1. Cereal Grains Structure & Composition - University of São …
Ist US-Brazil Fulbright Course on Biofuels, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Singh ? Corn Structure and Composition
Cereal Grains Structure & Composition
Vijay Singh Associate Professor
Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
1st Brazil-U.S. Biofuels Short Course S?o Paulo, Brazil
July 27 - August 7, 2009
Topics of Discussion
? Structure of Corn Kernel
? Hand dissection exercise
? Starch ? Protein ? Oil ? Fiber ? Other Constituents ? Corn Composition
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ist US-Brazil Fulbright Course on Biofuels, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Singh ? Corn Structure and Composition
Structure of Cereal Grains
? Cereals are members of grass family ? Produce dry, one-seeded fruit, called caryopsis ? Caryopsis is also called kernel or grain ? Caryopsis consists of
? Fruit coat or pericarp, which surrounds seed and is tightly adhered to seed coat
? Seed, which consists of germ or embryo and endosperm enclosed by a nucellar epidermis and a seed coat
? All cereal grains have these same parts in approx. same relationship to each other
Structure of Corn Kernel
Pericarp Endosperm Germ Tip Cap
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ist US-Brazil Fulbright Course on Biofuels, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Singh ? Corn Structure and Composition
Scanning Electron Micrograph (SEM) of Dissected Steeped Corn Kernel
Pericarp Endosperm
Pericarp
? 5 to 6% of kernel dry weight
Cuticle Epidermis Mesocarp Cross cells Tube cells Seed coat
? Cells in pericarp: hollow tubes, channels for water absorption via tip cap
? Seed coat: semipermeable ? Walls of pericarp contain cellulose
and pentosans, no lignin.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ist US-Brazil Fulbright Course on Biofuels, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Singh ? Corn Structure and Composition
Aleurone layer
? Aleurone layer beneath seed coat ? Aleurone layer cells contain protein bodies (good amino acid
profile), oil bodies, and no starch. It is rich in minerals (phytin) ? Removed with pericarp in wet milling
Germ
? 10 to 12% of kernel dry weight ? Stores nutrients and minerals ? Contains 81 to 85% of total kernel oil (mostly triglycerides) ? Composed of embryo and scutellum ? Scutellum contains oil bodies
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ist US-Brazil Fulbright Course on Biofuels, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Singh ? Corn Structure and Composition
Corn Germ: Phytic Acid (Phytate)
? Phytate is principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues
? Yellow Dent Corn ? Whole Corn (0.89%) ? Endosperm (0.04%) ? Germ (6.25%) ? Pericarp (0.07%)
(Inositol hexakisphosphate, IP6)
Endosperm
? 82 to 84% of kernel dry weight, 86 to 89% starch by weight
? In corn both translucent and opaque endosperm are found with a single kernel
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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