DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TERMS



DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TERMS

A. Gastrointestinal System

1. also called alimentary tract

2. combining form is alimento

B. Structures

1. Mouth (oral cavity)

a. PO = per os (orally)

b. NPO = nothing orally

c. Lips, cheeks, hard & soft palate, tongue, teeth

d. Combining form = stomato

e. Maxilla and mandible make up jaw

1) combining form for jaw = gnatho

2) prognathia = elongated mandible

3) brachygnathia = shortened mandible

f. lips = labia…..combining form = labio or cheilo

g. cheek = buccal

h. palates….hard & soft…..combining form = palato

i. tongue

1) combining form = lingual or glosso

2) dorsal surface has papillae or elevations which vary with species

3) frenulum connects tongue to ventral surface of oral cavity

j. teeth

1) combining form = dento

2) types of teeth

a) incisors = front teeth

b) canines = long, pointed teeth between incisors and premolars

c) premolars = bicuspids (because of 2 points

d) molars = used to grind food

3) dental formula

a) each species has its own

b) ex: K-9 is 2( I 3/3, C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3 ) = 42

c) need to know…K-9, feline, bovine & equine

4) tooth structure

a) enamel = hard, white covering

b) cementum = covers root

c) dentin = connective tissue surrounding tooth pulp

d) pulp = nerves, blood vessels

5) tooth terms

a) apical foramen = hole at tip of root for nerves & blood vessels.

b) Periodontal = structures that support the teeth

c) Alveoli = sockets for teeth

d) Endodontics = treatment of diseases of teeth pulp

e) Orthodontics = correction of malocclusion

f) Adontia = absence of teeth

k. gums = gingival

1) combining form = gingivo

l. mastication = chewing

m. ptyalism = hypersalivation

n. deglutition = swallowing

1) combining form = phagio

o. pharynx = throat

1) combining form = pharyngo

2. Stomach

a. located within abdominal cavity

b. combining form = abdomino, celio, laparo, gastro

c. peritoneum = membrane lining the abdominal cavity

d. eating classifications

1) herbivores = eat only plants

2) carnivores = eat mainly meat

3) omnivores = eat plants and meat

3. Intestines

a. combining form = entero

b. gastroenterology = study of stomach and intestines

c. procto refers to anus and rectum ….ex: proctoscope

4. Liver

a. combining form = hepato

5. Gall Bladder

a. sac embedded on liver which stores bile…..which aids in digestion of fats.

b. Combining form = chole

6. Pancreas

a. has both endocrine and exocrine functions

1) endocrine secretes insulin directly into bloodstream

2) exocrine secretes amylase, lipase & trypsin into GI tract for digestion,

a) amylase digests starch

b) lipase digests fats

c) trypsin digests protein

3) combining form = pancreato

7. Poop terms

a. feces

b. dung

c. manure

d. bowel movement (BM)

e. excrement

f. coprophagy = eating feces

8. Misc terms

a. peristalsis = “wave” of contractions of intestines

b. ingesta = food taken orally

c. sialo = saliva or salivation

d. peritoneum = lining of abdominal cavity

e. rugae = folds within the stomach

f. chole = bile

g. prehensile = grasping….ex: prehensile lips, tail

h. preprandial = before eating

i. postprandial = after eating

j. cachexia = general malnutrition

k. cribbing = vice of horses where they bite objects and suck air

l. atresia = absence of a normal body opening

m. gastric dilation volvulus = stomach fills with air and twists

n. hemoperitoneum = blood in the abdomen

C. Diagnostic terms

1. ballotment = technique for tapping the wall of a fluid-filled mass to bounce a solid structure against wall. Used for pregnancy diagnosis.

2. barium = radiopaque material given orally to evaluate GI using x-rays.

3. biopsy = removal of a piece of tissue for examination microscopically.

4. colonoscopy = to examine the colon…(endoscope)

5. esophagoscopy = to examine the esophagus (endoscope)

6. gastroscopy = to examine the stomach (endoscope)

7. ultrasound = imaging of internal structures using sound waves.

D. GI Pathology Terms

1. anorexia = lack of appetite

2. ascites = abnormal amount of fluid within the abdomen

3. bloat = accumulation of gas in the stomach

4. borborygmas = GI sounds

5. cholecystitis = inflammation of the gall bladder

6. cirrhosis = disease that destroys the structure of the liver

7. colic = severe abdominal pain

8. colitis = inflammation of the colon

9. dental calculi = abnormal mineral deposits on teeth…(tartar)

10. diarrhea = abnormal frequency and liquid feces

11. dysphagia = difficult swallowing

12. dysentery = enteritis with abdominal pain and diarrhea

13. emesis = vomiting

14. nasogastric tube = tube placed through the nose to the stomach

15. emetic = drug that induces vomiting

16. anti-emetic = drug that prevents vomiting

17. enteritis = inflammation of the intestines

18. epulis = benign tumor of the gums

19. eructation = belching

20. eviscerate = remove or expose internal organs

a. ex: abdominal incision breaks open

20. lithiasis = suffix meaning stones

a. ex: urolith, enterolith, fecalith

21. flatulence = excess gas in GI tract

22. gastritis = inflammation of the stomach

23. gastroenteritis = inflammation of the stomach & intestines

24. gingival hyperplasia = overgrowth of gum tissue

25. gingivitis = inflammation of the gums

26. glossitis = inflammation of the tongue

27. hematemesis = vomiting blood

28. hepatitis = inflammation of the liver

29. hepatoma = tumor of the liver

30. hepatomegaly = enlarged liver

31. hyperglycemia = increased blood sugar

32. hypoglycemia = decreases blood sugar

33. incontinence = inability to control…ex: urinary incontinence

34. inguinal hernia = protrusion of bowel through inguinal canal in groin

35. intussusception = telescoping of one part of intestine into adjacent part.

a. secondary to GI irritation such as worms, enteritis

36. jaundice = yellow discoloration of skin & mm due to increased bilirubin

a. also called icterus or icteric

37. lethargy = condition of drowsiness or indifference

38. malabsorption = impaired uptake of nutrients from the GI tract.

39. malocclusion = abnormal contact between teeth

40. megacolon = abnormally large colon

41. melena = dark stools due to digested blood

42. nausea = sensation or urge to vomit

43. fistula = abnormal connection

a. ex: oronasal fistula, recto-vaginal fistula

44. peridontitis = inflammation of the tissue surrounding the teeth

45. pica = eating or licking abnormal substances

46. polydipsia = increased thirst or drinking

47. polyp = small growth on a mucus membrane

48. polyphagia = excessive eating or swallowing

49. prolapse = protrusion of tissue or viscera from its normal position

50. orifice = an opening into the body

51. scours = diarrhea in livestock

52. shunt = bypass

a. ex: turtles & tortoises have a renal-portal shunt

53. stenosis = narrowing of an opening

54. stomatitis = inflammation of the mouth

55. tenesmus = straining….ineffective attempt to urinate or defecate

56. torsion = twist

57. trichobezoar = hairball

58. ulcer = erosion of tissue

E. Procedures of the GI tract

1. abdominocentesis = to remove fluid from the abdomen

2. anastomosis = surgical connection between two hollow structures (gut)

3. antidiarrheal = meds to treat diaeehea

4. bolus = a single mass of a substance given rapidly

5. colostomy = to surgically create an opening between the colon and the body surface

6. drench = to give liquid meds orally and force the animal to drink

7. enterotomy = to make an incision into the intestine

8. gastropexy = surgical fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall

9. gastrotomy = surgical incision of the stomach

10. laparatomy = surgical incision into the abdomen

11. trocarization = insertion of a pointed instrument into a body cavity or organ. ( to decrease pressure usually )

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