Job Openings and Labor Turnover – December 2019

For release 10:00 a.m. (ET) Wednesday, March 9, 2022

Technical information: (202) 691-5870 ? JoltsInfo@ ? jlt

Media contact:

(202) 691-5902 ? PressOffice@

USDL-22-0413

(NOTE: This news release was reissued on March 10, 2022, correcting a reference month in the paragraph detailing hires data. The correct reference month is January, not December.)

JOB OPENINGS AND LABOR TURNOVER ? JANUARY 2022

The number of job openings was little changed at 11.3 million on the last business day of January, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Hires and total separations were little changed at 6.5 million and 6.1 million, respectively. Within separations, the quits rate decreased to 2.8 percent. The layoffs and discharges rate was little changed at 0.9 percent. This release includes estimates of the number and rate of job openings, hires, and separations for the total nonfarm sector, by industry, by four geographic regions, and by establishment size class. The release also includes 2021 annual estimates for hires and separations. The annual number of hires and quits in 2021 increased to 75.6 million and 47.8 million, respectively. The annual number of layoffs and discharges decreased to 17.0 million in 2021.

Chart 1. Job openings rate, seasonally adjusted, January 2019 - January 2022

Percent

7.4

7.0

6.6

6.2

5.8

5.4

5.0

4.6

4.2

3.8

3.4

3.0 Jan-19

Jul-19

Jan-20

Jul-20

Jan-21

Jul-21

Chart 2. Hires and total separations rates, seasonally adjusted, January 2019 - January 2022

Percent

11.0

10.0

Hires 9.0

Separations 8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

Jan-22

2.0 Jan-19

Jul-19

Jan-20

Jul-20

Jan-21

Jul-21

Jan-22

Job Openings

On the last business day of January, the number and rate of job openings were little changed at 11.3 million and 7.0 percent, respectively. Job openings decreased in several industries, with the largest decreases in accommodation and food services (-288,000); transportation, warehousing, and utilities (-132,000); and federal government (-60,000). Job openings increased in other services (+136,000) and in durable goods manufacturing (+85,000). Job openings decreased in the West region. (See table 1.)

Revisions to the JOLTS Estimates

Job openings, hires, and separations have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment data and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors. See the revision section at the end of this release for more information.

Hires

In January, the number of hires was little changed at 6.5 million. The hires rate was unchanged at 4.3 percent. Hires were little changed in all industries. The number of hires was little changed in all four regions. (See table 2.)

Separations

Total separations includes quits, layoffs and discharges, and other separations. Quits are generally voluntary separations initiated by the employee. Therefore, the quits rate can serve as a measure of workers' willingness or ability to leave jobs. Layoffs and discharges are involuntary separations initiated by the employer. Other separations includes separations due to retirement, death, disability, and transfers to other locations of the same firm.

In January, the number and rate of total separations were little changed at 6.1 million and 4.0 percent, respectively. Among the industries, total separations decreased for federal government (-13,000). The number of total separations was little changed in all four regions. (See table 3.)

The number of quits edged down in January to 4.3 million (-151,000). The quits rate decreased to 2.8 percent. Quits decreased in retail trade (-69,000) and in information (-20,000) but increased in finance and insurance (+30,000). The number of quits decreased in the Midwest region. (See table 4.)

In January, the number and rate of layoffs and discharges were little changed at 1.4 million and 0.9 percent, respectively. Layoffs and discharges increased in retail trade (+48,000) and in information (+40,000) but decreased in federal government (-12,000). The number of layoffs and discharges increased in the Northeast region. (See table 5.)

The number of other separations was little changed in January at 391,000. Other separations increased in transportation, warehousing, and utilities (+10,000) and in durable goods manufacturing (+8,000). The other separations level decreased in information (-9,000); state and local government education (-9,000); and in arts, entertainment, and recreation (-3,000). Other separations were little changed in all four regions. (See table 6.)

Net Change in Employment

Large numbers of hires and separations occur every month throughout the business cycle. Net employment change results from the relationship between hires and separations. When the number of hires exceeds the number of separations, employment rises, even if the hires level is steady or declining. Conversely, when the number of hires is less than the number of separations, employment declines, even if the hires level is steady or rising.

Over the 12 months ending in January 2022, hires totaled 76.4 million and separations totaled 70.0 million, yielding a net employment gain of 6.4 million. These totals include workers who may have been hired and separated more than once during the year.

-2 -

Establishment Size Class In January, the job openings rate increased in large establishments with 5,000 or more employees. The quits rate decreased in large establishments with 250 to 999 and 1,000 to 4,999 employees. For a more in-depth description of the JOLTS establishment size class estimates, please visit jlt/sizeclassmethodology.htm.

Annual Levels and Rates Consistent with BLS practice, annual estimates are published for not seasonally adjusted data and are published with the January news release each year. Annual estimates are not calculated for job openings because job openings are a stock, or point-in-time, measurement for the last business day of each month. Calculating annual levels and rates allows additional comparisons across years. Annual levels for hires, quits, layoffs and discharges, other separations, and total separations are the sum of the 12 revised monthly levels. Annual rates are computed by dividing the annual level by the Current Employment Statistics (CES) annual average employment level and multiplying that quotient by 100. In 2021, there were 75.6 million hires, an increase of 2.9 million from 2020. Total separations decreased by 11.7 million in 2021 to 69.0 million. Quits increased to a series high of 47.8 million in 2021, a gain of 12.0 million (JOLTS annual estimates are available back to 2001). Quits comprised 69.3 percent of total separations. Layoffs and discharges decreased by 23.8 million in 2021 to a series low of 17.0 million and comprised 24.6 percent of total separations. Other separations increased by 94,000 in 2021 to 4.2 million and comprised 6.1 percent of total separations. (See tables 13 through 22.) The annual hires rate for 2021 was 51.7 percent, a 0.6 percentage point increase from 2020. The annual total separations rate for 2021 was 47.2 percent, down 9.6 percentage points from the previous year. The annual rates for the components of total separations were 32.7 percent for quits, 11.6 percent for layoffs and discharges, and 2.9 percent for other separations. (See tables 13 through 22.) ____________ The Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey estimates for February 2022 are scheduled to be released on Tuesday, March 29, 2022 at 10:00 a.m. (ET).

-3 -

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted

Job openings

Hires

Category

Jan. 2021

Dec. 2021

Jan. 2022p

Jan. 2021

Dec. 2021

Jan. 2022p

LEVELS BY INDUSTRY (in thousands)

Total.................................................. . Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mining and logging............................ . Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transportation, warehousing, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Financial activities............................. . Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . . Professional and business services. . . . . . . . . Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . . Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . . Accommodation and food services. . . . . . . Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . State and local, excluding education. . . . .

7,232 6,487

20 299 522 295 227 1,381 188 811

382 161 276 197

79 1,452 1,355

152 1,204

779 90

689 243 746 101 644 314 330

RATES BY INDUSTRY (percent)

Total.................................................. .

4.8

Total private. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1

Mining and logging............................ .

3.5

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.9

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.1

Durable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.7

Nondurable goods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.7

Trade, transportation, and utilities. . . . . . . . . . .

4.8

Wholesale trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3.2

Retail trade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1

Transportation, warehousing, and

utilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.6

Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.5

Financial activities............................. .

3.1

Finance and insurance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.9

Real estate and rental and leasing. . . . . . .

3.5

Professional and business services. . . . . . . . .

6.5

Education and health services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.5

Educational services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.2

Health care and social assistance. . . . . . . .

5.7

Leisure and hospitality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7

Arts, entertainment, and recreation. . . . . . .

4.9

Accommodation and food services. . . . . . .

5.8

Other services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.4

11,448 10,343

34 359 746 422 324 1,942 295 1,036

611 232 470 355 115 2,021 2,187 217 1,970 1,990 205 1,785 362 1,105 167 938 361 577

11,263 10,234

25 380 855 507 349 1,834 309 1,046

479 234 538 411 127 2,065 2,129 185 1,944 1,676 179 1,497 498 1,029 107 922 355 567

7.1

7.0

7.5

7.4

5.5

4.2

4.6

4.8

5.6

6.4

5.1

6.1

6.4

6.9

6.4

6.1

4.9

5.1

6.2

6.3

8.2

6.5

7.4

7.4

5.0

5.7

5.1

5.9

4.8

5.2

8.5

8.6

8.4

8.2

5.5

4.7

8.9

8.8

11.7

9.9

8.6

7.5

12.2

10.3

6.1

8.1

5,719 5,335

14 351 353 198 155 1,255 154 790

311 92

205 130

75 1,184

672 125 547 996 150 847 214 383

43 341 201 139

4.0 4.4 2.5 4.8 2.9 2.6 3.4 4.6 2.7 5.2

4.8 3.3 2.3 2.0 3.4 5.7 2.9 3.6 2.7 7.7 8.5 7.6 4.0

6,450 6,062

20 361 457 258 199 1,377 170 901

306 111 229 145

84 1,212

846 102 744 1,192 165 1,027 256 388

45 344 183 161

4.3 4.8 3.5 4.8 3.6 3.3 4.2 4.9 3.0 5.8

4.5 3.8 2.6 2.2 3.6 5.6 3.5 2.8 3.7 7.9 7.5 8.0 4.6

6,457 6,059

17 298 483 267 216 1,411 174 923

314 126 239 161

77 1,232

830 96

734 1,191

156 1,034

232 398

40 358 198 160

4.3 4.8 3.0 4.0 3.8 3.4 4.6 5.0 3.0 5.9

4.6 4.3 2.7 2.5 3.3 5.6 3.5 2.6 3.6 7.8 7.1 7.9 4.1

Total separations

Jan. 2021

Dec. 2021

Jan. 2022p

5,172 4,887

20 340 368 217 151 1,129 143 720

266 70

203 140

64 1,036

640 40

600 873 109 764 207 284

53 231

77 154

6,042 5,648

17 329 434 244 190 1,330 142 916

272 112 206 135

70 1,150

800 84

716 1,029

123 906 241 395

57 338 174 163

6,058 5,687

21 305 476 266 211 1,341 163 889

289 123 233 163

70 1,105

804 87

717 1,052

139 912 227 371

44 326 163 164

3.6

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.4

4.5

3.7

2.9

3.6

4.6

4.4

4.1

3.0

3.5

3.8

2.9

3.1

3.4

3.3

4.0

4.4

4.1

4.7

4.7

2.5

2.5

2.8

4.7

5.9

5.7

4.1

4.0

4.2

2.5

3.8

4.2

2.3

2.3

2.6

2.1

2.1

2.5

2.9

3.0

3.0

5.0

5.3

5.0

2.7

3.3

3.4

1.1

2.3

2.3

3.0

3.5

3.5

6.8

6.8

6.9

6.2

5.6

6.3

6.9

7.0

7.0

3.9

4.3

4.0

See footnotes at end of table.

Table A. Job openings, hires, and total separations by industry, seasonally adjusted -- Continued

Job openings

Hires

Total separations

Category

Jan. 2021

Dec. 2021

Jan. 2022p

Jan. 2021

Dec. 2021

Jan. 2022p

Jan. 2021

Dec. 2021

Jan. 2022p

Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

4.8

4.4

1.8

1.8

1.8

1.3

1.8

1.7

Federal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4

5.5

3.6

1.5

1.6

1.4

1.9

2.0

1.5

State and local. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3

4.6

4.6

1.8

1.8

1.9

1.2

1.8

1.7

State and local education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

3.4

3.3

2.0

1.8

1.9

0.8

1.7

1.6

State and local, excluding education. . . . . 3.5

6.0

5.9

1.5

1.8

1.8

1.7

1.8

1.8

p Preliminary

NOTE: Data have been revised to incorporate the annual updates to the Current Employment Statistics employment estimates and the JOLTS seasonal adjustment factors.

Revisions to Job Openings and Labor Turnover Data

The JOLTS data are revised annually to reflect updates to the Current Employment Statistics (CES) employment estimates. The JOLTS employment levels (not published) are ratio-adjusted to the CES employment levels, and the resulting ratios are applied to all JOLTS data elements. This annual benchmarking process results in revisions to both the seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted JOLTS data series. The seasonally adjusted data are recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect updated seasonal adjustment factors. Further, the alignment methodology creates a dependency of the not seasonally adjusted estimates on the seasonal adjustment process. Therefore, the data series that are not seasonally adjusted are also recalculated for the most recent 5 years in order to reflect the effect of the updated seasonal adjustment factors on the alignment process.

Tables B through G below present revised total nonfarm data for January through December 2021. The December 2021 revisions also reflect the routine incorporation of additional sample receipts into the final December estimates. Tables presenting revisions to total nonfarm data for January 2017 through December 2021 will be available on the JOLTS website later in the day following the release. The website also contains all revised seasonally adjusted and not seasonally adjusted data. The revision tables and data can be accessed through the JOLTS homepage at jlt/.

Table B. Revisions in job openings data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands)

Year and month

As previously As revised Difference

published

2021

January............................ 7,099

7,232

133

February...........................7,526

7,860

334

March...............................8,288

8,480

192

April.................................9,193

9,265

72

May.................................9,483

9,639

156

June................................10,185

9,852

-333

July.................................1. 1,098

10,783

-315

August............................. 10,629

10,629

0

September........................1. 0,602

10,673

71

October............................11,091

11,094

3

November..........................10,775

10,922

147

December.........................10,925

11,448

523

As previously published

4.7 5.0 5.4 6.0 6.1 6.5 7.0 6.7 6.7 7.0 6.8 6.8

Rates As revised Difference

4.8

0.1

5.2

.2

5.5

.1

6.0

.0

6.2

.1

6.3

-.2

6.9

-.1

6.7

.0

6.8

.1

7.0

.0

6.8

.0

7.1

.3

Table C. Revisions in hires data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands)

Year and month

As previously As revised Difference

published

2021

January............................ 5,465

5,719

254

February...........................5,794

6,028

234

March...............................6,006

6,208

202

April.................................6,012

6,121

109

May................................. 6,022

6,092

70

June................................ 6,827

6,414

-413

July..................................6,761

6,556

-205

August............................. 6,497

6,362

-135

September.........................6,546

6,504

-42

October............................ 6,506

6,460

-46

November.......................... 6,596

6,705

109

December......................... 6,263

6,450

187

As previously published

3.8 4.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.7 4.6 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.2

Rates As revised Difference

4.0

0.2

4.2

.2

4.3

.1

4.2

.0

4.2

.0

4.4

-.3

4.5

-.1

4.3

-.1

4.4

.0

4.4

.0

4.5

.1

4.3

.1

Table D. Revisions in total separations data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands)

Year and month

As previously As revised Difference

published

2021

January............................ 5,323

5,172

-151

February...........................5,429

5,400

-29

March...............................5,436

5,540

104

April.................................5,803

5,753

-50

May................................. 5,330

5,513

183

June................................ 5,612

5,793

181

July..................................5,792

5,874

82

August............................. 6,032

5,913

-119

September.........................6,147

6,008

-139

October............................ 5,891

5,852

-39

November.......................... 6,205

6,197

-8

December......................... 5,900

6,042

142

As previously published

3.7 3.8 3.8 4.0 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.1 4.2 4.0 4.2 4.0

Rates As revised Difference

3.6

-0.1

3.8

.0

3.8

.0

4.0

.0

3.8

.1

4.0

.2

4.0

.1

4.0

-.1

4.1

-.1

4.0

.0

4.2

.0

4.1

.1

Table E. Revisions in quits data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands)

Year and month

As previously As revised Difference

published

2021

January............................ 3,306

3,311

5

February...........................3,383

3,439

56

March...............................3,568

3,695

127

April.................................3,992

4,015

23

May................................. 3,630

3,838

208

June................................ 3,870

4,035

165

July..................................4,028

4,088

60

August............................. 4,270

4,126

-144

September.........................4,362

4,253

-109

October............................ 4,157

4,132

-25

November.......................... 4,499

4,510

11

December......................... 4,338

4,403

65

As previously published

2.3 2.4 2.5 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9

Rates As revised Difference

2.3

0.0

2.4

.0

2.6

.1

2.8

.0

2.6

.1

2.8

.1

2.8

.1

2.8

-.1

2.9

-.1

2.8

.0

3.0

.0

3.0

.1

Table F. Revisions in layoffs and discharges data, seasonally adjusted

Levels (in thousands)

Year and month

As previously As revised Difference

published

2021

January............................ 1,724

1,582

-142

February...........................1,723

1,641

-82

March...............................1,525

1,512

-13

April.................................1,450

1,384

-66

May................................. 1,353

1,343

-10

June................................ 1,354

1,361

7

July..................................1,423

1,440

17

August............................. 1,385

1,404

19

September.........................1,396

1,405

9

October............................ 1,350

1,342

-8

November.......................... 1,309

1,295

-14

December......................... 1,169

1,262

93

As previously published

1.2 1.2 1.1 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.8

Rates As revised Difference

1.1

-0.1

1.1

-.1

1.0

-.1

1.0

.0

0.9

.0

0.9

.0

1.0

.0

1.0

.1

1.0

.1

0.9

.0

0.9

.0

0.8

.0

 ................
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