Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States ...

Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-20 Countries: 2015

December 2015

NCES 2016-100

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-20 Countries: 2015

DECEMBER 2015

Maria Stephens Laura K. Warren Ariana L. Harner American Institutes for Research Eugene Owen Project Officer National Center for Education Statistics

NCES 2016-100

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION

U.S. Department of Education Arne Duncan Secretary

Institute of Education Sciences Ruth Neild Deputy Director for Policy and Research Delegated Duties of the Director

National Center for Education Statistics Peggy G. Carr Acting Commissioner

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) is the primary federal entity for collecting, analyzing, and reporting data related to education in the United States and other nations. It fulfills a congressional mandate to collect, collate, analyze, and report full and complete statistics on the condition of education in the United States; conduct and publish reports and specialized analyses of the meaning and significance of such statistics; assist state and local education agencies in improving their statistical systems; and review and report on education activities in foreign countries.

NCES activities are designed to address high-priority education data needs; provide consistent, reliable, complete, and accurate indicators of education status and trends; and report timely, useful, and high-quality data to the U.S. Department of Education, the Congress, the states, other education policymakers, practitioners, data users, and the general public. Unless specifically noted, all information contained herein is in the public domain.

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December 2015

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Suggested Citation Stephens, M., Warren, L.K., and Harner, A.L. (2015). Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-20 Countries: 2015 (NCES 2016-100). U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office

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SUMMARY

Introduction

Comparative Indicators of Education in the United States and Other G-20 Countries: 2015 is a comparison of the education system in the United States with those in the other Group of 20 (G-20) countries: Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Mexico, the Republic of Korea, the Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. (We do not show data for the European Union, although it is included in the G-20, since it is a political entity that represents a number of countries, not a single education system.) The G-20 countries, which are among the most economically developed, represent 85 percent of the world's economy and two-thirds of its population. These countries are some of the United States' largest economic partners.

The report draws on the most current information about eduation from the International Indicators of Education Systems (INES) project at the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), as reported in the Education at a Glance series, as well as international assessments that range from grade 4 through adulthood. These international assessments include the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS), which assesses fourth-graders in reading; the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), which assesses fourth- and eighth-graders in mathematics and science; the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), which assesses 15-year-old students (regardless of grade) in mathematics, reading, science, and, occasionally, other subjects; and the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), which assesses adults, ages 16 to 65, in literacy, numeracy, and problem solving in technology-rich environments.

The Comparative Indicators of Education report series has been published on a biennial basis since it began in 2002, although this year's is the first to expand its focus to the G-20 countries, having previously been focused on the G-8 countries. Please note that many of the report's indicators do not contain data for the complete set of G-20 countries. Data are not reported when a country does not participate in a study or when its data do not meet reporting standards for a study.

The main fi dings of this report are summarized below. These highlights are organized around the five major sections of the report--population and school enrollment; academic performance; contexts for learning; expenditure for education; and education returns: educational attainment and income.

Population and School Enrollment

The four indicators in this section primarily draw on data from the OECD's Education at a Glance 2013: OECD Indicators.

School-Age Population

In the United States in 2012, there were 106.2 million 5- to 29-year-olds, representing 34 percent of the total population. Although students outside this age range enroll in school this is called the school-age population for purposes of comparison. In the other G-20 countries, the school-age population ranged from 25 percent of the total population in Italy and Japan to 50 percent in Saudi Arabia and South Africa. Eleven countries experienced growth in the population of 5- to 29-year-olds from 2002 to 2012, including the United States, with a gain of 5 percentage points. However, as a percentage of the total population, 5- to 29-year-olds declined in the United States and all other reporting G-20 countries (indicator 1).

Enrollment in Formal Education

In France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, the percentage of 3- to 4-year-olds enrolled in preprimary or primary education programs in 2011 was above 90 percent, whereas in the United States, the rate was 64 percent. In the United States, it was not until age 6 that at least 90 percent of the population was enrolled in formal education. G-20 countries with enrollment rates below 20 percent among 3- to 4-year-olds included Indonesia and Turkey. In all G-20 countries except France and Italy, a higher percentage of 3- to 4-year-olds were enrolled in 2011 than in 2001. Among 5- to 14-year-olds, all reporting G-20 countries had universal or near universal (more than 90 percent) school participation in 2011. At ages 15?19, participation rates again varied--from 34 percent in China to 92 percent in Germany, with U.S. participation at 80 percent--which may reflect different policies regarding the age at which compulsory education ends. In the United States and four other countries, compulsory education ends at age 17. In 11 countries, compulsory education ends when students are between ages 11 and 16. In Germany, attendance is required until 18 (the highest of the G-20 countries). There were few changes in enrollment rates between 2001 and 2011 among 5- to 14-year-olds or 15- to 19-year-olds in the G-20 countries (indicators 2 and 3).

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