The New Republic
An Emerging World Power
The Roots of Imperialism
Causes of Imperialism
European nations added
colonies in Africa and Asia.
Following European success,
Japan and the United States
began to consider the benefits of imperialism.
One of the main reasons for the rush to grab colonies was need for natural resources. In contrast to other world powers, the resource-rich U.S. needed markets for all of their excess production.
Farmers and factory owners could sell their excess commodities overseas. Otherwise, they warned, American factories would close and unemployment would rise.
Alfred T. Mahan encouraged the U.S. to build new ships to
compete with other nations. To expand and protect their interests
around the world, imperialist nations built up their military strength.
Mahan argued that the United States needed a modern fleet and
foreign bases to be able to protect their interests around the world.
Historical Significance: By 1900, the U.S. had
the third largest navy in the world.
Imperialists around the world used the ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism. Social Darwinist felt that
certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore were destined to be rule over inferior peoples and cultures.
Many wanted to introduce Christianity and
“civilization” to others, particularly in
China, where the movement was strongest.
This idea fostered a paternalistic view – one that saw the
U.S. as a parent supervising weaker, less “developed” peoples.
Beneath the surface of Social Darwinism & The Missionary Spirit lie nationalism, racism, and a strong sense of cultural superiority.
First Steps Toward World Power
In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of warships to Japan, who had closed off its ports to the rest of the world (isolationism). Within a year, Perry negotiated a treaty that opened Japan to trade with the Americans.
Historical Significance: Perry’s journey set a precedent for further expansion across the Pacific Ocean.
In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought
Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Journalists
scoffed at the purchase of Alaska as “Seward’s Folly” and
“Seward’s Icebox.”
Seward’s purchase almost doubled the country’s size & the “icebox”
turned out to be rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources.
In 1867 the island of Midway was taken without question. These islands are in the Pacific Ocean & could be used for refueling naval ships and as a
military location.
Hawaii had been linked economically to the United States for over a century. Queen Liliuokalani resented the increasing power of the white
planters, who owned much of the Hawaiian land.
In 1893, with the backing of U.S. officials, planters (Americans) responded quickly and forcefully. The Queen was overthrown with the help of the United States Marines. Hawaii is later annexed by the U.S.
Historical Significance: U.S. wanted Hawaii because it would be
useful as a refueling point and for a naval base in the Pacific Ocean.
|Seward’s Folly |In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia. |
| | |
|Midway Islands |Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands to use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific. |
| | |
|Latin America, Hawaii, and Asia |The U.S. signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America. |
| |U.S. policy would expand into the Philippines and negotiate trade treaties. |
An Emerging World Power
The Spanish American War
Causes of the War
Cuba was a colony of Spain, but lies just 90 miles off of the coast of
Florida. American entrepreneurs had been investing millions of
dollars into Cuba’s sugar cane plantations. The island of Cuba
was very unstable. Cubans repeatedly rebelled against Spanish rule.
In 1895, Jose Marti (exiled in NY) launched a revolution. Martí used
an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroyed property,
especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations.
Marti counted on U.S. intervention to help the rebels achieve a free Cuba. The U.S. was split on who to support.
Valeriano Weyler was sent by Spain to end the rebellion. “Weyler the
Butcher” put 300,00 Cubans in concentration camps, where thousands died from hunger and disease. These acts led to “Yellow Journalism”.
Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) owned rival newspapers. Pulitzer and Hearst employed the use of “Yellow Journalism” to increase the sales of newspapers.
Enrique Dupuy de Lôme was a Spanish minister to the United States. de Lôme wrote the letter criticizing McKinley, but it was stolen by a Cuban rebel and leaked to newspaper. The Spanish government was
embarrassed and Americans were angry over the insult to their President.
The U.S.S. Maine was sent by President McKinley to rescue U.S. citizens threatened by the revolution in
Cuba. The U.S.S. Maine blew up in Havana’s harbor.
The Yellow Press quickly accused Spain of blowing up
the battleship. In Apr. 1898 McKinley asks for Congress to
approve the use of force with Spain. On April 20th, the
U.S. declares war on Spain.
U.S. Troops Battle the Spanish
George Dewey opens fire on the Spanish fleet in Manila
on April 30th. Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo helped
on land along with 15,000 Americans. The Spanish
surrendered in August to rebels.
Admiral William T. Sampson conducted a blockade of Cuba’s ports and sealed in the Spanish fleet. The U.S. land forces were unprepared to fight. (Weapons, Leaders, Guns, Weather)
Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders
Roosevelt resigned as Asst. Secretary of the Navy to lead the
group of volunteers. The Rough Riders and Roosevelt gained
fame for two major battles, Kettle and San Juan.
The Rough Riders were joined by African American soldiers from the
Ninth and Tenth Cavalries. The Spanish Fleet tried to leave, but
were surrendered and Spain surrendered.
Effects of the War
|The Treaty of Paris, |With Spain’s defeat their government recognized Cuba’s independence. |
|1898 |Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. in return for $20 million. |
| |The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the U.S. |
| |Pres. McKinley installed a military government to protect U.S. business interests. |
An Emerging World Power
The U.S. & East Asia
Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule
U.S. Pursues Interests in China
China was the “Sick Man of Asia” during this time period in history. Rather than compete for Chinese trade, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia carved China into distinct spheres of influences. The United States wanted to get in on the money, so John Hay (Roosevelt’s Secretary of State) issues the Open Door Notes.
Spheres of Influences – A region dominated and controlled by an outside power.
Many Chinese were not happy with world powers taking advantage of their country. Over time anger exploded into an outright rebellion against the “foreign devils.”
Many formed a secret society named Boxers. They organized a rebellion and target non-Chinese.
**(They do not want foreigners in their country anymore.)
John Hay issues the Open Door Policy
which established that the U.S. did not
want colonies in China; it just wanted
free trade there.
An Emerging World Power
The U.S. & Latin America
U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico & Cuba
Protectorate – A country whose affairs
are partially controlled by a stronger power.
Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Roosevelt developed a broad policy for U.S. action in
Latin America. Historians have called this
Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy since it depended
on a strong military to achieve America’s goals.
Roosevelt believed that the U.S. was a special nation
with a moral responsibility to “civilize” weaker nations.
A French company tried to build a canal through Panama, but was unsuccessful. In 1903, the U.S. government bought the Panama route for $40 million, but the U.S. needed consent from the Columbian government.
At this time, Panama was part of independent Columbia. Columbia demanded more money than what the United States was willing to provide.
Roosevelt sent U.S. warships to the waters off Panama to support a
Panamanian rebellion against Columbia. The appearance of the U.S.
Navy convinced the Colombians not to suppress the uprising.
Panama soon declared its independence from Columbia. The new nation immediately granted America control over the
“Canal Zone” U.S. agreed to pay Panama $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000.
5,000 of the 35,000 workers that helped dig the
Panama Canal did not survive. These workers
died from accidents and tropical diseases
(yellow fever and malaria).
Roosevelt Corollary
Many Latin American countries owed debts to European countries, so Europe began to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. President Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary, which updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of economic imperialism.
The U.S. would assume the role of police power, restoring order and depriving creditors of the excuse to intervene.
Taft Switches to Dollar Diplomacy
Taft kept Roosevelt’s policies, but wanted
to achieve these by relying less on the
“big stick” and more on “dollar diplomacy.”
He looked to substitute dollars for bullets. The policy was
meant to increase investment into plantations, mines, oil wells,
railways, etc.
Wilson & Moral Diplomacy
Woodrow Wilson took U.S. foreign policy into a new direction. He promised that the U.S. would “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” but would instead work to promote
“human rights, national integrity, and opportunity.”
Wilson would eventually have greater concerns and would shift the country’s focus to a large-scale war in Europe.
-----------------------
Cuba
After the War, the U.S. remained in Cuba and acted much like Spain.
BUT, the U.S. gave aid, land, and improvements.
Why did we want to stay? SUGAR!!
Platt Amendment – added to the Cuban Constitution
1. Cuba could not make treaties to limit independence.
2. U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba
3. Cuba could not go into debt.
4. U.S. could put in a naval base
*Country became a Protectorate*
Puerto Rico
No promises were made.
Military controlled until Congress could.
Foraker Act – Ended military rule and set up a civil government. President could appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and members of the upper house.
Insular Cases – Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not apply, but granted
citizenship and the power to elect officials in both houses.
+Philippines were already independent.
+Some said treaty violated Declaration of Independence. (Denying self government)
+Booker T. Washington believe that the U.S. and should solve race relations in U.S. first.
+Samuel Gompers was afraid that Filipinos would compete for jobs.
+Filipinos Rebel! -- Upset at Treaty of Paris
+
Rose to a revolt because of the empty promises by the U.S.
Led by: Emilio Aquinaldo
+
Casualties: 20,000 Filipinos Military Dead
200,000 Filipino Civilians Dead (Cholera)
4,000 Americans
+
War Cost: $400 million (20 times the price of purchasing the island)
Open Door Policy
Boxer Rebellion
Effects
U.S. defeats Spain in
less than 4 months.
Spain recognizes Cuba’s
independence. U.S. begins to
control Cuban politics & economy.
Puerto Rico, Philippines, & Guam become U.S. territories.
U.S. is recognized
as a world power.
Causes
U.S. wants to expand
in Latin America & Pacific.
In Cuba & Philippines, people rebel against Spanish rule.
Demands for involvement
from American expansionists & newspapers.
Explosion sinks American battleship U.S.S. Maine in Cuban harbor. Cause of explosion is unknown,
but angry Americans blame Spain.
War in Cuba
War in the Philippines
U.S.S. Maine
de Lôme Letter
Yellow Journalism – The use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers.
Hawaii
Midway Islands
Alaska
The Missionary Spirit
Social Darwinism
Imperialism – The policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories.
Panama Canal
Historical Significance: The triumph over Spain and U.S. actions in Asia and Latin America demonstrated that America had
emerged as a world power.
World War I
would test this new global strength.
[pic]
Remember me? The US lied! Now I will fight them!
What did I say about doing stuff like this?
Stay out of foreign affairs.
[pic]
William Hearst
Joseph Pulitzer
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