June 2012 Gender Equity in Education - US Department of ...
June 2012
Gender Equity in Education
A Data Snapshot
This data snapshot highlights several differences in educational opportunities between males and females from prekindergarten
Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC)
through higher education. The information herein, gathered from a variety of education data sources, shows that--despite the enormous progress made in ensuring equal educational opportunities since the passage of Title IX in 1972--much work remains if we are to achieve
full gender equity among our nation's students.
Explore equity and educational opportunities for boys and girls in elementary and secondary schools across the nation with new data from the 2009 CRDC.
To access the new CRDC data for
The U.S. Census Bureau's data on the percentage of young children
schools in the sample, visit: .
participating in preschool programs offers insights into gender
For the 2011-12 school year, the
differences in access to educational programs in the early years. The Civil Rights Data Collection (CRDC), transformed last
CRDC will be conducted universally to include every school in the nation.
year, now captures more elementary and secondary data on
*CRDC data in this document, while covering about 85%
educational access and opportunities for boys and girls than ever
of the nation's public school students, are not intended to be an estimation of national data.
before. The newly revamped CRDC reveals girls' advances in
particular science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) courses, while shedding light on continuing
disparities in access to important courses like physics and AP math. The new CRDC data also provide a lens on
school climate and on the bullying and sexual harassment girls and boys too often endure. The National Center
for Education Statistics (NCES) provides insights into closing of gaps in postsecondary enrollment and degree
attainment while also highlighting important gaps in STEM fields. And data reported to the Office of Vocational
and Adult Education at the U.S. Department of Education reveal gender disparities in programs related to
particular career pathways.
Demographics
Prekindergarten
A snapshot of 2009-10 NCES data shows the composition of students enrolled in prekindergarten.
? Girls represent 46% of the 1.1 million students
enrolled in prekindergarten.
? Data from the U.S. Census Bureau also shows
that, in October 2010, 38% of 3-, 4- or 5-year-old males participated in nursery school programs, compared to 36% of girls of the same age.
Elementary and Secondary Education
Girls represent 49% of students in elementary and secondary education.
Enrollment by Gender: Prekindergarten to Postsecondary
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
54%
51%
46%
49%
Prekindergarten Elementary and Secondary Education
43%
57% Postsecondary
Higher Education
Source: Common Core of Data, 2009-10; Digest of Education Statistics, Table 198
57% of students in postsecondary education are women.
Male Female
Gifted & Talented Education
Since 1976, girls enrolled in gifted and talented education programs have outnumbered boys enrolled.
? In 2009, 8.1% of girls participated in gifted and talented education programs, compared to 7.4% of boys.
OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 1
June 2012
Gender Equity in Education
Student Retention
Retention by Grade Level
Girls are less likely than boys to be held back one year. Girls represented 39% of students retained across all grade levels and only 36% of middle school students (grades 6-8) retained in 2009-10.
Algebra I
Algebra I Enrollment by Grade Level
Boys
Girls
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
Retention by Grade Level
61%
59%
64%
61%
39%
41%
36%
39%
All Grades Elementary Middle School High School School
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
Boys Girls
Algebra I Enrollment by Grade Level and Gender
30% of the girls taking Algebra I did so in grades 7 or 8, compared to 27% of boys. A greater percentage of the girls in 7th or
8th grade (20%) are taking Algebra I compared to boys (18%).
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
Algebra I Pass Rates (Grades 7 or
Algebra I Pass Rates: Grades 7 or 8
8) by Race and Gender
The data reveal that students who take
100% 80%
85% 83%
82% 78%
81% 77%
87% 85%
algebra in earlier grades pass the course 60%
Girls
at high rates.
40%
The CRDC shows that girls of
20%
Boys
every race/ethnicity are passing
0%
at a higher rate than their male
All
Black
Hispanic
White
peers.
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
High School Science Courses
Enrollment in Science Courses
Enrollment in Science Courses
by Gender
100%
Girls are evenly represented in biology and outnumber boys in
80%
51%
60%
chemistry, but are underrepresented
40%
50%
49%
54%
Boys
in physics.
20%
49%
50%
52%
46%
Girls
0%
Enrollment
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 2
June 2012
Gender Equity in Education
High School Math Courses
Enrollment in Mathematics Courses
Enrollment in Math Courses by Gender
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0%
51%
49% Enrollment
50%
50% Geometry
49%
51% Algebra II
51%
49% Calculus
Girls are equitably represented in rigorous
high school math courses.
Boys
Across the CRDC sample:
Girls
? 1.4 million girls are enrolled in geometry. ? 1.1 million girls are enrolled in Algebra II.
? 200,000 girls are enrolled in calculus.
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
Advanced Placement (AP) Access and Success
AP Enrollment by Gender
230,000 AP Mathematics: Trends in Course Taking
Girls outnumber boys in enrollment in AP science, AP foreign languages, and several other AP subjects.
In AP mathematics (calculus and statistics), however, boys have consistently outnumbered girls by up to 10,000 students.
210,000 190,000 170,000 150,000
2000 2002 2004 2006 2009
Girls Boys
AP Test-Passing
80%
60%
55% 60%
60% 64%
40%
30% 32%
20%
0% All
Black
White
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
Career and Technical
Education
Despite women's gains in some nontraditional fields as a whole, the rate of female enrollment in certain career clusters remains at persistently low levels.
? In 2009-2010, females made up less
than 25% of participants in science, technology, engineering, and math programs nationally. (21% at the secondary level and 24% at the postsecondary level).
*Dotted lines represent the preliminary 2009 national estimates for AP mathematics enrollment. Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10.
AP Test-Passing by Gender and Race
Boys take AP tests and pass AP tests at a higher rate
than girls. In fact, 73% of boys enrolled in an AP
Girls
course took an AP exam, compared to 70% of girls.
Boys
60% of boys passed an AP exam, compared to 55% of girls.
Both white and African-American girls are passing
AP tests at a lower rate than male peers.
Secondary and Postsecondary Female Enrollment by Career Cluster
Education & Training Health Science
Marketing & Sales Information Technology
STEM
76.8% 77.7% 73.3% 81.6% 53.4% 60.7% 40.8% 27.1% 21.1% 23.9%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Secondary Postsecondary
Source: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Vocational and Adult Education, 2009-10
OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 3
June 2012
Gender Equity in Education
Postsecondary Education
Enrollment
Data from the Digest of Education Statistics reveal that in1972 females represented 43.1% of fall enrollment in degree-granting institutions, compared to 57.0% in 2010.
Postsecondary Degree Attainment
Percent of Degrees Conferred to Females
In 2009-10, females represented 57.4% of students receiving a bachelor's degree and 62.6% of students receiving a master's degree.
70.0% 60.0% 50.0%
62.0%
57.4%
62.6%
53.3%
Degrees and Certificates in STEM Fields
40.0% 30.0%
Between 2000-01 and 2008-09, the number of degrees and certificates awarded in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) fields to women at degree-granting
20.0% 10.0%
0.0%
Associate's Bachelor's
Master's
Doctorate
institutions increased by 5.9 percent. However,
Source: Condition of Education, Table A-47-2
in 2008-09, 31.0% of the degrees and certificates in STEM fields were earned by women.
2009-10
School Climate
Discipline Rates by Race and Gender ? Girls of all races are suspended out-of-school
at lower rates than boys of the same race.
? However, African-American girls are
suspended at higher rates than Latino, Asian/Pacific Islander and white boys.
Bullying and Harassment
Out-of-school Suspensions by Race and Gender
25%
20%
20%
15% 12% 10%
9% 7%
5%
3%
0%
Males
11%
6% 1%
4% 3%
Females
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10
American Ind. Asian/Pacific Isl. Black Hispanic White
? Girls represented 55% of the nearly 62,000 students in the sample reported to have been bullied or
harassed on the basis of sex.
? Boys represented 79.6% of the 92,000 students in the sample disciplined for bullying or harassment on the
basis of sex.
High School Sports
? Across the CRDC sample, girls represented 42% of the
School
Interscholastic
interscholastic athletics participants and 49% of enrollment in
Enrollment
Athletics Participants
schools.
o 35% of the schools offering interscholastic athletics
reported a gap of 10 percentage points or more between the percentage of girls enrolled and the percentage of athletes who are girls.
49% 51%
Fe4m2%ales 58% Males
Girls Boys
o 7% of the schools offering interscholastic athletics
reported a gap of 20 percentage points or more.
Source: Civil Rights Data Collection, 2009-10
? Of the over 10,000 schools in the CRDC sample that offer
single-sex interscholastic athletics, 57% offered fewer athletic teams for girls than boys.
DATA NOTES ABOUT THE CRDC ANALYSIS PRESENTED ARE AVAILABLE AT WWW.OCR/DOCS/GENDER-EQUITY-IN-EDUCATION-DATANOTES.PDF. PLEASE CONTACT OCRDATA@ TO REQUEST THE FULL CRDC DATASET.
OFFICE FOR CIVIL RIGHTS
4
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
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