/her occurent mental state.

4. If I seem to see a tree, then I have a concept of what a tree is.

5. I exhibit a non-sensory belief and a visual experience when I seem to seem to be seeming a tree.

Jimmy Ma

Philosophy 165

Professor Ring

Set 2

1. One cannot be mistaken about the immediate apprehension of the contents of one’s sense experience.

False. You can be mistaken about your emotions and hence be mistaken about what you’re sensing. I can give you the illusion of branding you, but instead press cold ice against you. You may think you feel a burning sensation when in fact you are wrong. (Lecture Notes)

2. Externalism requires the ability to give reasons, a justification.

False. This is Internalism.

3. One has infallible access to the contents of his/her occurent mental state.

False. Accessing content requires memory, which we know to be fallible, hence ICT is also proven fallible. (Lecture Notes)

4. If I seem to see a tree, then I have a concept of what a tree is.

False. You don’t need a concept of a tree to see a tree. This often happens with a lot of things we see when we are infants and lacking in concepts of the things we see. (Lecture Notes)

5. I exhibit a non-sensory belief and a visual experience when I seem to seem to be seeming a tree.

False. Visual experience is only present in “I see a tree” and “I seem to see a tree,” but “I seem to seem to be seeing a tree” is solely a non-sensory belief. (Lecture Notes)

Clara Moon

Dr. Ring

Philosophy 165 Set 2 T/F

Oct. 8, 2009

1. According to the incorrigibility theory, seeming to see something and seeing something makes no difference (sensory perception-wise).

2. A strong foundationalist would make a claim that we have infallible access to the contents of our minds.

3. According to Jack Crumley, even if you misdescribed a sensation, you still recognized that sensation which therefore means you are certain (incorrigible) about what that sensation was.

4. According to Pojman, there is only two types of externalists: Evil Genius and reliabilists.

5. According to Chalmers, most phenomenal beliefs are not direct phenomenal beliefs, which makes it corrigible.

Clara Moon

Dr. Ring

Philosophy 165 Set 2 T/F

Oct. 8, 2009

1. According to the incorrigibility theory, seeming to see something and seeing something makes no difference (sensory perception-wise)

True. The sensory experience of seeming to see and seeing is the same. (Pojman 101)

2. A strong foundationalist would make a claim that we have infallible access to the contents of our minds.

True. One cannot be mistaken about what they are thinking, sensing, desiring, wishing,…(Objection to Incorrigibility pg. 106)

3. According to Jack Crumley, even if you misdescribed a sensation, you still recognized that sensation which therefore means you are certain (incorrigible) about what that sensation was.

False. Jack Crumley says that in order to recognize the sensation, you must have very distinct qualifications of the certain sensation. (Objection to Incorrigibility pg. 108)

4. According to Pojman, there is only two types of externalists: Evil Genius and reliabilists.

False. According to Pojman, there are two types of externalists: reliabilists and substantive naturalist. (Pojman pg. 135)

5. According to Chalmers, most phenomenal beliefs are not direct phenomenal beliefs, which makes it corrigible.

True. The example with fraternity boy, Fred, and big brother, Bob, who put a metal pipe in the fire and said he was going to make contact with it to Fred’s butt but Bob switches it to a cold pipe. However, when Fred felt the cold pipe, he felt a hot sensation. Then, after he thought about it the hot sensation happened to be a cold sensation. (“The Content and Epistemology of Phenomenal Belief” section 4)

William Kettler

Philosophy 165 Epistemology

5 October 2009

Set 2 - True / False Questions

1. Internalism is a perspective on knowledge that says that for one to have knowledge that knowledge must be internal to the individual in terms of memory and other forms of cognitive access.

2. A strong criticism against the incorrigibility thesis is that one can be mistaken about the contents of their mental states because they have misapplied some concept or have an incorrect memory of the concept in question

3. Externalism is a perspective on knowledge that says that for one to know something they must be capable of providing external justification for their belief in the form of concrete evidence and arguments.

4. Internalism, as opposed to externalism, is able to solve the problem of skepticism and dissolves to problems of induction and other minds as well as making sense of perceptual and memorial knowledge

5. Incorrigibility is the same as infallibility where infallibility refers to it being impossible for one to be mistaken about the belief in question due to it being self-evidently true or logically necessary

William Kettler

Philosophy 165 Epistemology

13 September 2009

Set 2 - True / False Answers

1. Internalism is a perspective on knowledge that says that for one to have knowledge that knowledge must be internal to the individual in terms of memory and other forms of cognitive access.

True - Internalism is an approach to knowledge that says one only has genuine knowledge if they can justify that knowledge (Pojman 136)

2. A strong criticism against the incorrigibility thesis is that one can be mistaken about the contents of their mental states because they have misapplied some concept or have an incorrect memory of the concept in question

True - If one is capable of misapplying and misremembering a concept and the concept in question is part of the mental state on is currently having then one can in fact be mistaken about their own mental states (lecture with Ring in class)

3. Externalism is a perspective on knowledge that says that for one to know something they must be capable of providing external justification for their belief in the form of concrete evidence and arguments.

False - Externalism, or reliablilism, does not refer to external evidence of the justification of knowledge but rather justifies knowledge on the basis of it being informed by a reliable cognitive and sensory process (Pojman 143)

4. Internalism, as opposed to externalism, is able to solve the problem of skepticism and dissolves to problems of induction and other minds as well as making sense of perceptual and memorial knowledge

False - Externalism possesses these advantages over internalism, not internalism over externalism (Pojman 145)

5. Incorrigibility is the same as infallibility where infallibility refers to it being impossible for one to be mistaken about the belief in question due to it being self-evidently true or logically necessary

False - Incorrigibility does not mean that one’s mental states are necessarily correct but only means that one cannot be corrected about them (Pojman 343)

Demi O’Neal

Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

Set 2

1. Externalism is also called reliabilism.

2. Internalism has many claims of infallible knowledge or self evidence that have been called into question.

3. Rene Descartes was an externalist.

4. Incorrigibility means that is impossible for that person to be wrong.

5. Incorrigible doesn’t mean infallible.

Demi O’Neal

Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

Set 2

1. Externalism is also called reliabilism.

True: Reliabilism is the common term for externalism (Pojman 92).

2. Internalism has many claims of infallible knowledge or self evidence that have been called into question.

True: Psychologists have shown that we can be incorrect or “self-decieved” about what

we think is certain knowledge (Pojman 140).

3. Rene Descartes was an externalist.

False: Descartes held to internalism (Pojman 136).

4. Incorrigibility means that is impossible for that person to be wrong.

False: It simply means that someone can believe something and be mistaken, but it would

be impossible to show them that they are mistaken.

5. Incorrigible doesn’t mean infallible.

True: The person could in fact be incorrect but it just wouldn’t be possible to show them.

Rana Najjar

Epistemology 165

Tuesday-Thursday

Set 2 Questions: True and False

1. There are two main types of externalists: reliabilists and substantive naturalist.

2. An internalists requires basic beliefs to be infallible.

3. Dr. Ring says, “I seem to see a talking tree.” What he said is an example of incorrigibility.

4. Descartes states that the senses can never be trusted.

5. Substantive naturalists reject the thesis that justification is necessary for knowledge.

Rana Najjar

Epistemology

Tuesday-Thursday

Set 2 Answers: True and False

1. There are two main types of externalists: reliabilists and substantive naturalist.

True-(Pojman, p.135) The two main types of externalists are reliabilists and substantive naturalist.

2. An internalists requires basic beliefs to be infallible.

False- (Pojman, p.137) “contemporary internalists require only that they be the best reasons available to us-either from a foundationalist or coherentist perspective”

3. Dr. Ring says, “I seem to see a talking tree.” This is an example of incorrigibility.

True- (Pojman, p.101) “a belief is incorrigible for someone S if and only if it’s not possible to show that person that he or she is mistaken”

4. Descartes states that the senses can never be trusted.

False-Descartes believes the senses are not a reliable source but he never mentioned in his Meditations that they can never be trusted (lecture notes)

5. Substantive naturalists reject the thesis that justification is necessary for knowledge.

True- (Pojman, p.135) “There must be a natural or law like connection between the truth of what is believed and the person’s belief.”

Kaitlin Regan

Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

Set 2

1. Internalists the objective factors, or the point of view and an ideal observer.

2. Reliabilists accepts that the cognizer needs to be in an inner state or be able to access the grounds for his or her beliefs.

3. First person beliefs about a phenomenal state are incorrigible or infallible.

4. One inclined to externalism might argue that the labels “weak” and “strong” bias the two types of justification.

5. Complete epistemic justification consists of both having the right reasons for one’s beliefs or having beliefs caused by reliable processes.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Kaitlin Regan

Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

Set 2

1. Internalists the objective factors, or the point of view and an ideal observer.

False: “Internalists emphasize the subject’s point of view, his or her actual possession of the reasons or grounds for one’s beliefs.” (Pojman, 135)

2. Reliabilists accepts that the cognizer needs to be in an inner state or be able to access the grounds for his or her beliefs.

False: “ ….Unlike Internalists, Reliabilists deny that the cognizer needs to be in an inner state or be able to access the grounds for his or her beliefs.” (Pojman, 135)

3. First person beliefs about a phenomenal state are incorrigible or infallible.

True: “A traditional thesis in the epistemology of mind is that first-person beliefs about phenomenal states are incorrigible, or infallible (I use these terms equivalently), in that they cannot be false.” (Chalmers, Quia site, 4.1)

4. One inclined to externalism might argue that the labels “weak” and “strong” bias the two types of justification.

False: It is internalism that argues this. Pojman, 155

5. Complete epistemic justification consists of both having the right reasons for one’s beliefs or having beliefs caused by reliable processes.

True: “Complete epistemic justification consists of both having the right reasons for one’s beliefs or having beliefs caused by reliable processes.” (Pojman 155)

Luciana Alessandrini

Philosophy 165: Epistemology

Dr. Ring

SET 2 True/False Statements

1. Historically, from Plato to contemporary times, most epistemologists have been externalists of one sort or another, like Thomas Aquinas, Rene Descartes and John Locke.

2. There are two main types of externalists: reliabilists and substantive naturalists. Both hold that justification is not necessary for knowledge.

3. According to Chisholm, the proposition “I feel sad” believed by S at time T is self-presenting or self-evident, therefore the belief that “I am sad” cannot be mistaken.

4. A second condition associated with internalists is “accountability”, which concludes that internalists are not being held accountable for actually obtaining the truth, but can be held accountable for the way in which they have acquired their beliefs.

5. Most philosophers agree and believe in the incorrigibility thesis, making it the most accurate way of reaching the truth through self-evidence, appropriate justification and incorrigibility.

Luciana Alessandrini

SET 2 True/False Answers

1. Historically, from Plato to contemporary times, most epistemologists have been externalists of one sort or another, like Thomas Aquinas, Rene Descartes and John Locke.

False, most epistemologists have been internalists including the ones listed above. (Pojman, page 136)

2. There are two main types of externalists: reliabilists and substantive naturalists. Both hold that justification is not necessary for knowledge.

True, externalists in general believe that justification is not necessary for knowledge; however, reliabilists believe that reliable processes are necessary conditions for justified beliefs, and substantive naturalists hold that there must be a natural or law-like connection between the truth of what is believed and the person’s belief. (Pojman, page 135)

3. According to Chisholm, the proposition “I feel sad” believed by S at time T is self-presenting or self-evident, therefore the belief that “I am sad” cannot be mistaken.

True, this statement would support the corrigibility thesis, which states that one cannot be mistaken about one’s current mental states. (definition of incorrigibility found in pg 101, Pojman, more information about incorrigibility thesis found in Q14)

4. A second condition associated with internalists is “accountability”, which concludes that internalists are not being held accountable for actually obtaining the truth, but can be held accountable for the way in which they have acquired their beliefs.

False, the second condition associated with internalists is “responsibility”. It concludes that internalists are responsible for doing whatever is reasonable toward acquiring true belief, but are not responsible for actually obtaining the truth. (Pojman, page 139)

5. Most philosophers agree and believe in the incorrigibility thesis, making it the most accurate way of reaching the truth through self-evidence, appropriate justification and incorrigibility.

False, the incorrigibility thesis is widely rejected and has various objections and is not reliable at all. The one point in which philosophers can agree on is that people are incorrigible when describing the experiences they “seem” or “appear” to be having. (Quia epistemology website 14)

Duke Yang

Phil 165

Dr. David Ring

11-05-09

T/F Questions Set # 2

1. Internalists are naturalist, holding that whatever is justified is determined by natural properties? (Pojman 135)

2. Most epistemologists since Plato have been externalists? (Pojman 136)

3. There are no advantages for the externalist concerning the skeptics? (Pojman 145)

4. Alvin Goldman thinks that we have two different (but related concepts) of epistemic justification ( Pojman 154)

5. When one knows he is in pain, or seems to be seeing red, he is said to have an infallible/ self evident belief?

Duke Yang

Phil 165

David Ring

11-05-09

Answers Set # 2

1. Internalists are naturalist, holding that whatever is justified is determined by natural properties?

Answer- False: Externalists are typically naturalists (Pojman 135)

2. Most epistemologists since Plato have been externalists?

Answer- False: Since Plato, contemporary philosophers have been internalists (Pojman 136)

3. There are no advantages for the externalist concerning the skeptics?

Answer- False: Externalism has a several advantages, such as dissolving the problems of induction and other minds, and making sense of memory knowledge (Pojman 145)

4. Alvin Goldman thinks that we have two different (but related concepts) of epistemic justification

Answer- True: The two concepts are 1. Strong justification and 2. Weak justification (Pojman 154)

5. When one knows he is in pain, or seems to be seeing red, he is said to have an infallible/ self evident belief?

Answer-True: For the internalist, such views hold true, and some philosophers have defended this first-person report (Pojman 139)

Libni Cervantes          

 

Set 2 T/F questions

 

1.  The Incorrigibility Thesis is the belief that a direct phenomenal belief cannot be true.

2. One could argue that a lack of higher-order incorrigibility prevents the first-order incorrigibility thesis from doing significant epistemological work.

3. There are never any cases in which a direct phenomenal concept is applied to a quality other than the one that constituted it.

4. In the case of direct phenomenal beliefs, beliefs and experiences are not entirely distinct existences.

5. Incorrigibility theses are also sometimes articulated in a "positive" form.

Libni Cervantes          

 

Set 2 T/F questions

 

1. . The Incorrigibility Thesis is the belief that a direct phenomenal belief cannot be true.

False. See Quia website # 14, 4.1 Incorrigibility Thesis is a direct phenomenal belief cannot be false

2. One could argue that a lack of higher-order incorrigibility prevents the first-order incorrigibility thesis from doing significant epistemological work.

True. See Quia website # 14, 4.1

3. There are never any cases in which a direct phenomenal concept is applied to a quality other than the one that constituted it.

False. See Quia website # 14, 4.1. There are some cases in which a direct phenomenal concept is applied to a quality other than the one that constituted it.

4. In the case of direct phenomenal beliefs, beliefs and experiences are not entirely distinct existences

True. See Quia website # 14, 4.1

5. Incorrigibility theses are also sometimes articulated in a "positive" form.

False. See Quia website # 14, 4.1. Incorrigibility theses are also sometimes articulated in a "negative" form.

Katherine Zevallos Set 2

Philosophy 165

Questions:

1. Internalists emphasize the subject’s point of view, whereas externalists emphasize the objective factors.

2. The main difficulty with Internalism deals with the responsibility requirement.

3. The definition of ICT according to George W.S. Bailey is: some of a person’s reports of his current mental condition (logically) cannot be corrected.

4. Reliabilism is a form of internalism.

5. “I seem to see a laughing parakeet” is an example of Incorrigibility.

Katherine Zevallos Set 2

Philosophy 165

Answers:

1. Internalists emphasize the subject’s point of view, whereas externalists emphasize the objective factors.

True. Pojman- p.135 Internalists believe his actual possession of the reasons or grounds for one’s beliefs, whereas externalists argue that a reliable process is required for a subject to believe what he believes.

2. The main difficulty with Internalism deals with the responsibility requirement.

False. “The main difficulty has to do with the accessibility requirement” Pojman- pg.139 “Experiments like this suggest that we do now always have conscious access to the causes of our beliefs and that we are often mistaken about the grounds for those beliefs” Pojman- p.141

3. The definition of ICT according to George W.S. Bailey is: some of a person’s reports of his current mental condition (logically) cannot be corrected.

True. Q13- p.126

4. Reliabilism is a form of internalism.

False. Reliabilism is a form of externalism in which belief must be "produced (or is sustained) by a reliable process. Pojman- p.143

5. “I seem to see a laughing parakeet” is an example of Incorrigibility.

True, Incorrigibility means when it is not possible to show the person that he/she is mistaken. Pojman- p.101

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