The New Republic



An Emerging World Power

The Roots of Imperialism

Causes of Imperialism

European nations added

colonies in Africa and Asia.

Following European success,

Japan and the United States

began to consider the benefits of imperialism.

One of the main reasons for the rush to grab colonies was need for natural resources. In contrast to other world powers, the resource-rich U.S. needed markets for all of their excess production.

Farmers and factory owners could sell their excess commodities overseas. Otherwise, they warned, American factories would close and unemployment would rise.

Alfred T. Mahan encouraged the U.S. to build new ships to

compete with other nations. To expand and protect their interests

around the world, imperialist nations built up their military strength.

Mahan argued that the United States needed a modern fleet and

foreign bases to be able to protect their interests around the world.

Historical Significance: By 1900, the U.S. had

the third largest navy in the world.

Imperialists around the world used the ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism. Social Darwinist felt that

certain nations and races were superior to others and therefore were destined to be rule over inferior peoples and cultures.

Many wanted to introduce Christianity and

“civilization” to others, particularly in

China, where the movement was strongest.

This idea fostered a paternalistic view – one that saw the

U.S. as a parent supervising weaker, less “developed” peoples.

Beneath the surface of Social Darwinism & The Missionary Spirit lie nationalism, racism, and a strong sense of cultural superiority.

First Steps Toward World Power

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of warships to Japan, who had closed off its ports to the rest of the world (isolationism). Within a year, Perry negotiated a treaty that opened Japan to trade with the Americans.

Historical Significance: Perry’s journey set a precedent for further expansion across the Pacific Ocean.

In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought

Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Journalists

scoffed at the purchase of Alaska as “Seward’s Folly” and

“Seward’s Icebox.”

Seward’s purchase almost doubled the country’s size & the “icebox”

turned out to be rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources.

In 1867 the island of Midway was taken without question. These islands are in the Pacific Ocean & could be used for refueling naval ships and as a

military location.

Hawaii had been linked economically to the United States for over a century. Queen Liliuokalani resented the increasing power of the white

planters, who owned much of the Hawaiian land.

In 1893, with the backing of U.S. officials, planters (Americans) responded quickly and forcefully. The Queen was overthrown with the help of the United States Marines. Hawaii is later annexed by the U.S.

Historical Significance: U.S. wanted Hawaii because it would be

useful as a refueling point and for a naval base in the Pacific Ocean.

|Seward’s Folly |In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia. |

| | |

|Midway Islands |Seward bought the uninhabited Midway Islands to use as repairing and refueling stations for navy vessels in the Pacific. |

| | |

|Latin America, Hawaii, and Asia |The U.S. signed a treaty with Hawaii and took a more active role in protecting Latin America. |

| |U.S. policy would expand into the Philippines and negotiate trade treaties. |

An Emerging World Power

The Spanish American War

Causes of the War

Cuba was a colony of Spain, but lies just 90 miles off of the coast of

Florida. American entrepreneurs had been investing millions of

dollars into Cuba’s sugar cane plantations. The island of Cuba

was very unstable. Cubans repeatedly rebelled against Spanish rule.

In 1895, Jose Marti (exiled in NY) launched a revolution. Martí used

an active guerrilla campaign and deliberately destroyed property,

especially American-owned sugar mills and plantations.

Marti counted on U.S. intervention to help the rebels achieve a free Cuba. The U.S. was split on who to support.

Valeriano Weyler was sent by Spain to end the rebellion. “Weyler the

Butcher” put 300,00 Cubans in concentration camps, where thousands died from hunger and disease. These acts led to “Yellow Journalism”.

Joseph Pulitzer (New York World) and William Randolph Hearst (New York Journal) owned rival newspapers. Pulitzer and Hearst employed the use of “Yellow Journalism” to increase the sales of newspapers.

Enrique Dupuy de Lôme was a Spanish minister to the United States. de Lôme wrote the letter criticizing McKinley, but it was stolen by a Cuban rebel and leaked to newspaper. The Spanish government was

embarrassed and Americans were angry over the insult to their President.

The U.S.S. Maine was sent by President McKinley to rescue U.S. citizens threatened by the revolution in

Cuba. The U.S.S. Maine blew up in Havana’s harbor.

The Yellow Press quickly accused Spain of blowing up

the battleship. In Apr. 1898 McKinley asks for Congress to

approve the use of force with Spain. On April 20th, the

U.S. declares war on Spain.

U.S. Troops Battle the Spanish

George Dewey opens fire on the Spanish fleet in Manila

on April 30th. Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo helped

on land along with 15,000 Americans. The Spanish

surrendered in August to rebels.

Admiral William T. Sampson conducted a blockade of Cuba’s ports and sealed in the Spanish fleet. The U.S. land forces were unprepared to fight. (Weapons, Leaders, Guns, Weather)

Teddy Roosevelt & the Rough Riders

Roosevelt resigned as Asst. Secretary of the Navy to lead the

group of volunteers. The Rough Riders and Roosevelt gained

fame for two major battles, Kettle and San Juan.

The Rough Riders were joined by African American soldiers from the

Ninth and Tenth Cavalries. The Spanish Fleet tried to leave, but

were surrendered and Spain surrendered.

Effects of the War

|The Treaty of Paris, |With Spain’s defeat their government recognized Cuba’s independence. |

|1898 |Spain gave up the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico to the U.S. in return for $20 million. |

| |The island nations then became unincorporated territories of the U.S. |

| |Pres. McKinley installed a military government to protect U.S. business interests. |

An Emerging World Power

The U.S. & East Asia

Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule

U.S. Pursues Interests in China

China was the “Sick Man of Asia” during this time period in history. Rather than compete for Chinese trade, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia carved China into distinct spheres of influences. The United States wanted to get in on the money, so John Hay (Roosevelt’s Secretary of State) issues the Open Door Notes.

Spheres of Influences – A region dominated and controlled by an outside power.

Many Chinese were not happy with world powers taking advantage of their country. Over time anger exploded into an outright rebellion against the “foreign devils.”

Many formed a secret society named Boxers. They organized a rebellion and target non-Chinese.

**(They do not want foreigners in their country anymore.)

John Hay issues the Open Door Policy

which established that the U.S. did not

want colonies in China; it just wanted

free trade there.

An Emerging World Power

The U.S. & Latin America

U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico & Cuba

Protectorate – A country whose affairs

are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy

Roosevelt developed a broad policy for U.S. action in

Latin America. Historians have called this

Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy since it depended

on a strong military to achieve America’s goals.

Roosevelt believed that the U.S. was a special nation

with a moral responsibility to “civilize” weaker nations.

A French company tried to build a canal through Panama, but was unsuccessful. In 1903, the U.S. government bought the Panama route for $40 million, but the U.S. needed consent from the Columbian government.

At this time, Panama was part of independent Columbia. Columbia demanded more money than what the United States was willing to provide.

Roosevelt sent U.S. warships to the waters off Panama to support a

Panamanian rebellion against Columbia. The appearance of the U.S.

Navy convinced the Colombians not to suppress the uprising.

Panama soon declared its independence from Columbia. The new nation immediately granted America control over the

“Canal Zone” U.S. agreed to pay Panama $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000.

5,000 of the 35,000 workers that helped dig the

Panama Canal did not survive. These workers

died from accidents and tropical diseases

(yellow fever and malaria).

Roosevelt Corollary

Many Latin American countries owed debts to European countries, so Europe began to interfere in the Western Hemisphere. President Roosevelt issued the Roosevelt Corollary, which updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of economic imperialism.

The U.S. would assume the role of police power, restoring order and depriving creditors of the excuse to intervene.

Taft Switches to Dollar Diplomacy

Taft kept Roosevelt’s policies, but wanted

to achieve these by relying less on the

“big stick” and more on “dollar diplomacy.”

He looked to substitute dollars for bullets. The policy was

meant to increase investment into plantations, mines, oil wells,

railways, etc.

Wilson & Moral Diplomacy

Woodrow Wilson took U.S. foreign policy into a new direction. He promised that the U.S. would “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” but would instead work to promote

“human rights, national integrity, and opportunity.”

Wilson would eventually have greater concerns and would shift the country’s focus to a large-scale war in Europe.

-----------------------

Cuba

After the War, the U.S. remained in Cuba and acted much like Spain.

BUT, the U.S. gave aid, land, and improvements.

Why did we want to stay? SUGAR!!

Platt Amendment – added to the Cuban Constitution

1. Cuba could not make treaties to limit independence.

2. U.S. reserved the right to intervene in Cuba

3. Cuba could not go into debt.

4. U.S. could put in a naval base

*Country became a Protectorate*

Puerto Rico

No promises were made.

Military controlled until Congress could.

Foraker Act – Ended military rule and set up a civil government. President could appoint Puerto Rico’s governor and members of the upper house.

Insular Cases – Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution did not apply, but granted

citizenship and the power to elect officials in both houses.

+Philippines were already independent.

+Some said treaty violated Declaration of Independence. (Denying self government)

+Booker T. Washington believe that the U.S. and should solve race relations in U.S. first.

+Samuel Gompers was afraid that Filipinos would compete for jobs.

+Filipinos Rebel! -- Upset at Treaty of Paris

+

Rose to a revolt because of the empty promises by the U.S.

Led by: Emilio Aquinaldo

+

Casualties: 20,000 Filipinos Military Dead

200,000 Filipino Civilians Dead (Cholera)

4,000 Americans

+

War Cost: $400 million (20 times the price of purchasing the island)

Open Door Policy

Boxer Rebellion

Effects

U.S. defeats Spain in

less than 4 months.

Spain recognizes Cuba’s

independence. U.S. begins to

control Cuban politics & economy.

Puerto Rico, Philippines, & Guam become U.S. territories.

U.S. is recognized

as a world power.

Causes

U.S. wants to expand

in Latin America & Pacific.

In Cuba & Philippines, people rebel against Spanish rule.

Demands for involvement

from American expansionists & newspapers.

Explosion sinks American battleship U.S.S. Maine in Cuban harbor. Cause of explosion is unknown,

but angry Americans blame Spain.

War in Cuba

War in the Philippines

U.S.S. Maine

de Lôme Letter

Yellow Journalism – The use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers or magazines to attract readers.

Hawaii

Midway Islands

Alaska

The Missionary Spirit

Social Darwinism

Imperialism – The policy by which strong nations extend their political, military, and economic control over weaker territories.

Panama Canal

Historical Significance: The triumph over Spain and U.S. actions in Asia and Latin America demonstrated that America had

emerged as a world power.

World War I

would test this new global strength.

[pic]

Remember me? The US lied! Now I will fight them!

What did I say about doing stuff like this?

Stay out of foreign affairs.

[pic]

William Hearst

Joseph Pulitzer

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