Endocrinology - University of Massachusetts Boston



Endocrinology - Biology 317 & 319 - Lecture

|Fall 2010 |MWF 10:00-11:00 | S02-0065 |

|Dr. Kenneth Campbell |M – 3 - 322 |W 11:00 – 1:00 |

| |Syllabus | |

|Date |Day |Topic |Suggested Reading |

|These lectures introduce basic information about endocrine systems and their components. |

|09/08 |W |Chemical Communication Systems |H 1,5 |G 1 | |

|09/10 |F |Hormones & Receptors I |H 1,5 |G 1,2  | |

|09/13 |M |Hormones & Receptors II |H 1,5 |G 1,2 | |

|09/15 |W |Transduction & Effectors I |H 1,5 |G 1,2 | |

|09/17 |F |Transduction & Effectors II |H 1,5 |G 1,2 | |

|We move to examine how hormones produce their actions in target cells, the biochemical and cell physiological events that make up the several mechanisms|

|of hormone action.  We also consider how these events interact with the basic controls on cell division and growth and how these events may become |

|disrupted in cancer. |

|09/20 |M |Hormone Mechanisms I: cAMP, PIPs & Ca++ |H 1,5 |G 1,2 | |

|09/22 |W |Hormone Mechanisms II: RAS, Steroid Mechanisms, et al. |H 1,5 |G 1,2 | |

|The anatomical sources and targets of hormones are discussed and a few of the approaches for evaluating the qualtitative and quantitative properties of |

|hormones are covered. |

|09/24 |F |Anatomical Organization |H 2-4,6,7,12,13 |G 1,5,6,10,13,14 | |

|09/27 |M |Measurement Methodology |H 1 |G 4 | |

|09/29 |W |EXAM 1 | | | |

|Peptide and protein hormones are introduced in more detail including major sites of production of releasing and inhibiting factors controlling the |

|anterior pituitary cells, the products of those cells, and the feedback loops involved. |

|10/01 |F |Peptide and Protein Production |H 1 |G 1 | |

|10/04 |M |Hypothalamic Hormones |H 2-4,9,11-14 |G 1,5,6 | |

|10/06 |W |Oncogenes, Products & Cell Cycles I | |G 1,2,22,23 |M 1-5 |

|10/08 |F |Oncogenes, Products & Cell Cycles II | |G 1,2,22,23 |M 1-5 |

|10/11 |M |COLUMBUS DAY HOLIDAY |-- |-- | |

|10/13 |W |LH, FSH, TSH & hCG |H 2,3,12,13 |G 1,5,6 | |

|10/15 |F |GH, PRL, hPL & IGFs: I |H 2,11-14 |G 1,2,5-7 |C |

|10/18 |M |GH, PRL, hPL & IGFs: II |H 2,11-14 |G 1,2,5-7 |C |

|10/20 |W |POMC & ACTH |H 1,2,4,9 |G 1,5,10,11 | |

|Consideration now moves to the physiological and biochemical events involved in synthesis and control of the formation of steroids, the best known of |

|the small lipophilic hormones that play key roles in regulation of central metabolism, growth, and immune function (adrenal fasiculata and reticularis |

|steroids), salt and water balance and blood pressure control (adrenal glomerulosa steroids), and gonadal functions including gametogenesis and the |

|control of pregnancy and birth. |

|10/22 |F |Lipoproteins and Steroid Synthesis |H 4,12-14 |G 1,10,11,13,14,20 | |

|10/25 |M |Steroid Control Systems |H 4,12-14 |G 1,10,11,13,14,20 | |

|10/27 |W |EXAM II |-- |-- | |

|Coverage now moves to investigation of the critical role of the endocrine system in maintenance and regulation of the reproductive tract in both the |

|male and the female. Gamete production is examined with emphasis on both the similarities and the differences that exist between the mammalian sexes.  |

|Consequences of these comparisons and contrasts should be considered.  The endocrinology of pregnancy is covered along with major developmental |

|milestones such as fertilization, implantation, major organ formation, sex determination, and birth. The segment concludes with the endocrine controls |

|allowing support of the newborn (lactation) and development to the stage allowing reproduction (puberty). |

|10/29 |F |Meiosis and Gametogenesis |H 12,13 |G 13,14 | |

|11/01 |M |Testicular Physiology & Spermatogenesis |H 12 |G 13 | |

|11/03 |W |Ovarian Physiology & Oogenesis |H 13 |G 14 | |

|11/05 |F |The Female Cycle |H 13 |G 14 | |

|11/08 |M |Fertilization & Nidation |H 14 |G 13-15,17 | |

|11/10 |W |Maternal-Feto-Placental Unit |H 14 |G 17 | |

|11/12 |F |Pregnancy & Pregnancy Loss |H 14 |G 17 | |

|11/15 |M |Sex Determination |H 12 |G 13-15 | |

|11/17 |W |Parturition |H 14 |G 17 | |

|11/19 |F |Breast Physiology & Lactation |H 14 |G 17 | |

|11/22 |M |Puberty |H 12,13 |G 7,16 | |

|11/24 |W |Growth |H 2,11-14 |G 1,2,5-7 | |

|11/27 |F |THANKSGIVING HOLIDAY |-- |-- | |

|11/29 |M |EXAM III |-- |-- | |

|We now turn to consideration of other key endocrine control systems.  The role of the thyroid and the hormones formed in it in the processes of central |

|metabolism and development is covered first.  The cell anatomy of the thyroid, its regulation by pituitary hormones, and the cellular physiology/ |

|biochemistry involved in thyroid hormones is covered. |

|12/01 |W |Thyroid Hormones & Function I |H 2,3 |G 1,8 | |

|12/03 |F |Thyroid Hormones & Function II |H 2,3 |G 1,8 | |

|Next the endocrine pancreas is discussed along with its influence on central glucose metabolism.  In addition, we will examine the more diffuse |

|regulation of appetite involving several hypothalamic factors and the adipose and stomach derived protein and peptide hormones. |

|12/06 |M |Insulin, Glucagon & Diabetes |H 6-8 |G 18,19,21 | |

|12/08 |W |Leptin and Appetite Control |H 6-8 |G 18-21 | |

|Salt and water balance along with blood pressure control involving hormones and hormonally controlled enzymes from the adrenal cortex and the kidney |

|glomerulus complex, respectively, are discussed.  Peptide hormones from the heart atrium are introduced as counterbalances that help maintain |

|homeostasis in this important system. |

|12/10 |F |Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone & ANF |H 4,9 |G 10,11 | |

|We close with a discussion of the hormonal controls involved in maintaining calcium ion balance in blood and the associated impacts on calcium uptake |

|from the gut, reuptake from the urine, and storage or retrieval from bone.  Protein hormones from the parathyroid and thyroid glands are covered as well|

|as the biochemistry of synthesis and actions of the sterol-derived, small hormone calcitriol.  The cell anatomy and physiological changes in bone that |

|occur in response to these hormones are discussed. |

|12/13 |M |CT, PTH & Vitamin D, Bone Metabolism |H 10 |G 9 | |

|*Text chapters or readings: H = Goodman, G = Gardner & Shoback, M = McKinnel et al., C = Cohen & Cosgrove. |

Notes:

Grading:

1. Exams: 3 exams and a final; total of 500 pts. (Final = 200 pts., Highest 2 exams = 225 pts., Lowest exam = 75 pts. No exams are disregarded. No makeup exams. Exams are 70%-80% objective, 20%-30% essay.  The grade for a project (described below) may be substituted for the grade for the lowest exam.  All computations leading to the final grade will remain the same except for this possible substitution.

2. A project is not required but may be substituted for the lowest in-class exam score.  Projects must take the following form.  They will be submitted electronically as web-compatible, HTML, documents that describe a hormone that is not on the list of hormones to be studied this term and has not been described in prior years by other students.  The choice should be cleared with the instructor before proceeding as no duplications among students for this year (or previous years) will be allowed.  The hormone description should be detailed and should indicate: 1) the cellular source of the hormone; 2) its chemical nature; 3) its chemical structure; 4) its cellular target; 5) its physiological action; 6) its biochemical mode of action; 7) the physiological means by which it is controlled; 8) if it is not a protein, its synthetic path; 9) the timing of its action(s) with respect to developmental stage or temporal fluctuation; and, 10) its taxanomic representation and/or variation across species, including a listing of the hormone(s) most similar to it.  The information should be supported by a bibliography in a uniform, formal format with full citation of authors, article titles, journal or book source including volume numbers, publisher and city of publication (for books), editors (for books), and full page citation.  If hyperlinks are included, they must be active and should be cited in the bibliography as: author (or web master), date, complete URL including page, if numbers are used.  If figures or diagrams are adopted from another source, they must be modified and attributed to the original source as "after xxx" or "modified from xxx," or they can be linked as hyperlinks. These projects may become parts of the Endocrinology Web site and must abide by rules for copyright.  Hormones covered during the term include:

β-endorphin

γ-lipotropin

1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3

Acetylcholine

ACTH

Activin

AGRP

Aldosterone

Androstenedione ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) Angiotensin II Bradykinin

Calcitonin

CART

Cortisol

Corticosterone

Cortisone

CRH

DHEA

DHEAS

Deoxycorticosterone

Dihydrotestosterone Dopamine

EGF

Epinephrine

Estradiol

Estrone

Estriol

FSH

GABA

GH

Ghrelin

GHRH

Glucagon

hCG

hCS/hPL

IGF-I

IGF-II

IL-1

IL-2

IL-10

Inhibin

Insulin

Leptin

LH

LHRH

MIH/MIF/MIS/AMH

MSH

NGF

Norepinephrine

NPY

Oxytocin

Pancreatic polypeptide

PDGF

Progesterone

Prolactin

Prostaglandin E1

Prostaglandin E2

Prostaglandin F2α

PTH

Relaxin

Serotonin

Somatostatin

T3

T4 Testosterone

TRH

TSH

Vasopressin

 

Hormones that were subjects of previous reports and should not be repeated this year are:

β-EGF

abscisic acid

activin

adipokinetic hormone

adiponectin

adrenomedullin

amphiregulin

amylin

arg-vasotocin

atriopeptin (ANP)

BNP, brain natriuretic peptide

brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF

bombesin

brassinolide

CCK, cholecystokinin

dynorphin

ecdysterone

endothelin

enkephalins

enteroglucagon

erythropoietin

FGF, fibroblast growth factor FMFR-amide

gastric intestinal protein, GIP gastrin II

gibberellic acid, GA gonadotropin inhibitory factor, GnIH

hepcidin

histamine

human menopausal gonadotropin, HMG

IL-4, interleukin-4

IL-7, lymphopoietin-1

incretin

indole acetic acid (IAA)

jasmonic acid juvenile hormone, JH

LIF, leukocyte inhibitory factor

β-lipotropin

luteolin

melatonin

mesotocin

motilin

neuroregulin-1

nitric oxide

noggin obestatin

octopamine

orexin

osteocalcin

osteoprotegerin, OPG

platelet-derived growth factor, PDGF prostacyclin

protein YY, PYY(3-36) prothoracic hormone, PTTH

resistin

salicylic acid

secretin

substance P

thrombopoietin

thromboxane A-2

thymosine

thymulin

TNF-α

ubiquitin (ubiquitous immunopoietic polypeptide)

vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF

vitronectin

zeatin

  Projects ideas are due November 1, finished projects are due December 1.

Texts and Readings:

The assigned texts are:

1. Basic Medical Endocrinology, 4th Edition

By: H. Maurice Goodman .

ISBN: 978-0-12-373975-9

Copyright: 2009

Product Line: Academic Press

Companion Web Site:

~$65.00 (available in the UMB Bookstore).

2. Dictionary of Medical Terms: For the Nonmedical Person, 5th Edition

By: Mikel A. Rothenbery . Charles F. Chapman

ISBN-13: 978-0764134630

Copyright: 2006

Product Line: Barron's Educational Series

~$10.00 (available in the UMB Bookstore)

The recommended readings are:

The Biological Basis of Cancer, 2nd Edition

By: McKinnell, et al.

ISBN-13: 978-0521606332

Copyright: 2006

Product Line: Cambridge University Press

~$30 (available in the UMB Bookstore).

Normal at Any Cost: Tall Girls, Short Boys, and the Medical Industry’s Quest to Manipulate Height

By: Susan Cohen and Christine Cosgrove .

ISBN: 978-1-58542-683-6

Copyright: 2009

Product Line: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin

~$24 (available in the UMB Bookstore).

These texts were used last year but are still current. Other recommended backup references include Textbook of Endocrine Physiology, 5th Edition by James E. Griffin & Sergio R. Ojeda, ISBN: 0-19-516566-7, Copyright: 2004, Oxford University Press, Inc.;  Greenspan's Basic and Clinical Endocrinology, Gardner & Shoback, 8th Ed, ISBN: 978-0071440110, Copyright: 2007, McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange; Endocrine Physiology, 3rd Edition by Porterfield & White, ISBN-13: 978-0323036665, Copyright 2007, Mosby. Some of the older books are comprehensive and clinical in approach – we will not cover everything and you should concentrate on the nonclinical portions of assigned chapters.  The Cancer book provides an excellent description of current understanding of the cellular and molecular biology underlying cancer as well as the concepts that best describe this process. There is no perfect text for this course, most have coverage gaps or contain too little or too much material to fit into a one semester course.  The recent editions of other texts are reasonable alternates to the assigned texts if you have difficulty obtaining those listed.  Do not attempt to go through the course without a text and do not try to substitute a main text older than a 2006 publication.  If you choose among the texts listed you should have a suitable reference.  All should be available either new or used in local technical bookstores or from or other major booksellers. You only need the texts listed to serve as references during the course. 

Normal at Any Cost is written for a popular audience but provides a very provocative account of the history of growth hormone and the use of synthetic estrogens to control stature. Anyone thinking about entering medicine should read this to have an idea of an important aspect of applied endocrinology. The book is well-written with lots of historical flavor.  The book is included to enrich our discussions about pituitary hormones and to provide the basis for extra credit questions on Exams II, III and the Final.

Text readings are meant as a guide. Portions of chapters will be skipped or used at other times.  While there is a list of Readings for references in another area of this Website these have become dated over the years, even if they originally were my sources for lecture material. Due to copyright restrictions and the costs for copyright permissions, these are no longer held on reserve in the library.  Journals such as Science and Nature should be examined weekly for pertinent articles. It is also advisable to become familiar with the contents of other primary research journals such as Endocrinology, Biochemistry, Cell etc. Some volumes of Endocrine Reviews, Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, and Trends in Cell Biology are in the library. I will doubtless learn from what you've read!

Course Aims:

Endocrinology attempts to achieve the following general and specific objectives:

General --

1. To become more self reliant in acquiring and applying any new knowledge, scientific or otherwise, and less tied to traditional forms and sources such as "the classroom" and "the textbook."

2. To learn to integrate information from multiple levels of organization from chemical through inter-organismal in explaining physiological phenomena.

3. To learn how endocrine systems are important in each person's life, especially via the reproductive process from gametogenesis and the process of sex determination through the process of puberty and senescence.

Specific --

4. To begin to understand intercellular chemical communication.

5. To learn several specific examples of complex intercellular communication within higher organisms, especially mammals.

6. To acquire the background knowledge, understanding of basic feedback controls, and use of diagnostic testing to approach and resolve real world problems.

Course WebSite:

Much of Endocrinology at UMB is on the Web. We are also using many computerized versions of instructional figures and graphics in the classroom. Although we've tried to anticipate and work out many of the problems in computerizing this material, we expect we will continue to encounter some broken linkages so long as we connect to some materials via the Internet. The course URL at includes course and lab information like syllabi, a bibliography of readings, as many classroom notes and illustrations as possible, a link to the instructor's e-mail, and suggested links to other potentially interesting sites.  Your help and comments are solicited to allow us to upgrade and improve this site over the term. Tell us what's good and bad, what works, what doesn't. Thank you now for your input.

In addition, the main text provides copies of all figures as part of a companion website: . This will be used as a supplement to, not a substitute for the materials covered in lecture. Do not assume that looking at this material will provide adequate coverage to successfully take the course exams – do attend class as often as possible!

Academic Regulations:

All student performance and conduct in this class will be governed by University policies and regulations as given in the current Undergraduate Catalog and as posted at .  These include policies on attendance, conduct in the classroom, and plagiarism.  If you are not already familiar with these policies please read them so misunderstandings and problems are minimized.

Feedback:

In order for me to be a good instructor I need your help. If you have questions during lectures ask them; if I am going too fast, slow me down; if you have personal difficulties with the way I treat you or the subject in class, make an appointment to see me. Failure of students to ask questions results in lectures that are too didactic and that have gaps that may be apparent to other students (who usually have related questions) but not to the instructor. Since I have taught this course 25 times and do research in this area, some information that is routine for me is new to many in the lecture hall. Exactly what is new varies from class to class and student to student, I can only make educated guesses as to what information is redundant and what is not. I have also found that lecturing more rapidly is more effective at holding people's attention than is lecturing in a slow monotone. Copies of my lecture figures help to keep people listening to what I'm saying rather than acting as class stenographers. With respect to problems: the subject matter of this course includes many bodily functions including reproduction; by training and research area I am a biochemist and reproductive endocrinologist. Since human studies provide some of the best information in this area of physiology, it is virtually impossible to teach this material without some discussion of human procreation. Unfortunately, some individuals find inclusion of this material offensive or draw subjective inferences from what are meant as objective lectures. If such topics form an insurmountable obstacle for you, you would be best advised to discuss the problem with me and/or to take an alternative course. A failure to discuss problems, of any sort related to the course, with the instructor prevents both identification of that problem and its resolution. Continuation of such situations impedes the student's ability to learn and achieve and leads to negative comments on Student Evaluation Forms that are unfair to the instructor. Let's resolve problems early. Thank you for your cooperation, and good luck with the course.

Disabilities:

If you have a disability and feel you will need accommodations in order to complete course requirements, please contact the Ross Center for Disability Services (M-1-401) at (617) 287-7430.

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© 2010 Kenneth L. Campbell

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