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?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????Hanadataha1@???? "??????? ????????? ???????"?????:????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????. ??? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? (????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????) ??? ?????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 2003 ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????: 1) ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????2) ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??????. ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????. ?? ??? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????. ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????????? ?? (????? ??????? 2009). ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????. ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? (???? 2014? ?????? 2010). ???? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? 98% ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? 90% ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? (????? ?????? 2014? ?????? 2010). ????? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ???????? (????? ?????????? 2014). ????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? 1970 ??? 201019701980199020002010Increase (%)1970-2010Middle East / North Africa2.13.34.86.17.2239.0East Asia / Pacific3.95.05.96.77.695.7Europe 6.07.48.59.510.066.5Latin America / Caribbean4.45.56.57.48.489.2South Asia2.43.03.84.75.9145.6Sub-Saharan Africa1.92.73.74.55.4180.4OECD7.58.69.310.210.944.8Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics database???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? 2001/2 ??? 2010/11Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics database????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? 2001/2 ??? 2010/11 Source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics database??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? (????) ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? 2007 ?2012 ??? ???????? ??????? (?????) ????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? 2006 ? 2011 ??? ???? ??? ?????? (????) ???? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? 2006 ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????? (?? ?? ?? ?? 2013? 2010? ?????? 2010? ?????? ????? ???? 2009? ????? 2012? ? ?). ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? 55 ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????.???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? 2011-2012Country PrimaryLower SecondaryNumeracyLiteracyNumeracyLiteracyBahrain33-47-Jordan--4551Kuwait70---Lebanon--27-Morocco747964-Oman545361-Palestine--48-Qatar45404657Saudia Arabia453553-Syria--57-Tunisia 65-3949UAE36362736Yemen 91---Source: Calculations based on PIRLS 2011(primary literacy), TIMSS 2011 (primary and secondary numeracy), and PISA 2012 (secondary literacy) data (Mullis et al. 2012a, 2012b, OECD 2013).???? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? (?????? ?????????) ??????? 2011-2012-1425893835025% of Students Not Meeting Basic Learning Level020000% of Students Not Meeting Basic Learning LevelSource: Calculations based on PIRLS (literacy) and TIMMS (Numeracy) data (Mullis et al. 2012a, 2012b).?? ??? 2006 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? 2006 ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (?????? ????? ?????? ????????) ????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? 2006. ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? 500. ???? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ????? ???? 2006 ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????.???? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? (?????? ?????????) ??????? ?? 2006/7 ??? 2011-1441766689928% of Students Not Meeting Basic Learning Level020000% of Students Not Meeting Basic Learning LevelSource: Calculations based on PIRLS (literacy) and TIMMS (numeracy) data (OECD, 2013. Mullis et al. 2012a, 2012b).*Data for 2006/7 cover Dubai only while data for 2011 cover the whole country ??? ????? ?????? ???????? 2012? ??? ?? ????? ??? 90% ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? 60% ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?????.??? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? 2011/2012 Source: UNESCO Statistics Database & PISA Literacy & TIMMS data (OECD 2013; Mullis et al 2012a).??? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????.???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? 90 ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? 4 ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????. 1.8 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ? 600,000 ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? 2006 ??? 533 ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? 26748 ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? 334 ????? ?????? ????? 1904 ????. ??? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? (?? ?? ?? ?? 2003 ?2009). ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? 2006 ?? ???? ??? ???????Sex and region/country/economyAll fieldsAll S&E fieldsPhysical/ biological sciencesMathematics/ computer sciencesAgricultural sciencesSocial/ behavioral sciencesEngineeringNon-S&EMale????????Asia851,558504,41939,27142,89015,709190,714215,835347,139Bangladesh (2003)119,53251,10313,8614,7091,22330,53277868,429Brunei29621340140275Cambodia6,1982,026791,0823121873664,172Japana318,812252,56114,274NA9,136143,64785,50466,251Kyrgyzstan13,9523,400867911538391,53110,552Laos1,77341500131622221,358Mongolia7,6712,9072753471656921,4284,764Philippines (2004)142,10249,250011,25404,72833,26892,852South Korea137,82777,3837,1169,5232,3147,34151,08960,444Taiwan103,39565,3533,57715,1802,2752,67241,64938,042Middle East324,762130,80315,15116,29312,81429,23057,315193,959Bahrain58214655301177436Iran96,28748,2895,7142,9757,9946,71724,88947,998Iraq (2004)33,0218,2037256807993395,66024,818Israel21,0694,5160016204,35416,553Jordan18,6108,9839233,3285158933,3249,627Lebanon11,0604,257438900567862,0776,803Oman3,6641,069197472771032202,595Palestine7,2702,716127616341,1338064,554Saudi Arabia23,5388,0051,9793,3351796431,86915,533Turkey109,66144,6195,0433,9342,99818,60514,03965,042Africa123,46143,8086,7856,7804,06313,45812,72279,653Algeria34,72312,3351,5291,7553894,2694,39322,388Burundi (2004)504163062404912341Eritrea (2004)1,07445067729413780624Ethiopia22,5666,8971,1809111,9738571,97615,669Gambia (2004)40286860000316Madagascar3,6431,06433211249544272,579Mauritius1,0815197175958306562Morocco16,2435,8801,3705982852,5251,10210,363Mozambique (2005)2,522899651661303881501,623South Africa34,32413,2721,8302,9237553,6304,13421,052Swaziland84714431077324703Uganda (2004)5,5322,0992241062629695383,433Europe763,465360,41148,33774,72311,19159,640166,530403,054Austria11,1135,7266571,658747192,6185,387Belgium11,8355,7556821,0872369882,7626,080Denmark11,1314,181311654397882,3896,950Finland13,8768,8634301,2673885466,2325,013France128,19459,6359,08312,2531,3827,13729,78068,559Germany115,98356,7577,86113,8651,3947,17226,46559,226Greece (2005)15,1828,4341,9761,9864231,6652,3846,748Hungary18,6246,6843412,3337365922,68211,940Iceland86633956691675123527Ireland (2004)10,6724,7968301,5711273031,9655,876Italy114,52955,2205,1403,9822,27912,36531,45459,309Netherlands41,89316,8777194,3975874,6306,54425,016Norway9,4403,649163827839821,5945,791Portugal16,8279,4768522,1192911,5764,6387,351Spain75,97336,2902,9117,7362,0584,22219,36339,683Sweden16,6789,3526191,2561091,2246,1447,326Switzerland12,4795,3978969631098562,5737,082United Kingdomb (2007)138,17062,98014,81016,70086013,80016,82075,190Central/Eastern Europe272,307120,4618,31020,1126,96322,08062,996151,846Albania (2003)1,387363718164211531,024Armenia6,052570008304875,482Bulgaria (2005)17,0177,5303845652522,3274,0029,487Croatia 4,5651,806164256179961,1112,759Czech Republic19,97710,5136311,7037847016,6949,464Estonia2,0821,035120262791534211,047Georgia13,5734,256401126579723,0789,317Latvia6,5452,278102537825849734,267Lithuania9,9904,9092921,0432045052,8655,081Macedonia (2005)1,7997276976104314471,072Poland109,41955,0833,91613,2322,18112,34023,41454,336Romania65,16324,9471,7101,1641,6424,46115,97040,216Slovak Republic12,0285,2584419765644122,8656,770Slovenia2,7101,18673154663775161,524North/Central America928,237343,57447,88471,68912,524104,922106,555584,663Belize (2004)5373400046Canada67,85729,0283,9005,7694659,4329,46238,829Costa Rica4,1921,7641335281662237142,428Cuba 53,3762,4612192592924041,28750,915El Salvador 4,2521,113572091001296183,139Guatemala4,2771,000360106538053,277Mexico152,34968,4823,75417,9532,9146,04337,81883,867Panama5,3221,6908747183879623,632United States636,559238,02939,69546,4968,39888,55154,889398,530South America346,41896,76010,52920,5147,41314,10644,198249,658Argentina (2005)35,56010,3471,0392,2101,1592,3133,62625,213Brazil (2005)246,13760,0928,84916,1174,6978,30222,127186,045Chile22,69511,1275621,1548913,2615,25911,568Colombia39,34414,2200850566012,80425,124Guyana2208494161936136Uruguay2,46289070179842113461,572Oceania82,32833,2865,65111,4937714,69410,67749,042Australia70,03428,3404,7639,9425683,7839,28441,694New Zealand12,2944,9468881,5512039111,3937,348 Source: ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? (?????????? 1994? ??????? ????? ???? 2002? ?????????? ????????? 2004? ?????? 2010 ? 2005). ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????? (???? ??????? 2002). ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? (????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????) ???? ????? ??????? 2014 ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? (??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? 39? 56 ?59 ?????) ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? (??????? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? 31? 33 ? 35 ?????). ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ??? 48% ????? ?????? ?? 36% ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? 35% ????? ?? 12% ?????? ?????????.???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? 2008-2011Participation Rates Arab WorldEast AsiaEurope and Central AsiaSouth AsiaLatin American and CaribbeanTotal labor force participation rate51.877.759.359.370.6Female participation rate24.173.461.933.357.8Female unemployment rate 19.3…94.49.7Source: World Bank World Development Indicators Database, 2008-2011???? ????? ?????? 2010CountryYouthMaleFemaleArabEgypt24.814.754.1Tunisia29.427.832.7Algeria21.518.737.6Syria20.416.443.5Saudi Arabia30.023.554.8Bahrain5.02.511.6Qatar1.20.57.0ComparatorIndonesia21.421.022.0Malaysia11.411.012.0Brazil17.813.823.1South Africa50.547.254.6Source: World Bank World Development Indicators Database, 2008-2011?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? (???? 2000? ????????? ????????? 2004? ??? 2000? ?????? 2010) ??? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? (???? 2012). ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? 2013 ????? ?? 40% ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????. ???????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (????? ?????? 2004? ??????? 2008? ?? ?? ?? ?? 2009 ? 2013) ??? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? (????? ??????? 2013). ????????? ???? ??? ???? 250 ????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ???? 3.1 ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? 56% ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? 48% ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???????? (?????? 2012). ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????. ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? 2014. ?? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? 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