DRAFT - PANGAEA
SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME
Area 6.4.1.2. Cross-cutting research activities relevant to GEO
ENV.2008.4.1.2.1. Monitoring and observing oxygen depletion throughout the different Earth system components
Deliverable 8.2 b
Periodic Report (I), month 18
Lead Authors: Felix Janssen, MPG-MPIMM
Project acronym: HYPOX
Project full title: In situ monitoring of oxygen depletion in hypoxic ecosystems
of coastal and open seas, and land-locked water bodies
Grant agreement no.: 226213
Date of preparation: 20.10.2010
|Table of contents |
1. Publishable summary 3-6
2. Project objectives, work progress, achievements, project management in the
first 18 months and plans for the next 18 months 7-138
2.1: Description of project objectives 7
2.2: Description of scientific progress, achievements, and plans
work package by work package 14
2.3: Project management: activities, progress and plans 86
2.4: Fieldwork, observatories, and data generated 93
2.5: Publications, presentations and conferences 117
2.6: Media contact / public outreach activities 128
2.7: Staff and Students working on the project 130
3. Deliverables and Milestones 139-150
3.1: Deliverables table 139
3.2: Milestones table 145
4. Explanation of the use of the resources 151-156
5. Appendices 157-159
5.1 List of abbreviations and acronyms 157
|1. Publishable summary |
Summary description of the project context
The occurrence of hypoxic (low oxygen) conditions is increasing worldwide. This is mainly a consequence of anthropogenic eutrophication (nutrient input) and global warming. In eutrophied waters the excess algal biomass produced sinks to the seafloor where it’s being utilized by micro-organisms consuming oxygen. If bottom water oxygen drops significantly, ecosystems undergo successive deterioration, eventually turning into permanently anoxic environments where micro-organisms replace all higher life. This collapse of animal communities leads to a dramatic decline in ecosystem functions and services such as biodiversity, fisheries, aquaculture and tourism. Global warming will add to oxygen depletion: warming of water will lead to degassing of oxygen, and an enhanced microbial activity. Together with changes in wind and precipitation patterns, higher temperatures will potentially increase stratification and reduce vertical oxygen transport to deeper waters and to the seafloor. To get alarmed before ecosystems lose functions that may take several decades to restore, oxygen monitoring capacities have to be improved. As ecosystem responses depend on frequency, duration, spatial extent and severity of hypoxia events, continuous monitoring of oxygen concentrations is needed. In order to understand the reasons of hypoxia formation and to be able to predict potential effects of anthropogenic activities and global warming on future oxygen levels, HYPOX carries out monitoring of oxygen and related parameters in a variety of aquatic systems that differ in oxygen status or sensitivity towards change. HYPOX target sites in coastal and open seas include the North Atlantic - Arctic Ocean transition, three contrasting sites in the Black Sea, the world’s largest anoxic basin (Bosporus outlet area, Romanian Shelf, Crimean Shelf) as well as a Baltic Sea site (Gotland Basin). Selected land-locked water bodies include Swiss lakes as freshwater systems, the Swedish Koljoe Fjord and the Scottish marine Loch Etive as humid fjord systems as well as several lagoons and embayments in the subtropical / Mediterranean Greek Ionian Sea.
Project objectives, the expected final results and their potential impact and use
Continuous measurements of oxygen and associated parameters in combination with dedicated field campaigns to investigate the causes of hypoxia formation and the consequences for the ecosystem represent the core part of the HYPOX project. These investigations are accompanied by investigations of traces of past hypoxia in the sediment record and in the form of specific biochemical and chemical compounds. These combined efforts as such represent major and important steps towards an integrated observation of oxygen depletion. In order to extend the gained knowledge in space (i.e., generalization of the findings) as well as in time (i.e., extrapolation of current observations into the future) hypoxia modeling is added as another intrinsic part of the HYPOX approach. These generalizations and forecasting capabilities facilitate an examination of the effects of future climate and eutrophication scenarios on oxygen availability and ecosystem functioning. If ecosystems are deteriorating, modeling capabilities will also provide means to decide on adequate countermeasures to be taken. Model exploration is used to extract early warning indicators and tipping points in system behavior. Combining observations and predictions of oxygen availability with existing knowledge about the effects of hypoxia on animal communities and ecosystems will improve our understanding of the potential loss of ecosystem functions and services as a consequence of global warming and eutrophication.
To achieve the objectives of HYPOX the project work is structured into 7 scientific work packages (WP 1-7) and an additional work package dealing with management, coordination, dissemination, and outreach (WP8). In very general terms the first half of HYPOX started with a three month period dedicated to the general planning of the scientific work and the planning and design and the observatories in particular (project months 1-3). Until month 6, in the so-called pre-installation phase, monitoring activities focused on setting up of the observatories and planning of field campaigns. At the same time scientific information and legacy data existing for the different target sites were collected to specify monitoring needs and strategies based on the identified gaps in knowledge. In the second half of the first reporting period, field work as well as observatory deployments were started and first data were supplied to the archive and the HYPOX data portal.
More information on the project as well as the HYPOX data portal is found at .
Work performed since the beginning of the project and the main results achieved
The work carried out in the first reporting period was generally very successful and closely followed the planning as it was defined in the Description of Work (DoW). All milestones were achieved and all deliverables delivered, almost all of them in time.
WP1. WP1 provided the platform to discuss design and optimization of in situ observatories to be implemented at the selected project sites in coastal and open seas, and land-locked water bodies. Additionally, WP1 defined the parameters that, together with oxygen, were required to allow for an unambiguous interpretation of the acquired data. To facilitate data archiving and data sharing, WP1 helped developing standardization of metadata and products for data sharing. Information on the characteristics of the respective observatory sites, the site specific scientific requirements, and the instrumentation to be used was collected by all partners involved in WP1. Based on this input, internal deliverable 1.2 was assembled and delivered in time. WP1 also worked on the definition of recommendations for observatory operation, for a harmonization of metadata descriptions, and for feasible ways to assure and control data quality. These aspects were summarized in project deliverable report D 1.1 that was finalized with 6 months delay in order to wait for the partners to finalize observatory installations. Both deliverables signified a strong progress towards milestones 4 and 6. The delay in the preparation of D 1.1 that was announced to the EC in due time, was the only significant deviation from the DoW encountered in WP1.
WP2.The role of WP2 is to improve the prediction of oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems by developing and using numerical tools to assimilate oxygen sensor data, by providing feedback to observational scientists regarding optimal sampling and observation strategies and by integrating the various observations made at different spatial scales and temporal resolutions. Moreover, WP2 is set up to advance our understanding of the relative importance of oxygen supply and oxygen use in governing oxygen depletion, thus providing knowledge to distinguish natural variability from manageable, anthropogenic effects. In the first half of HYPOX, WP2 started work towards the overall goal of improving the prediction of oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems. In order to plan and harmonize modeling activities by the different HYPOX partners, a training and discussion workshop was carried out already at the kick off meeting. A second training workshop on the state of the art in physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion was carried out during the first annual meeting. These two workshops and their respective reports represented internal deliverables 2.2a&b, and signified a major step towards milestone 5. Main modeling activities in the first reporting period were focusing on (1) modeling of sediment biogeochemistry (benthic cycling of redox sensitive elements, pathways of organic matter degradation and biogeochemical fluxes), (2) modeling of fjord oxygen balance (physical fjord mixing, coupled physical-biogeochemical-ecological fjord model), (3) suboxic zone modeling in the Black Sea (hydrophysical-biogeochemical model with parameterization of major biogeochemical processes). The only deviations and delays encountered in WP2 were encountered due to bad weather conditions on a Gotland Basin cruise that delayed modeling at IFM-GEOMAR. In order to alleviate this problem, additional field campaigns were carried out in Eckernfoerde Bay (Western Baltic).
WP3. The Work in WP3 is dedicated to the evaluation of existing and potential future impacts of hypoxia and anoxia on aquatic ecosystems. By analyzing existing knowledge and integrating new findings from the field observatories and numerical modeling, an interdisciplinary understanding of the drivers of oxygen depletion, pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia, pathways of recovery, and impacts of hypoxia on ecosystem goods and services are developed. A dedicated workshop to introduce to the work in WP3 and to discuss the appropriate methodology was already held during the kick off meeting. In order to identify existing knowledge on the characteristics of pathways of ecosystem decline and recovery at the HYPOX target sites, all partners involved in WP3 collected relevant information during the first reporting period. Based on that, a report for internal deliverable 3.3 was compiled. Both the workshop at the kick off meeting and the report on existing data and gaps in knowledge represent major steps towards milestone 2. In a similar manner, the preparation of deliverable 3.1 was initiated by a WP3 workshop held during the first annual meeting. Data collection for deliverable 3.3 took longer than expected thereby preventing timely delivery of the report. Similarly, submission of deliverable D 3.1 is a little delayed and is planned to take place together with this report.
WP4.The work in WP4 is aiming to use different proxies for past events of oxygen depletion or anoxia in aquatic ecosystems in order to understand past oxygen concentration changes and to explore their applicability for investigations of recent hypoxic conditions. Understanding the history of aquatic ecosystems with regard to variation in oxygen depletion is performed to help developing and comparing scenarios of global change and their effects on oxygen depletion and the ecosystem. Past events of oxygen depletion or anoxia as they are reflected in different compartments of the aquatic ecosystem are used as proxies for oxygen concentration changes. This includes the modern benthic community composition as well as inorganic and organic sediment records. Work in WP4 in the first half of HYPOX was dedicated to the collection of existing knowledge, to method development, and to field campaigns. All partners of WP4 collected available knowledge on past oxygen regimes and the response of benthic communities to hypoxia in the Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Swiss lakes, and Greek lagoons. Based on this information internal deliverable 4.2 was compiled and delivered in time. Method development focused on the identification of appropriate biomarkers to identify past oxygen regimes in Swiss lake sediments. Field campaigns for sediment sampling and the characterization of water column chemical properties took place in the Black Sea (Crimean Shelf, Bosporus / Istanbul Strait), in Greek lagoons, and Swiss lakes. First analyses of the obtained samples included faunal community analysis, sediment characterizations including core scanning (geophysical and X-ray), and biomarker analyses. These efforts were compiled in internal deliverable 4.3 that was delivered slightly delayed. The completion of D 4.2 and 4.3 prove the achievement of milestone 7.
WP5.The work in WP5 is dedicated to enable a regular and reliable flow of data from the observatories and other data acquired within HYPOX or from other sources to the data archive and data portal. WP5 also assures that HYPOX data management and corresponding infrastructures are compliant with ISO / OGC standards and with the principles of GEOSS to facilitate access by potential users. Another important task is the implementation of proper means for data quality control and the collection of metadata. The progress of WP5 in the first half of HYPOX was very successful. Internal deliverable 5.2 was delivered timely by launching a data portal as part of the HYPOX web site. Based on the contributions of all partners a HYPOX data policy and data management plan has been prepared and delivered as the first step towards a regular and reliable data flow and long-term preservation of HYPOX data. Available legacy data sets from target sites and existing data bases as collected by partners are uploaded and the addition to the data portal is underway. Based on the data policy and management plan and the inventory of the available legacy data internal deliverable 5.1 was assembled and delivered in time, contributing directly to Milestone 3. Data flow to the archive already includes many data sets from several field campaigns and observatory deployments at several HYPOX target sites.
WPs 6 & 7. The role of WPs 6 & 7 is to deploy observatories and to conduct dedicated field campaigns at the HYPOX target sites in open and coastal seas (WP6) and land-locked water bodies (WP7), respectively. Observations of oxygen as well as many other related parameters including aspects of climate, hydrography, chemistry, geology and biology are made available to the other WPs as well as to interested users via the HYPOX data portal. Work in WPs 6&7 in the first half of HYPOX focused on the collection of existing knowledge on hypoxia occurrence at the HYPOX target sites, and on planning and carrying out of field campaigns and observatory deployments. All partners of WP6 compiled existing knowledge on hypoxia at the target sites (Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Fram Strait). Based on this input, internal deliverables 6.2 and 7.2 were assembled. A catalogue of relevant legacy data sets was collected electronically by Uni-HB with input from all partners and is after revision by Uni-HB now available through the HYPOX web page and successively uploaded to the HYPOX data portal.
Observatory installations as well as ship-based and land-based field campaigns in WP6 were carried out successfully in the Baltic Sea (Gotland Basin), the Black Sea (Romanian shelf, Bosporus / Istanbul strait, Crimean Shelf), and the Fram Strait (“HAUSGARTEN”). A significant amount of data collected at these sites in the first half of HYPOX were already submitted to the data archive and added to the data portal. In WP7, the implementation of in situ observatories and monitoring platforms at the land-locked target sites is well underway and first data are provided to the HYPOX data portal. Autonomous as well as (in Loch Etive) cabled observatories have been deployed in Loch Etive, Swedish fjords, as well as Ionian Sea lagoons and embayments and supplementary field campaigns were carried out. Additionally, a number of field campaigns / surveys and short term deployments of various measuring platforms have been conducted at the respective sites at all sites (Swiss Lakes, Greek lagoons and embayments, Loch Etive, Swedish Fjords). These activities directly contributed to project deliverables 6.1 and 7.1. This signifies full accomplishment of milestone 6. Deviations and delays in WP6 and 7 concern the shifting of research activities of IFM-GEOMAR from Koljoe Fjord to Eckernfoerde Bay (western Baltic) in order to compensate for the unexpectedly small amount of data collected during the first cruise to the Gotland Basin due to bad weather conditions and for a PhD renouncement at IFM-GEOMAR. In WP7, the preparation of internal deliverable 7.2 is delayed due to a misunderstanding and will be submitted in conjunction with the M18 report. Finally, some survey and monitoring activities in the Greek lagoons and embayments originally planned for summer 2010 had to be shifted to Sep. 2010.
WP8 / Project management: All tasks and deliverables planned for WP8 for the first reporting period were successfully and timely accomplished. The kick off meeting as well as the first annual meeting were held in Bremen and Istanbul, respectively (internal deliverables 8.4a&b). The kick off meeting with presentations, discussions, workshops and the subsequently produced products represented the achievement of milestone 1. A project website was launched that includes an internal area, link to the HYPOX data portal and a news section was launched in and is maintained since the beginning of the project (internal deliverable 8.3). Networking and outreach activities were carried out in order to advance the visibility of HYPOX in the scientific community as well as in the GEO community. To make the interested public as well as related projects and potential end users aware of project activities an information brochure and articles in the “International Innovation Journal” and earth observation related publication “Earthzine” were published and distributed to the scientific as well as the GEO community and potential end-users of HYPOX knowledge. Along the same line video material and photographs were published online. Publications and imagery contributed directly to project deliverables 8.1a&b. The association of four additional project partners was initiated during the first annual meeting and finalized in autumn 2010. Partners were assisted in the preparation of deliverables and the M1-9 interim report as well as the M1-18 periodic report (deliverable 8.2a; “short project status report” and 8.2b; “Full scientific and management report”).
|2. Project objectives, work progress, achievements, project management |
|in the first 18 months and plans for the next 18 months. |
|Information on fieldwork, observatories, data, publications, and |
|on media contact |
2.1 DESCRPTION OF PROJECT OBJECTIVES
To achieve the objectives of HYPOX and maximize links between in situ monitoring, field work, data standardization and sharing, data assimilation, modeling and forecasting, hypothesis testing and theory development concerning global change and past, present and future impacts of hypoxia on ecosystems and disseminating results, knowledge and information to a wide range of users, the work in HYPOX is structured into 7 scientific work packages (WP 1-7) and an additional work package dealing with management, coordination, dissemination, and outreach (WP8). Each WP is lead by one or two renowned scientists with excellent links to other programs of relevance. In very general terms the first half of HYPOX started with a three month period dedicated to the general planning of the scientific work and the planning and design and the observatories in particular (project months 1-3). Until month 6, in the so-called pre-installation phase, monitoring activities focused on setting up of the observatories and planning of field campaigns. This first period of HYPOX was also used to collect scientific information and legacy data existing for the different target sites and to specify monitoring needs and strategies based on the identified gaps in knowledge. In the remaining part of the first reporting period, field work as well as observatory deployments were started and first data were supplied to the archive and the HYPOX data portal.
WP1
WP1 (“Improving and integrating in situ observation capacities of oxygen depletion”; led by Giuditta Marinaro, INGV) provides the platform to discuss design and optimization of in situ observatories to be implemented at the selected project sites in coastal and open seas, and land-locked water bodies. Additionally, WP1 defines the parameters that, together with oxygen, are required to allow for an unambiguous interpretation of the acquired data. To facilitate data archiving and data sharing, WP1 helps developing standardization of metadata and products for data sharing. Information on the characteristics of the respective observatory sites, the site specific scientific requirements, and the instrumentation to be used are collected by all partners involved in WP1. WP1 also focuses on the definition of recommendations for observatory operation, for a harmonization of metadata descriptions, and for feasible ways to assure and control data quality. WP1 contributes significantly to milestone 4 (“Technical specifications of all necessary components available for implementation concept”; project month 10) and milestone 6 (“Installation of in situ monitoring platforms and measurements in shelf and open seas, and land-locked water bodies underway”; project month 12).
Main WP1 tasks for the reporting period
Task 1.1. Definition of scientific requirements including the definition of parameters that are, together with oxygen, essential for an integrated observation of the oxygen depletion process
Task 1.2 Evaluation of the technical solutions necessary to achieve the requirements of task 1.1. Technical specification of multiparameter and long-term observation systems that are appropriate for monitoring activities in WP6 and 7
Task 1.3 (part). Provision of recommendations and strategies for in situ monitoring activities in HYPOX.
Requested WP1 outcomes for the reporting period
project deliverable 1.1. Report on recommendations for the operation of the individual observatory systems and how the data should be made available; project month 12
Internal deliverable 1.2. Report on scientific requirements and technical specification of a multiparameter and long-term oxygen depletion observation system; project month 6
WP2
The role of WP2 (“Modeling and prediction of short and long term factors affecting oxygen depletion in different systems”; led by Jack Middelburg, NIOO KNAW and Emil Stanev, GKSS) is to improve the prediction of oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems by developing and using numerical tools to assimilate oxygen sensor data, by providing feedback to observational scientists regarding optimal sampling and observation strategies and by integrating the various observations made at different spatial scales and temporal resolutions. The performance of physical and biogeochemical models is tested against the observations from the different HYPOX target sites. Models are then used to assess the sensitivity of oxygen depletion to variations of physical and biogeochemical parameters on different temporal and spatial scales as a first step to test different scenarios of climate change, eutrophication, natural variability for different open and land-locked systems and their effects on oxygen depletion. Furthermore, WP2 is set up to advance our understanding of the relative importance of oxygen supply and oxygen use in governing oxygen depletion, thus providing knowledge to distinguish natural variability from manageable, anthropogenic effects. WP2 contributes significantly to milestone 5 (“Report on knowledge gaps and work plan for modeling of physical and biogeochemical processes affecting oxygen depletion”; project month 12).
Main WP2 tasks for the reporting period
Task 2.1. Assessment of vertical mixing and stratification in non-tidal and tidal semi-enclosed or land-locked systems and their dependence on external forcing
Task 2.2. Development and implementation of modules to assimilate oxygen observation
Task 2.3. Coupled 3D- physical biogeochemical modeling of the Black Sea
Task 2.4. Development of a benthic non-steady-state reactive transport model to be combined with 3-D pelagic models
Task 2.5. Modeling of oxygen dynamics in silled basins, including the benthic boundary layer
Requested WP2 outcomes for the reporting period
Internal deliverable 2.2a. 1St training and discussion workshop on state of the art of physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion to be held during or after the Kick off meeting; project month 3.
Internal deliverable 2.2b. 2nd training and discussion workshop on state of the art of physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion to be held during or after the first annual meeting; project month 12.
WP3
The Work in WP3 (“Existing and future impacts of hypoxia on ecosystems”; led by Jana Friedrich, AWI) is dedicated to the evaluation of existing and potential future impacts of hypoxia and anoxia on aquatic ecosystems. An important task of WP3 is to gain understanding of the physical processes behind the formation of hypoxia at the different target sits in parallel to the study of biological processes, nutrient cycling, and dissolved oxygen dynamics. This combined effort is crucial for a proper identification of drivers of oxygen deficiency. Based on the knowledge of the drivers, WP3 focuses on the impact of hypoxia on ecosystems including spatial as well as temporal aspects to understanding the temporal evolution of hypoxia effects and for the classification of ecosystems and their boundaries with regard to chemical stresses. By analyzing existing knowledge and integrating new findings from the field observatories and by numerical modeling, an interdisciplinary understanding of the drivers of oxygen depletion, pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia, pathways of recovery, and impacts of hypoxia on ecosystem goods and services are developed. WP3 is the knowledge platform to provide a synthetic, interdisciplinary understanding to support the prediction of oxygen depletion using modeling (via WP2), and to derive important strategies and tools for decision making related to nutrient and water management scenarios. WP3 also provides feedback to WPs 1, 6, an 7 to adjust monitoring to the specific requirements of the respective ecosystem. WP3 contributes significantly to milestone 5 (“Report on knowledge gaps and work plan for modeling of physical and biogeochemical processes affecting oxygen depletion”; project month 12).
Main WP3 tasks for the reporting period
Task 3.1. Analysis of pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia and pathways of recovery after hypoxia plus related regime shifts. Identifying gaps in knowledge of hypoxia formation and ecosystem responses.
Task 3.2. Assessment of drivers (e.g., geogenic, anthropogenic, biogenic) and mechanisms for oxygen depletion (e.g., upwelling, stagnation, consumption), hypoxia and anoxia and impacts of hypoxia on ecosystems.
Task 3.3 Analysis of impact on ecosystem goods and services by developing conceptual models. Feedback to case studies.
Requested WP3 outcomes for the reporting period
Project deliverable 3.1. Report on drivers / mechanisms of hypoxia / anoxia and their spatial and temporal occurrence; project month 18
Internal deliverable 3.3. Compilation of existing data on effects of hypoxia on ecosystems at target sites; project month 6
WP 4
The work in WP4 (“Indicators of past hypoxia dynamics: improving long term records by abiotic and biotic proxies”, led by Nelli Sergeeva, IBSS and Namik Çağatay, ITU-EMCOL) is aiming to use different proxies for past events of oxygen depletion or anoxia in aquatic ecosystems in order to understand past oxygen concentration changes and to explore their applicability for investigations of recent hypoxic conditions. WP4 aims to understand the history of aquatic ecosystems with regard to variation in oxygen depletion in order to help developing and comparing scenarios of global change and their effects on oxygen depletion and the ecosystem. Proxies to be applied include the benthic community composition as well as inorganic and organic sediment records. Methods applied in WP4 include high resolution seismic profiling as well as sediment core analysis using a range of inorganic and organic proxies. To determine how oxygen availability changes benthic community structure and ecosystems in general, biodiversity (macrobenthic, meiobenthic, microbial) is investigated in surficial sediments of the Black Sea from different water depths. Past events of oxygen depletion or anoxia as they are reflected in different compartments of the aquatic ecosystem are used as proxies for oxygen concentration changes. WP4 contributes significantly to milestone 7 (“Report and interpretations on already available data and data obtained within HYPOX (coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys) about previous oxygen regimes and benthic communities at target sites submitted”; project month 12).
Main WP4 tasks for the reporting period
Task 4.1. Coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys: Sediment cores will be recovered and seismic profiling will be performed along a depth transect in the Black Sea and in Swiss lakes, in order to reconstruct past changes in the redox-cline.
Task 4.2. Reconstructing past redox changes using inorganic geochemical proxies: Macro, minor and trace element abundances will be determined at several case study sites to reconstruct past redox- and climate-changes in high resolution
Task 4.3. Reconstructing past redox variations using lipid biomarker proxies: The sedimentary lipid biomarker record will be used to reconstruct past oxygenation and redox conditions in lacustrine and marine environments
Task 4.4. Assessing the history and effect of oxygen on benthic communities: The oxic / anoxic interface of both Black and Baltic Seas is characterized by specially adapted benthic groups (Nematoda, Ciliata, Foraminifera, Polychaeta etc.) with potential value as medium term redox indicators
Task 4.5. Paleoenvironmental reconstructions of oxygen concentrations initially available in the sediment pore waters using atmospheric noble gas and 3H analysis
Requested WP4 outcomes for the reporting period
Internal deliverable 4.2. Report on available knowledge about past oxygen regimes and benthic indicator species at selected target sites; project month 6
Internal deliverable 4.3. Report on coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys; project month 12
WP5
The work in WP5 (“Knowledge base on oxygen depletion: Data sharing, standardization and interoperability according to GEOSS”, led by Christoph Waldmann and Michael Diepenbroek, Uni-HB) is dedicated to enable a regular and reliable flow of data from the observatories and other data acquired within HYPOX or from other sources to the data archive and data portal. Especially in the first part of the project, WP5 fosters the availability of relevant legacy data from former observation periods. In cooperation with WP 1, 6, & 7 comprehensive descriptions of the data going back to the individual sensor, data quality descriptors, and instrument standards on calibration and methodology are provided. All that information is collected and added as metadata to the individual sensor data. WP5 data management task encompass the complete observation data life cycle, from data capture, processing, quality assessment and quality control, archiving and dissemination, compilation and publication of regular and reliable data products. WP5 also assures that HYPOX data management and corresponding infrastructures are compliant with ISO / OGC standards and with the principles of GEOSS to facilitate access by potential users. WP5 contributes significantly to milestone 3 (“Data submission agreements with observatories finalized, data flow from existing HYPOX observatories to archives started”; project month 6)
Main WP5 tasks for the reporting period
Task 5.1. Establish data management plan and policies
Task 5.2. Operation of a sensor registry as a new component in the overall interoperable data collection architecture
Task 5.3. Building an inventory and rescue of legacy data
Task 5.4. Implementation of the HYPOX data portal website
Requested WP5 outcomes for the reporting period
Project deliverable 5.1. HYPOX data management plan and policy and catalogue of relevant legacy data sets; project month 6.
Project deliverable 5.2. First version of HYPOX data portal; project month 6
WP 6
The main task of WP6 (“Assessing in situ oxygen depletion in shelf and open seas”, led by Gilles Lericolais, Ifremer) is to set-up in situ observatories / monitoring platforms in order to perform high temporal resolution long term monitoring observations necessary for assessing oxygen depletion at open and coastal sea target sites. An important first step is the collection of existing relevant oceanographic data of the target sites (Black Sea; Baltic Sea; Fram Strait) as well as knowledge on ecosystem, water management, and climate. As far as possible this knowledge is delivered or linked to the HYPOX data base and used to characterize the present status as well as history of the respective open sea areas and serves to decide on appropriate monitoring strategies and contribute to identifying gaps in current observation capabilities for the respective target areas. Relevant physical (salinity, temperature, currents and freshwater input) and biogeochemical (oxygen, nutrients, turbidity) parameters are measured in the most severe hypoxic / anoxic open European seas (i.e., Baltic Sea; Black Sea) and in the Arctic where previous work indicates rapid decrease in bottom water oxygen concentrations due to alteration of transport processes related to global change. Continuous assessment and quality control of collected data will take place. Feedback from other WPs for refinement of technology (WP1), identification of key parameters (WP3), and temporal scales for assessing oxygen depletion in the respective systems will be used to adjust observatory performance. Data bases for the respective observatories will be established and quality control routines will be defined (WP5). WP6 contributes significantly to milestone 3 (“Data submission agreements with observatories finalized, data flow from existing HYPOX observatories to archives started”; project month 6)
Main WP6 tasks for the reporting period
Task 6.1. Review and compilation of all historical and present data relevant to the project
Task 6.2. Installation and operation of in situ observatories and associated surveys and data collection into the HYPOX web portal
Requested WP6 outcomes for the reporting period
Internal deliverable 6.2. Report on linking of existing data bases with relevance to oxygen depletion to HYPOX data base; project month 6
WP 7
The main objective for WP7 (“Assessing in situ oxygen depletion in land-locked water bodies”, led by Henrik Stahl, SAMS) is to set-up in situ observatories / monitoring platforms in order to perform high temporal resolution long term monitoring observations necessary for assessing oxygen depletion at land locked target sites. First of all, information on present status and history of the respective project target areas with regard to physical, chemical, and biological parameters are collected from existing data bases and integrated into the HYPOX data archiving system. The gained knowledge is used to define monitoring strategies and identifying gaps in current oxygen observation capabilities in land-locked marine and freshwater systems. Where possible, site surveys are conducted in order to define the status of the target sites at the beginning of the project. Based on the site surveys, the analyses of the existing data bases, and the recommendations from WP1, in situ observatories are established to perform long term monitoring of relevant physical and biogeochemical parameters for assessing oxygen depletion in the respective target areas (i.e., fjords, lagoons, lakes). In addition to observatory-based monitoring work targeted field campaigns are carried out to investigate key biogeochemical processes related to the biological and chemical oxygen demand in the water column and in the benthic compartment. Continuous assessment and quality control of collected data will take place. Feedback from other WPs for refinement of technology (WP1), identification of key parameters (WP3), and temporal scales for assessing oxygen depletion in the respective systems will be used to adjust observatory performance. Data bases for the respective observatories will be established and quality control routines will be defined (WP5). WP7 contributes significantly to milestone 3 (“Data submission agreements with observatories finalized, data flow from existing HYPOX observatories to archives started”; project month 6)
Main WP7 tasks for the reporting period
Task 7.1. Review and compilation of all historical and present data relevant to the project
Task 7.2. Implementation of in situ observatories and monitoring platforms in WP7 areas
Requested WP7 outcomes for the reporting period
Internal deliverable 7.2. Compilation report on existing information and data bases relevant for the project; project month 6
WP8 / Project management
Work in WP8 (“Coordination, dissemination and outreach”, led by Antje Boetius, MPG-MPIMM) is dedicated to the management of the project, and dissemination of the project findings and outreach towards the scientific community, the GEO community, as well as towards potential end users of the data acquired in HYPOX. Management issues include internal communication, networking and integration of all partners as well as the support of the Partners in scientific and administrative obligation of the project including financial issues. Outreach activities in WP8 include networking with other scientific bodies and initiatives including members of the GEO community and potential end users of the knowledge produced in HYPOX. WP8 efforts to improve the visibility of HYPOX include the production and distribution of outreach material (project web site, brochures, films...). Last not least WP8 is responsible for the organization of annual meetings and for the preparation of reports for the European Commission. WP8 contributes significantly to milestone 1 (“Kick off meeting, discussion of work plan, implications from previous knowledge and structuring of HYPOX observatory network”; project month 3)
Main WP8 tasks for the reporting period
Task 8.1. Installation of coordination office
Task 8.2. Organizing the kick off meeting for all partners and subsequent planning of annual meetings including networking with local, national and international groups of potential knowledge users.
Task 8.3. Set up of HYPOX web site
Task 8.4. Organizing scientific visibility and representation in important international committees, meetings and symposia and development of a Knowledge Management Plan
Task 8.5. Preparing public outreach information material to be distributed to all partners and their local networks
Task 8.6. Setting up project schedule, including reports to the EC, managing deliverables and milestones
Requested WP8 outcomes for the reporting period
Project deliverable 8.1a&b. Preparation of HYPOX information brochures and downloadable films for the public, the EC and for informed users (Annex B.6.2), and for internal use knowledge management plan, mentoring of students, etc; preparation of educational materials and translation to partner languages; project month 6 and 18
Project deliverable 8.2a. short project status report; project month 9
Project deliverable 8.2b. Full scientific and management reports; project month 18
Internal deliverable 8.3. HYPOX website with open and internal access provided; project month 1
Internal deliverable 8.4a. Kick off meeting; project month 3
Internal deliverable 8.4b. 1St annual meeting (with special students’ workshops included); project month 12
for the first reporting period were successfully and timely accomplished. The kick off meeting (internal deliverable 8.4a: “Kick off meeting”) as well as the first annual meeting (internal deliverable 8.4b: “1St annual meeting (with special students’ workshops included)”) were held in Bremen and Istanbul, respectively. The kick off meeting with presentations, discussions, workshops and the subsequently produced products represented the achievement of milestone 1 (“Kick off meeting, discussion of work plan, implications from previous knowledge and structuring of HYPOX observatory network”). A project website was launched that includes an internal area, link to the HYPOX data portal and a news section was launched in and is maintained since the beginning of the project (internal deliverable 8.3: “HYPOX website with open and internal access provided”). Networking and outreach activities were carried out in order to advance the visibility of HYPOX in the scientific community as well as in the GEO community. To make the interested public as well as related projects and potential end users aware of project activities an information brochure and articles in the “International Innovation Journal” and earth observation related publication “Earthzine” were published and distributed to the scientific as well as the GEO community and potential end-users of HYPOX knowledge. Along the same line video material and photographs were published online. Publications and imagery contributed directly to project deliverables 8.1a&b (“Preparation of HYPOX information brochures and downloadable films for the public, the EC and for informed users, and for internal use knowledge”). The association of four additional project partners was initiated during the first annual meeting and finalized in autumn 2010. Partners were assisted in the preparation of deliverables and the M1-9 interim report as well as the M1-18 periodic report (deliverable 8.2a; “short project status report” and 8.2b; “Full scientific and management report”).
2.2 DESCRIPTION OF SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS, ACHIEVEMENTS, AND PLANS WORK PACKAGE BY WORK PACKAGE
WP 1: IMPROVING AND INTEGRATING IN SITU OBSERVATION CAPACITIES OF OXYGEN DEPLETION
Leading partner: INGV (Giuditta Marinaro)
WP1: overview and introduction
WP1 is the platform to discuss design and optimization of in situ observatories to be implemented in WP6 and 7 at the selected project sites in coastal and open seas, and land-locked water bodies. It also serves as a basis for synthesizing knowledge on measurement accuracy, risks and future technological challenges. An additional task of WP1 is to define which parameters, together with oxygen, are required to allow for an unambiguous interpretation of the acquired data. WP1 helps WP5 to develop standardization of metadata and products for data sharing.
WP 1: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
Task 1.1 (“Definition of scientific requirements including the definition of parameters that are, together with oxygen, essential for an integrated observation of the oxygen depletion process”)
All WP1 partners contributed to Task 1.1 for each site to be monitored. The scientific requirements were described in the report and deliverable D1.2 (“Report on scientific requirements and technical specification of a multiparameter and long-term oxygen depletion observation systems” due date Sep. 2009). The document was derived by contributions from all partners and reports all main pieces of information related to the selected sites where HYPOX monitoring activities will be carried out and to the monitoring systems. It contains a table for each site followed by a similar table describing the monitoring system to be used at that site.
IBSS and MPG-MPIMM identified scientific and technical requirements to investigate oscillations of the redoxcline on the Crimean shelf. In order to collect available information about hypoxia-sites at the Crimea shelf and selected target sites for investigations, IBSS performed an analysis of the available data from the literature and own results concerning of the redoxcline on the Crimean shelf (Black Sea). Selected sites to be monitored are: 1) Dnepr Canyon, 2) Tarkhankut region, 3) Omega (Kruglaya) Bay (Sevastopol), 4) Sevastopol Bay (inner and outer Parts). Hypoxic zones were observed in different parts of the Black Sea. The origin of hypoxia is inherent to the Black Sea deep-water biotopes. The oxygen / hydrogen sulfide-transition zone overlaps with the depth of the sea floor that is under the influence of the oxic / anoxic interface in the water column. There is a lack of knowledge on the frequency and duration of events where the benthos of typically oxic areas gets flushed with anoxic waters and, on the other hand, oxic waters are supplied to the seafloor below the permanent pycnocline. These issues are investigating within the HYPOX project. IBSS performed also a study of redox-potential (Eh, mV) oscillation in the near-bottom waters for definition of the chemocline 3-D dynamics at the investigation areas.
AWI and GeoEcoMar focused on scientific requirements to monitor oxygen on the North-Western Black Sea shelf. AWI also defined future recordings at the “HAUSGARTEN” station, Fram Strait. Ifremer, in collaboration with ITU-EMCOL and GeoEcoMar has defined part of the scientific requirements for monitoring of the Bosporus outlet with respect to sensor selection deployment strategy. IFM-GEOMAR contributed to analyzing requirements for long-term observatories in the environment with special emphasis on common data protocols and standardization, with focus in the Baltic Sea. SAMS has defined the requirements and parameters (i.e., oxygen, salinity, temperature and currents) necessary for the monitoring and understanding of hypoxia in land-locked water bodies (i.e., Loch Etive, Scotland) with restricted exchange. EAWAG, based on a compilation of the information collected in previous monitoring campaigns, identified scientific needs to be addressed in order to better understand oxygen dynamics in Swiss Lakes. UPAT analyzed in collaboration with INGV available data regarding the environmental setting of Ionian Sea lagoons (Aetoliko) and embayments (Amvrakikos and Katakolo) and defined the scientific requirements for the Greek sites. New data collected from Aetoliko lagoon and Katakolo bay and additional data collected from Amvrakikos Gulf were provided to INGV to specify the environmental setting of the above mentioned areas.
Uni-HB has clarified the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders within the HYPOX project covering the complete work flow starting at data production of scientists until long term data archiving and data publication. During the Istanbul meeting, Uni-HB has chaired a data management session dedicated to data sharing issues. Three talks have been given covering data exchange, data submission as well as GEOSS related issues. Based on the feedback from this workshop and the experiences Uni-HB gained from the first data submissions by HYPOX partners, a detailed ‘data submission guide’ was prepared as part of deliverable 1.1 which covers all aspects of manual data submission (e.g., preparation of data tables) as well as automatized data upload using GEOSS compatible OGC standards such as SOS (Sensor Observation Service) and O&M (Observations and Measurements). Several data submissions by HYPOX partners based on these recommendations have been submitted to the data management team. The data submitted so far have already been archived at PANGAEA and included in the HYPOX data portal (see task 5.3). Further, Uni-HB has started to assist SAMS in the specification of the requirements for a SOS server as GEOSS compatible data sharing component.
NIOO KNAW has given input to HYPOX partners on the requirements to be met by monitoring efforts to facilitate later data assimilation and modeling.
Task 1.2 (“Evaluate the technical solutions necessary to achieve the requirements of task 1.1. Technical specification of multiparameter and long-term observation systems that are appropriate for monitoring activities in WP6 and 7”)
All WP1 partners evaluated the best possible solutions and sensors for continuous long term monitoring and compiled technical specifications of benthic stations, moorings, lander- and ROV-based autonomous instruments. The selection of appropriate sensors is based on their performance (detection limits, accuracy, calibration, drifts, durability) and on the specific sites to be monitored.
In preparation for the R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruise MSM 15/1 MPG-MPIMM evaluated existing methods and instruments and adapted them to fit the monitoring requirements at the Crimean shelf. Where appropriate, MPG-MPIMM also developed new methods. In order to investigate the oscillations of the redoxcline at the Crimean shelf, MPG-MPIMM decided to use two different monitoring strategies – a stationary and a drifting approach:
To resolve the spatial and temporal variations of the pycnocline at the Crimean Shelf and the oxycline, 3 stationary mooring were prepared to be deployed along a transect covering depths between 100 and 150m. The moorings were planned to consist of each two temperature / conductivity loggers (SeaCat, Seabird electronics) situated at some tens of meters distance to the seafloor and one Aanderaa SeaGuard (temperature, conductivity, pressure, oxygen, current velocity) to record conditions as close as possible to the seafloor. It was decided that for logistic reasons these moorings could only be deployed on the Crimean shelf for periods of days to weeks (i.e., for the duration of the cruise). Seeking for an alternative method that allows to record oxygen and associated parameters for a longer period of time, MPG-MPIMM decided to additionally prepare for a drifting observatory. Two ARGO-type floats (“NEMO floats”, Optimare, Bremerhaven, Germany) were purchased by MPG-MPIMM and GKSS to serve as drifting observatories in the Crimean Shelf region. Following a pre-programmed measurement cycle these floats produce subsequent vertical profiles of physical properties of the water column (conductivity, temperature, pressure). Returning to the surface after measuring a profile the instrument transmits date, time and geographic position together with the collected data via Iridium telemetry.
To disentangle the drivers for varying oxygen concentrations in the bottom water, vertical oxygen and density gradients have to be measured in the Benthic Boundary Layer (BBL) over a longer period of time. For this purpose, MPG-MPIMM decided to use a BBL profiler that is deployed at the seafloor and equipped with CTD, Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), oxygen optode and turbidity sensor.
The need for fast measurements of oxygen distributions in the lowermost water column was the motivation to develop the Multi Fiber Optode (MuFO) within HYPOX (fig. 1).
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Fig. 1. Multi Fiber Optode (MuFO) setup with 100 single sensors to measure changes in oxygen concentration in high spatial and temporal resolution close to the seafloor. Figure: MPG-MPIMM (J. Fischer).
MuFO consists of a total number of 100 fiber optic oxygen sensors arranged as a vertical string that extends 8 m from the seafloor into the water column. All sensors are read out simultaneously by a unit deployed on the seafloor that incorporates a fluorescence lifetime imaging system and a computer for data storage, together with the necessary power supply by batteries. The prototype of the instrument, developed by MPG-MPIMM was tested successfully on the MSM15/1 cruise yielding interesting insights into the oxygen dynamics at that site.
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Fig. 2. The digital camera “MEGACAM” is attached to the linear drive of the Laser scanning device that allows both horizontal and vertical translation (for image mosaicing and adjustment of the size of the imaged area / magnification). Figure: Uni-HB (C. Waldmann).
To investigate the effect of bottom water oxygenation on benthic fluxes and vice versa, benthic chambers and microprofilers were selected by MPG-MPIMM as the most appropriate instruments and modified for use as autonomous lander-like short term moorings. The lander combined a benthic chamber with an x-y microprofiler, which was programmed to run multiple profiles in distances of several centimeters to decimeters. The microprofiler was equipped with microsensors for oxygen, sulfide, temperature, pH, and redox, and the sensors were driven from the water column into the sediment in a resolution of 100 µm steps. Somewhat similar chambers and profilers were attached to the benthic crawler “C-MOVE” of Uni-HB to use in an online mode allowing full interactive control during the measurements. C-MOVE was also equipped with instruments for a visual inspection of the sediment community and their traces of life. For this purpose, a high resolution camera „MEGACAM“ and a laser scanning device („LS“) were combined and modified to be operated through the benthic crawler C-MOVE. MEGACAM was oriented vertically, looking straight down at the sediment surface to pick differences in sediment structure and appearance as well as differences in populations and behavior of higher life under differing oxygen conditions (fig. 2). The Laser scanning device („LS“) was used to determine the sediment micro-topography at the respective sites – thereby extending the two dimensional MEACAM images to the third dimension (sediment height).
In order to quantify the sulfide fluxes in the anoxic parts of the water column, MPG-MPIMM and SAMS worked on the development of an eddy correlation system for sulfide. Eddy correlation is a non-invasive technique to measure benthic exchange rates based on current velocity and sensor measurements of the analyte in question. Sulfide microelectrodes, signal amplifier as well as the instrument frame have been modified in order to meet the specific requirements for sulfide flux measurements. First test have been performed and showed that the setup was suitable to measure benthic sulfide fluxes. Organized by MPG-MPIMM, a combined oxygen and sulfide eddy lander was build for the Black Sea Cruise MSM15/1. However, due the ash cloud and the cancelation of flights, HYPOX partner SAMS was not able to take the fast sulfide electrodes to Sevastopol and thus the sulfide eddy measurements could not be performed within the reporting period.
During the first 18 months SAMS has actively participated in the discussion on design and optimization of in situ observatories and platforms for monitoring hypoxia and associated parameters together with the other partners in HYPOX (INGV lead). SAMS put special emphasis on improving the capacity in terms of high frequency-long term remote measurements of multiparameter in situ observatories in coastal and land-locked water bodies. This approach lead to the design and implementation of the “Loch Etive Cabled Observatory” (LECO) during the initial 18 months (fig. 3). For further details see on the LECO observatory design see SAMS contribution to WP 7 report.
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Fig. 3. Basic design of the Loch Etive Cabled Observatory (LECO). The cabled mooring online mooring is placed in the upper deep basin (Bonawe) and a stand alone reference mooring is place in Airds Bay. Figure: SAMS (Henrik Stahl).
Based on the scientific requirements of Greek sites, the technical specifications of the observatory GMM (Gas Monitoring Module) have been defined by INGV and described in deliverable 1.2. These included the use of methane sensors (METS) specially calibrated for low oxygen conditions, associated to oxygen and hydrogen sulfide sensors for long-term monitoring of gas behavior in the selected site (up to four months). The scientific objective was to study possible links between oxygen deficiency (concentration decrease, oxycline variations, hypoxia and anoxia) and seepage of gas (methane and hydrogen sulfide) from the seafloor (i.e., assessment of possible geological drivers as considered in WP3). To this aim, the spatial (horizontal and vertical) distribution of oxygen, methane and hydrogen sulfide, has been investigated in Amvrakikos Lagoon and Katakolo Bay by the MEDUSA system and gas / water / sediment sampling was performed in Aetoliko and Katakolo in order to assess the origin of methane and hydrogen sulfide by isotopic analysis in the laboratory (i.e., discriminate between a biologic origin of the gas, as an effect of hypoxia-anoxia induced by other drivers, or geological gas seepage, as a contributing factor to local hypoxia-anoxia). Based on the MEDUSA data, previous data collected by UPAT and for reasons of logistics, Katakolo turned out to be the most appropriate site for long-term-monitoring and studying the effect of gas seepage on oxygen depletion (i.e., oxygen variation in a gas plume near-field). Accordingly, the station GMM has been deployed on 21. Sep. 2010 in the Katakolo harbor, where intense gas seepage and a decrease in oxygen concentration have been identified. GMM monitoring will last 3.5 month (up to 31. Dec. 2010).
INGV participated also in cruise leg MSM15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN to the Black Sea with the MEDUSA survey module that hosted oxygen and methane sensors together with CTD and camera, to monitor variations of oxygen concentrations in the presence of methane seepage.
Based on the extensive experience in underwater technology, Ifremer has contributed in the discussion on suitable mechanical and electronical configurations (dimensions, weight, control, time reference, power supply etc.). In addition, Ifremer proposed anti-fouling solutions for observatories at sites where it is relevant. Ifremer has bought two optical oxygen sensors and metrology experiments were realized on the optodes in order to avoid the risk of using a prototype with specific innovations including unusual parameter settings. One “PROVOR” float was built (PROVOR HYPOX DO-02) and another refitted (PROVOR HYPOX DO-01) with the recent Aanderaa optodes type 4330 (AADI, Bergen, Norway) and standard Seabird CTD. The validation procedure was followed with a set of Argo floats with DO measurement by the Argo-Coriolis team in Mar. 2010.
UGOT deployed a mooring to monitor salinity, temperature and oxygen on three to four different depths in the water column as well as bottom water current speeds and sea level variations (fig. 4).
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Fig. 4. Autonomous string-type mooring for deployments in the Swedish fjord systems for measurements of oxygen, currents, salinity, temperature, and water level at different vertical positions. Figure: UGOT.
The first short-term test with this mooring successfully made in a fjord during autumn of 2009. A long-term deployment of the mooring was made in the Havstens Fjord (from where water is fed into the Koljoe Fjord) from early Nov. 2009 until end of Apr. 2010. The fjord was ice-covered for about three months of this period. Observations indicated that the oxygen variations were to a large extent correlated with density variations with low oxygen concentrations connected to high-density water and vice versa. The suggestion is thus that oxygen monitoring should be made together with monitoring of (at least) S and T. A second long-term deployment of the mooring was started in the Havstens Fjord in May 2010. This monitoring campaign is still ongoing.
Sediment-water exchange rates of oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Koljoe Fjord were measured in situ in chambers of a benthic lander in Jun. 2010. The results will be used to constrain the role of sediments in oxygen depletion in the Koljoe Fjord.
As part of the data management plan, Uni-HB provided technical specifications on how a distributed HYPOX data system shall be designed. As part of this infrastructure the partner has proposed the usage of the PANGAEA data warehouse, which allows bulk download of large amounts of data for higher level data processing steps. Further Uni-HB has specified the necessary standards (OGC CSW, SOS, O&M etc.) and the steps necessary to contribute data to the HYPOX data portal as well as the relevant GEOSS portals. Major parts of this data system have already been implemented and can be visited at .
Task 1.3 (“Provide recommendations and strategies for in situ monitoring activities in HYPOX and in future monitoring attempts”)
As a contribution to task 1.3 MPG-MPIMM together with UGOT organized a workshop that was dedicated to calibration and evaluation of oxygen optodes and potential ways to improve their performance. The main focus of the workshop that took place on 9.-11. Dec. 2009 at MPG-MPIMM was to evaluate the accuracy of oxygen optodes and to develop and test an improved calibration procedure. Results of the workshop are expected to be valuable also for other HYPOX partners that use this type of oxygen sensors for their observatories. In collaboration with MPG-MPIMM, UGOT analyzed the data and presented the outcome in Mar. 2010 during a topical session at the first annual project meeting in Istanbul.
During oxygen Aanderaa optodes deployment on subsea observatories Ifremer and INGV has observed some oxygen measurements artifacts correlated with variations in water currents. In order to investigate this problem, Ifremer and INGV have decided to perform some metrological tests first in laboratory and in a second step in the Ifremer Basin and towing tank. The laboratory experiment has been realized and shows some slight effect of current on the measurements obtained (fig. 5).
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Fig. 5. In metrological measurements under laboratory conditions at Ifremer abnormal behaviour of the oxygen optodes could be reproduced. Figure: Ifremer.
As part of the deliverable report D 1.1 (“Report on recommendations for the operation of the individual observatory systems and how the data should be made available”), Uni-HB together with INGV, SAMS and UGOT formulated recommendations that provides advice on how the instrument handling procedures shall be specified. This is an important prerequisite to ensure proper instrument description and to be able to compare different handling procedures. As all data shall be made available through the PANGAEA Web portal a certain degree of harmonization has to be achieved in regard to the metadata description. Within the EU project ESONET, a sensor registry has been developed that could serve as a template for the instrument description scheme. Additionally it has been identified that calibration routines shall be harmonized. Therefore Partner Uni-HB was also engaged in the calibration workshop that was organized by the MPI-MM in Bremen in Dec. 2009. Data quality is a topic on central importance in different earth observation systems. In ocean sciences the OceanSites group is engaged and also advices JCOMM on that. With the participation to GEO task team meetings new data quality assurance concepts could be introduced.
WP 1: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
Of the two PROVOR-DO drifting observatories that Ifremer had planned to launch during R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruise leg MSM 15/1 to the Black Sea one was faulty. A new instrument is currently tested and will be deployed as soon as access to a new survey in the Bosporus area is available.
At the time of the planned submission of project deliverable 1.1 (“Report on recommendations for the operation of the individual observatory systems and how the data should be made available”, lead: Uni-HB, due date M12) observatory installation was still an ongoing process most partner institutions. In discussions during the first annual meeting it was agreed between WP1, 5, 6, and 7 partners to postpone submission of deliverable D1.1 to M18 to make sure that it could be based on completed rather than planned or ongoing observatory installations. The EC has been informed in early Apr. 2010 about the foreseen delay. On 10. Sep. 2010, deliverable 1.1 has been submitted for internal review.
WP 1: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
The next step for WP1 is to provide recommendations and strategies for future monitoring experiments in hypoxic sites according to the data collected in HYPOX project. An important task will be the description of quality assurance procedures to be implemented during data acquisition in order to reach an interoperable data system that binds to higher level data processing.
Each partner, based on the results obtained with the experiments in HYPOX, will analyze instrument’s performance for monitoring purposes. Findings will be transferred to partner institutions that are concerned with the “Report on first data quality checks and recommendations for future observation system” (deliverable D1.3).
For the second project period, MPG-MPIMM plans to improve several of the instruments and potentially use them again under different environmental conditions. With respect to the BBL profiler, for example, it is planned to improve the system by using a free rotating mast onto which the slide with the sensors are attached. Current velocity data are used to turn the sensors into the current to ensure an undisturbed sampling of the BBL. The sulfide-Eddy correlation system will be used in autumn 2010 to determine in situ benthic sulfide fluxes in a cruise organized by the HYPOX partner UGOT in a Swedish fjord. Additionally, the system will be further tested and improved in collaboration with the ITN project “SenseNet”.
From the results of the first optode calibration workshop it became clear that improvements were needed to make the calibration system easier to handle and more reliable. The calibration vessel will get modified technically at MPG-MPIMM (improved sealing of the lid, internal compensation for changes in water volume through changes in temperature or during sampling). Following discussions during the workshop and the topical session at the first annual meeting the calibration protocol is being modified (e.g., change in oxygen level through water exchange instead of chemical, Winkler titrations instead of reference optodes). Test calibrations at MPG-MPIMM are starting soon and results will be disseminated to partners at the second annual meeting in Kastanienbaum / Horw, Switzerland.
In order to better understand the effect of current on the optode measurements, Ifremer and INGV will perform further investigations in Sep. 2010 by using the Ifremer towing tank.
For other sites Ifremer will propose anti-fouling solutions for observatories at sites where it is relevant. When needed, Ifremer proposes anti-fouling solutions for observatories based on local chlorination of the sensitive part of the sensors. Especially for oxygen Aanderaa optodes, local chlorination has been used with success to protect the sensitive part of the sensor. Many deployments have been realized in the past in various areas and at various depths to protect sensors for duration from 3 months up to 1 year (fig. 6).
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Fig. 6. Ifremer biofouling protection by local chlorination for Aanderaa optodes. Figure: Ifremer (Laurent Delaunay).
The deployment of the second PROVOR-DO float of Ifremer will take into consideration the previous experience and advisory from WP1 group. The calibration will be done again before expedition. The float will be repaired and modified as a “PROBIO” with Iridium transmission capabilities. A cruise of opportunity is foreseen for this deployment thanks to ITU-EMCOL collaboration. The results will lead to recommendations for deliverable 1.3.
During the next months Uni-HB will continue to work on the specification of the SOS server and assist SAMS in installing the SOS there. Uni-HB will further start assisting UGOT to connect their observatory using the same standard and software. They will continue to develop the SOS data harvester tool and will start the semi-automatized archiving process soon. As these SOS servers will be one of the main contributions to GEOSS, Uni-HB will also register HYPOX SOS servers at GEOSS as soon as they are available.
UGOT will deploy an observatory for long-term monitoring of oxygen, salinity, temperature, currents and sea level in the Koljoe Fjord starting autumn of 2010. An intensive measuring campaign with measurements every week for two months will take place from end of Sep. until end of Nov. 2010. Salinity, temperature, oxygen and nutrients will be measured in the Koljoe Fjord and several neighboring fjords. These data will together with the observatory data also be used for modeling. One of the main purposes of these measuring and modeling exercises is to better understand the influence of water exchange and hydrography on oxygen depletion and renewal in the Koljoe Fjord.
WP 2: MODELING AND PREDICTION OF SHORT AND LONG TERM FACTORS AFFECTING OXYGEN DEPLETION IN DIFFERENT SYSTEMS
Leading partner: NIOO KNAW & GKSS (Jack Middelburg & Emil Stanev)
WP 2: overview and introduction
WP2 will improve the prediction of oxygen depletion in aquatic ecosystems by developing and using numerical tools to assimilate oxygen sensor data, by providing feedback to observational scientists regarding optimal sampling and observation strategies and by integrating the various observations made at different spatial scales and temporal resolutions (link to WP1, 6, and 7). Moreover, WP2 will advance our understanding of the relative importance of oxygen supply and oxygen use in governing oxygen depletion, thus providing knowledge to distinguish natural variability from manageable, anthropogenic effects (input to WP3).
WP 2: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
During months 1-18 WP2 had only two internal deliverables (deliverable 2.2a&b: “Training and discussion workshop on state of the art of physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion”) and no project deliverables. MPG-MPIMM organized and hosted the first discussion workshop on modeling in HYPOX that took place at the kick off meeting in Bremen, Germany (15.-17.4.2009). The meeting was chaired by Jack Middelburg (NIOO KNAW) and used to plan and harmonize modeling activities by the different HYPOX partners. MPG-MPIMM initiated and ITU-EMCOL hosted a second Training Workshop on physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion that took place during the 1St annual meeting of HYPOX in Istanbul, Turkey (22.-25.3.2010). Tutorial lectures were delivered by HYPOX partners GKSS, NIOO KNAW, IFM-GEOMAR, and ITU-EMCOL, as well as invited external experts. Modeling research was focused on sediment biogeochemistry (IFM-GEOMAR), fjord systems (SAMS, UGOT), the Black Sea (GKSS) and on development of generic modeling tools to advance understanding of the reactive transport of oxygen in sediments and tidal rivers (NIOO KNAW).
Modeling of vertical mixing and stratification in fjords (task 2.1)
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Fig. 7. The adaptive grid (FVCOM) applied to Loch Etive. Figure: SAMS (D. Aleynik).
At SAMS, Dmitry Aleynik was appointed as a modeler early on in the project. He has been working full time on setting up and optimizing a physical fjord circulation / mixing model for the Loch Etive HYPOX field site based on the POLCOMS (structured grid) model. In the validation and testing of this model the following data have been used: historical legacy data (initially), a standard mooring deployed in Nov. 2009 in Airds Bay, annually repeated CTD surveys at 8 stations, and real time data from the Loch Etive Cabled Observatory (LECO). Good progress has been made in describing how short and long term variations in external forcing (tidal forcing, wind, heat flux and rivers runoff) affect the hydrodynamic structure and thermo-haline fields in the Loch Etive fjord. However, after repeated model runs with higher grid resolution and comparison with the available data, the POLCOMS model showed limitations in terms of horizontal resolution, which resulted in a poor description of the overturning of the upper deep basin bottom waters (essential for predicting hypoxia). In response, a new higher resolution model (FVCOM) was adapted for Loch Etive, which has the ability to vary the horizontal resolution according to complex geometry and topography, and this way, it is highly suitable for fjord basins (fig. 7). In collaboration with University of Edinburgh a localized version of FVCOM has been ported to National Supercomputer Centre HECToR. Simulations with a 50 m horizontal resolution provided an improved description of stratification close to the observed data, especially in the vicinity of the narrow straits with shallow sills, where previously excessive vertical mixing was predicted by the POLCOMS model.
UGOT has setup a coupled physical-biogeochemical-ecological basin model for the Orust-Tjörn system, which includes three sub-basins Havstens Fjord, By Fjord (where the BOX project is taking place) and Koljoe Fjord (the HYPOX target site). The physical circulation and mixing model has been originally developed by Anders Stigebrandt and applied to several other fjords earlier with good results. The biogeochemical part, originally developed to study eutrophication of Norwegian fjords, has been updated to include all processes needed by HYPOX. Post-doc Daniel Hansson started in HYPOX at UGOT on 2. Oct. 2009. He is working 50% of his time on HYPOX (total 12 person months) and 50% on the Swedish project BOX, which deals with oxygenation of the basin water in the By Fjord, situated in the same fjord system as the Koljoe Fjord. Topographic, meteorological and hydrological forcing data has been collected for the fjord system. A critical point concerns the boundary conditions to the open Skagerrak that need at least a weekly resolution. Historically there are only monthly observations, so weekly measurements were initiated in HYPOX to obtain the state at the Skagerrak border and the internal states of the fjord basins. Using forcing datasets with different temporal resolution (from monthly to daily forcings obtained from the HYPOX mooring in the Havstens Fjord), the modeling of physical variables characteristic for vertical mixing and stratification (task 2.1), such as temperature and salinity, has been tested carefully over the past months and proved to give very reliable results with high correlation to observations. Oxygen modeling has just been switched on, and the first preliminary output shows good results from that side as well. Currently, the biogeochemical model does not include a phosphorus submodel. This will be developed by Lena Viktorsson (Ph. D. student with A. Stigebrandt and P. Hall at UGOT) and later implemented in the model.
Model assimilation of oxygen observation (task 2.2)
GKSS and MPG-MPIMM have purchased two ARGO-type, oxygen sensor equipped profiling floats (NEMO-floats, Optimare, Germany) to deploy in Black Sea waters. To facilitate this and to take the opportunity to test the feasibility of floating observatories for hypoxia monitoring, MPG-MPIMM bought one NEMO float from non-HYPOX funds and helped GKSS to get the permission from the European Commission to purchase a second float by shifting HYPOX funds from Personnel to equipment. So far, each float executed more than 20 profiles showing for the first time the usefulness and quality of autonomous observations of oxygen in the Black sea (fig. 8). These data will now be used by GKSS in numerical model assimilation runs to explore forecast skills of combined physical-biogeochemical models for the Black Sea and develop sampling strategies (directly contributing to task 2.2 “Development and implementation of modules to assimilate oxygen observation”).
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Fig. 8. Vertical profiles of O2 provided by one Argo-type NEMO float. Figure: GKSS (E. Stanev).
Physical biogeochemical modeling of the Black Sea (task 2.3)
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Fig. 9. The variations of January mean NAO index shown by red line, and that of the 300-meter depth integrated biochemical variables on oxygen by blue line from 1966 to 2005. Figure: GKSS (E. Stanev).
The suboxic zone in the Black Sea (a layer between oxic surface and anoxic deeper water), is highly variable and depends on climate variability as well as anthropogenic eutrophication. However it is still uncertain which one is the more important factor governing low oxygen concentrations. So far numerical models have not been explored in detail to assess the biogeochemical system response to anthropogenic and climate forcing in isolation or conjointly. During the first 9 months, a coupled 1D hydrophysical-biogeochemical model (GOTM plus ROLM) was set up by GKSS to study the major elements in redox transition layer in the Black Sea. The model incorporates a parameterization of major biogeochemical process for 24 components, including oxygen, sulfide, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, elemental sulfur, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, particulate and dissolved organic nitrogen, and particulate and dissolved Manganese and Iron species. Basic model simulations of the suboxic layer development under 40-yearly changes forcing and 40-year averaged forcing for the Black Sea hydrophysical-biogeochemical scenario were carried out. The model is able to adequately reproduce the observed data. Furthermore the analysis of the difference between interannual and perpetual-year run during 40-years makes clear that the impact of the NAO on the ecological dynamics seems to be well pronounced (fig. 9). For instance, nitrate and sulfide concentrations are clearly reflecting NAO variability. In the second nine month period, GKSS has analyzed a simple (1D) version of the Nucleous of European Modeling (NEMO). We coupled this NEMO model to the ROLM model and assessed its performance in simulating the main physical and biogeochemical features in the Black Sea. Focus in the intercomparison between GOTM + ROLM and NEMO + ROLM has focused on temperature, oxygen and hydrogen sulfide (fig. 10). Differences in model performance are to a larger extent due to physical parameterizations, which is an issue to further investigate in the next period when models will be run in a 3D GETM framework (task 2.3 Coupled 3D- physical biogeochemical modeling of the Black Sea).
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Fig. 10. Vertical distribution of oxygen and hydrogen sulfide in NEMO and GOTM. Figure: GKSS (E. Stanev).
Reactive transport modeling of sediment biogeochemistry (task 2.4).
NIOO KNAW has reviewed the literature regarding the effect of hypoxia on sediment biogeochemistry and benthic ecology and identified the need for future models (Middelburg and Levin, 2009). NIOO KNAW has systematically investigated the mathematical equations for 1D, 2D and 3D oxygen fields in sediments due to bio-irrigation (Meysman et al. in press). NIOO KNAW has made all modeling tools developed prior and during HYPOX available to consortium members and others (via open access R site; ). IFM-GEOMAR has focused model development on benthic cycling of redox sensitive elements in environments subject to hypoxia. The overall goal is to investigate how the pathways of organic matter degradation and biogeochemical fluxes across the sediment-water interface respond to changing oxygen concentrations. The study sites chosen are the seasonally-hypoxic Boknis Eck channel in Kiel Bight (Baltic Sea) and the permanently hypoxic-anoxic Eastern Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea). The benthic modeling work began with a delay of 4 months because of difficulties in finding a suitable PhD candidate. IFM-GEOMAR PhD student Tanja Schorp, in collaboration with Andrew Dale and Klaus Wallmann started with a literature review of hypoxia and oxygen cycling in the Gotland Basin (Baltic Sea) and a compilation of particulate fluxes and relevant biogeochemical data. Tanja Schorp (IFM-GEOMAR) also visited NIOO KNAW for a training of sediment biogeochemical modeling in R. She has been developing and testing a steady-state 1-D reaction-transport model which includes the major pathways of organic matter degradation and the coupling to the carbon, nitrogen and iron cycles in addition to processes controlling benthic oxygen depletion. The model has also been applied to non-steady state conditions to simulate the effect of intermittent oxygenation of Gotland Basin deep waters on the exchange fluxes of oxygen and nutrients and the key processes contributing to oxygen depletion. The IFM-GEOMAR cruise to the Gotland Basin in Sep. 2009 suffered a severe setback due to bad weather and the deployment of equipment and sample collection was seriously limited. In response, an alternative sampling campaign was organized at the Boknis Eck HYPOX field site during winter 2010. The model has been applied to this dataset, which include sediment profile data, in situ and ex situ flux measurements of nitrogen species (dinitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite) as well as oxygen (fig. 11).
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Fig. 11. Modeled (left) versus measured (right) fluxes of nitrogen species across the sediment-water interface in Boknis Eck sediments during winter 2010. Negative values indicate a flux into the sediment. Figure: IFM-GEOMAR.
Ex situ rates of sulfate reduction measured in sediment incubation cores with radio-labeled sulfate (35sulfate) as well as nitrogenase activity to determine nitrogen fixation have been made available by collaboration with Tina Treude and Vicky Bertics (both IFM-GEOMAR). Preliminary model results suggest that a significant fraction of organic matter (>50%) is degraded by oxygen during winter, with most of the remainder attributable to sulfate reduction. The exchange of dissolved substances in the bottom waters of Boknis Eck with the sediment pore water due to the activity of burrowing animals (bioirrigation) is a critical process for the model and has been determined experimentally. Between Feb. and Sep. 2010, data from ex situ incubation experiments on whole sediment cores from Boknis Eck with bromide as an inert tracer have been incorporated into a 1-D model to quantify the bioirrigation rate. The results reveal that animals irrigate the sediment to a depth of around 8 cm in winter which implies a substantial ventilation of the sediments (fig. 12). Continuation of these experiments in conjunction with sediment sampling and analysis will allow any seasonal trends in bioirrigation to be ascertained.
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Fig. 12. Modeled (lines) and measured (points) of porewater constituents in Boknis Eck sediments during winter 2010. The near-vertical profiles in the upper 10 cm indicate effective flushing of the porewater by burrowing animals. Figure: IFM-GEOMAR.
Modeling of oxygen dynamics (task 2.5)
By its very nature, the simulation of oxygen cannot be done before the physical circulation and mixing component of the coupled physical-biogeochemical fjord models are properly calibrated. The first simulations with oxygen as a tracer have just started towards the end of the 18 month reporting period. At UGOT, oxygen modeling has just been switched on, and the first preliminary output show promising results. At SAMS, Mark Inall and Henrik Stahl have started to amend the SAMS fjordic mixing model with dissolved oxygen as a variable and with algebraic expressions for water column and benthic oxygen demand and compare model predictions to observatory data obtained in Loch Etive. Using the modeling software COMSOL, MPG-MPIMM developed a k-epsilon model of the benthic boundary layer (BBL) to model non steady state situations in the BBL and to investigate the consequences of these non steady state situations for oxygen flux measurements via eddy correlation and bottom water oxygen concentrations determined with the BBL-Profiler. NIOO KNAW has developed a novel procedure based on wavelet analysis and compared this to classical data-assimilation methods to better exploit oxygen time series for biological information.
Project Deliverables
Deliverable 2.1 (nearly accomplished). Three scientific papers have been published that will form the parent material for the M36 Report on the relative importance of physical processes, sediment biogeochemistry, macrobenthos, and human-impact on hypoxia development in aquatic systems varying in tidal energy, topography and human impact). NIOO KNAW has reviewed the literature regarding the effect of hypoxia on sediment biogeochemistry and benthic ecology and identified the need for future models (Middelburg and Levin, 2009). NIOO KNAW has also developed, elaborated and published a simple, mechanistic model for the recovery of tidal rivers from hypoxia as a consequence of lowered BOD and nutrient loadings (Cox et al., 2010). NIOO KNAW has reviewed the state of the science of coastal hypoxia with respect to the prevalence and spatio-temporal variability, the natural and human causes, the effects on biogeochemistry and ecology, and the resistance, resilience and recovery of ecosystems (Zhang et al., 2010).
Deliverable 2.2 a&b (accomplished). As a contribution to the internal deliverables D 2.2a&b (“Training and discussion workshops on state of the art of physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion to be held during or after the Kick off meeting and the first annual meeting”), MPG-MPIMM has organized and hosted a discussion workshop on modeling in HYPOX that took place at the kickoff meeting in Bremen, Germany (15.-17.4.2009). The meeting was chaired by Jack Middelburg (NIOO KNAW) and used to plan and harmonize modeling activities by the different HYPOX partners. In addition, MPG-MPIMM initiated a Training Workshop on physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion, which took place during the 1St annual meeting of HYPOX in Istanbul, Turkey (22.-26. Mar. 2010). ITU-EMCOL contributed to the logistics and organization of this Training Workshop. To make sure that the workshop will meet partner’s requirements and will represents state of the art of physical-biogeochemical modeling, MPG-MPIMM asked the modeling experts at IFM-GEOMAR to take care of workshop organization and planning. The meeting was chaired by Jack Middelburg (NIOO KNAW) and Emil Stanev (GKSS). NIOO KNAW has contributed to this workshop by presentations by Tom Cox (oxygen time series analysis) and a tutorial presentation by Filip Meysman (Model tools for benthic pelagic coupling). IFM-GEOMAR has contributed to this workshop by a tutorial presentation by Andy Dale. GKSS has contributed to this workshop by a tutorial presentation by Emil Stanev. ITU-EMCOL has contributed to this workshop by a tutorial lecture by Temel Oğuz.
Project deliverables D 2.3 (M24), D 2.4 (M30) and D 2.5 (M30) are scheduled to be accomplished during the next reporting period.
WP 2: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
The only deviation from the description of work and delays in month 1-18 concern the bad weather conditions encountered by IFM-GEOMAR during the Sep. 2009 Baltic Sea (Gotland Deep) cruise with R/V ALKOR. The deployment of equipment and sample collection was seriously limited. The expected benthic dataset is therefore not available from this cruise. To help alleviate this problem, additional field campaigns at Boknis Eck (Western Baltic) were carried out to collect benthic data during 12 monthly cruises. The resulting data have been used for modeling (see Progress section above).
The initial SAMS goal to model the Loch Etive hydrography using the POLCOMS approach proved to be insufficient in terms of resolution. However, a fast adaptation and implementation of a new model (FVCOM) has put the modeling work back on track and SAMS foresees no problems of achieving the objectives of WP2.
WP 2: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
During months 19-36 there is one project deliverable in WP2 (D 2.1, “Report on the relative importance of physical processes, sediment biogeochemistry, macrobenthos, and human-impact on hypoxia development in aquatic systems varying in tidal energy, topography and human impact”) and three internal deliverables (D 2.3, “Report on vertical mixing in hypoxic basins and its dependence on atmospheric and marine boundary conditions”; D 2.4, “Report on oxygen dynamics in silled basins and its dependence on atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial boundary conditions, including land-use and nutrient loading”; D 2.5, “Report on assimilation of HYPOX observatory oxygen data and model results on factors governing oxygen dynamics in the Black Sea”).
Planned scientific objectives for modeling of fjord systems
SAMS will continue to validate the modeling results (FVCOM) based on real-time data sets obtained from the Loch Etive Cabled observatory (LECO). SAMS will reconstruct overturning events in the upper deep basin in Loch Etive using the FVCOM model. SAMS will couple this new physical mixing model with a biogeochemical model for predicting oxygen levels in bottom waters of Loch Etive. UGOT will start running the coupled physical-biogeochemical-ecological model for the Koljoe Fjord in autumn 2010 with the intention to validate the physical circulation and the biogeochemical process descriptions. Over the course of late Sep. to mid-November 2010, measurements will be carried out throughout the Orust-Tjörn fjord system on a weekly basis. During this time, all physical parameters including salinity, temperature, and nutrients will be measured. This dataset will later serve as forcing, initial conditions and validation when modeling the whole fjord system, including the Koljoe Fjord.
Planned scientific objectives for oxygen observation and model assimilation
Argo float data (fig. 8) will further be collected and used in parallel with numerical simulations by GKSS to establish the degree of realism of numerical simulations. MPG-MPIMM plans collaborations with GKSS and ITU-EMCOL to enhance the analysis of the oxygen fluctuations in the bottom water that were recorded on the Crimean Shelf. This will enable to better understand the origin of the fast and strong changes in oxygen concentration that were observed during R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruise leg MSM15/1 to the Black Sea. MPG-MPIMM established contact with GKSS ands started to plan first workshops.
Planned scientific objectives for Black Sea modeling
GKSS will continue the modeling work and compare biogeochemical response as a function of meteorological forcing. Furthermore, building upon the current 1D approaches, GKSS will simulate hydrophysical-biogeochemical process in the Black Sea using 3D models like GETM. Research is planned to analyze the impact of different factors on oxygen dynamics, which will be on the base of forecasting oxygen depletion and pelagic productions. ITU-EMCOL will participate in the modeling activities under task 2.3 once the observatory data became available.
Planned scientific objectives sediment biogeochemistry modeling
IFM-GEOMAR will continue development and improvement of the 1-D benthic model as well as testing of the obtained model results against data collected from Gotland Basin and Boknis Eck channel. Following the successful HYPOX cruise to the Eastern Gotland Basin in Jun. 2010 on R/V ALKOR, the sediment geochemistry data, in situ fluxes from benthic lander deployments and ex situ bioirrigation rate measurements are now available for modeling. The major objectives of the modeling work in the coming months are to forecast how a continuation of this depletion could affect the flux of phytoplankton nutrients (nitrogen, phosphate) and iron from the sediment to the water column and the long-term burial of organic matter. In addition, IFM-GEOMAR will further develop the Gotland Basin benthic model, with emphasis on present day nitrogen dynamics as well as long term changes arising from climate change. Data of dissolved species concentration in the Gotland Basin from 1960-2160 will be provided from 3-D general circulation models of the Baltic Sea by collaboration with Thomas Neumann (IOW). These will be used in the benthic model to predict future trends in benthic nutrient cycling in the basin due to climate-induced changes in mixing and circulation in the Baltic Sea. NIOO KNAW will develop and test data-assimilation methods to better exploit oxygen time series for biological information (primary production versus respiration).
Planned scientific objectives with respect to oxygen modeling
NIOO KNAW starts a model investigation (MSc research Lorenz Maire) to generically asses the relative importance of physical processes, sediment biogeochemistry, macrobenthos, and human-impact on hypoxia development in aquatic systems varying in tidal energy, topography and human impact. (contribution to D 2.1). Concerning the modeling of the reactive transport of oxygen in the benthic boundary layer MPG-MPIMM will further improve the COMSOL k-epsilon model of the BBL and test it using recently measured data.
For the second half of the project no deviations or delays from the original plans of HYPOX are expected.
WP 3: EXISTING AND FUTURE IMPACTS OF HYPOXIA ON ECOSYSTEMS
Leading partner: AWI (Jana Friedrich)
WP 3: overview and introduction
In this work package existing and potential future impacts of hypoxia and anoxia on aquatic ecosystems are evaluated. By analyzing existing knowledge and integrating new findings from the field observatories (WP6 & 7) and modeling (WP2), an interdisciplinary understanding of the drivers of oxygen depletion, pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia, pathways of recovery, and impacts of hypoxia on ecosystem goods and services will be developed.
WP 3: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
The methodology of work was discussed in an introductory workshop held by AWI during the kick-off meeting. During the first nine month of the project, work was focused on task 3.1 (“Analysis of pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia and pathways of recovery after hypoxia plus related regime shifts”) by collecting existing knowledge at the study sites from all partners. This information has been compiled by AWI and MPG-MPIMM as internal deliverable D 3.3 (“Compilation of existing data on effects of hypoxia on ecosystems at target sites”), which was due in month 6 and was delivered with few months of delay. This report represents a work document for all project partners, and will be updated as new information from the observatories arrive. The report is organized in two parts; “open and shelf seas” and “land-locked water bodies”. The report provides information about the HYPOX target sites concerning the following topics:
- duration of oxygen depletion
- natural causes of oxygen depletion
- man made causes of oxygen depletion
- expected impact of climate change on oxygen depletion and related parameters
- expected impact of eutrophication on oxygen depletion
- biotic and abiotic characteristics of the benthic habitat
- known and expected response of the benthic (and pelagic) ecosystem to hypoxia
- sources of data on oxygen, related parameters and ecosystem state and changes
(experts, data bases, publications)
- references cited in the text and further reading
- parameters to measure (indicating the parameters that are going to be measured within HYPOX)
- scientific tasks / open questions that motivate project work at the site
(indicate scientific tasks / open questions that are going to be tackled within HYPOX)
- observatory leader(s) name(s) and email
During month 9-18, WP3 work focused on task 3.2 (“Assessment of drivers and mechanisms for oxygen depletion, hypoxia and anoxia and impacts on ecosystems”). This was achieved by means of a WP3 workshop, held by AWI with support from UGOT and MPG-MPIMM during the first annual project meeting, followed up by exchanges between the partners. The work aimed at a conceptual understanding of hypoxia effects on ecosystems. Two conceptual levels of understanding were identified: (1) understanding the physical and biological processes of hypoxia formation and ecosystem response, and (2) identifying and understanding the causal chain from drivers of hypoxia formation to ecosystem response. With the help of D 3.3, the respective HYPOX target sites were classified into sites characterized by decreasing oxygen concentrations, episodic hypoxic / anoxic events, seasonal hypoxia, periodic hypoxia and persistent anoxia. The duration of anoxic and hypoxic events is in most cases linked to the drivers. Generally speaking, at our target sites, natural forcing leads to episodic, periodic and persistent occurrence of hypoxia, whereas anthropogenic forcing leads to seasonal and persistent occurrence of hypoxia. These findings have to be verified by the field surveys that are underway. In discussion groups, the causal chain of driver, pressure, state change, impact and ecosystem response were assessed based on existing knowledge. The aim is to partition oxygen depletion due to natural and anthropogenic drivers and the impacts of hypoxia on the ecosystem. Based on the discussions, conceptual models were prepared to describe the drivers and mechanisms of oxygen depletion at the HYPOX target sites. These conceptual models help to analyze the causal chain of hypoxia formation and to identify temporal patterns of hypoxia depending on the drivers and geographical setting prevailing at the target sites. Input to the conceptual models was provided by all partners by creating a model for each target site. The models will provide the basis for more comprehensive ecosystem models that will be developed as part of task 3.3. Based on task 3.2 and led by UGOT, we are currently preparing deliverable 3.1 (“Report on drivers / mechanisms of hypoxia / anoxia and their spatial and temporal occurrence”), due in month 18.
Fieldwork is underway at all target sites, and the data are currently analyzed by all partners, specifically with focus to WP3 tasks:
At MPG-MPIMM, the samples and data obtained during cruise leg MSM15/1 with R/V MARIA S. MERIAN in Apr. / May 2010 form the basis of investigations on (1) drivers and mechanisms for oxygen depletion in the Crimea region (task 3.2), (2) the effect of different oxygen levels on the microbial community as a basal ecosystem component (task 3.3), and (3) studies of the risks connected to hypoxia (task 3.4) that MPG-MPIMM will perform in close cooperation with IBSS.
AWI is currently analyzing the data from the “HAUSGARTEN” field campaigns in 2009 and 2010, and the field campaigns on the NW Black Sea shelf in May and Sep. 2010 (benthic flux data and oxygen time series data from the observatory). The NW Black Sea data will reveal how the benthic system recovered from the collapse in the 1980’ies – 1990’ies, as well as the ecosystems resilience towards hypoxia.
Eawag has compiled a significant data set of long time series for the various Swiss lakes to be studied. Eawag has assessed the data along with a preliminary analysis to determine optimal data analysis techniques. From the comparison of various techniques Eawag determined the optimal method and from this established the data analysis routines. This work is accompanied with a review of past studies relevant to hypoxia in Swiss lakes. Additionally, lipid biomarker studies made it possible to reconstruct microbial communities in Lake Rotsee and Lake Zurich over timescales of more than 100 years. Based on these analyses, times of higher productivity mainly because of eutrophication of these lakes could be recognized. These changes could not be related to climate changes so far in the two studied systems.
WP3 activities of partner IBSS in the first eighteen months of the project have been dedicated to: (1) review of available data of pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia at the Black Sea and particularly the Crimea shelf and compilation of existing data on hypoxia effects on ecosystems (D 3.3); (2) review of available knowledge about past oxygen regimes and benthic indicator species at selected target sites; (3) study of meiobenthos abundance and diversity at the Crimean shelf target sites (Omega Bay, Sevastopol Bay and cape Tarkhankut) that are exposed to different oxygen conditions; (4) comparative risk analysis of hypoxia on the base of data of the spatial and temporal distribution of the macrobenthic deep-sea mollusk Modiolula phaseolina and its dead shells (based on samples obtained during leg MSM 15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN, in Apr. and May 2010); (5) analysis of hypoxia impact on ecosystem goods and services based on draft conceptual models developed for the target sites as well as on available knowledge.
INGV in collaboration with UPAT is monitoring gas efflux (methane, sulfide, oxygen) as well as oceanographic parameters (temperature, salinity, density, turbidity, and currents) at their target sites. In order to understand the origin of methane and sulfide (biologic or geologic), isotopic analyses are planned.
At IOW, an analysis of the trends and parameters derived from 50 years of monitoring has been compiled in a monograph by editors from IOW (Feistel et al., 2008), also addressing ecosystem response to external forcing. An appropriate way of redesigning the ODIN data base is still evaluated in order to facilitate access to the content, enclosing data on oxygen concentrations and related data.
Based on real-time data from LECO, SAMS has assessed ecosystem response to hypoxia in Loch Etive as a proxy for land-locked water bodies and identified gaps in understanding these hypoxia events in Loch Etive (input to WP1).
UGOT has implemented, tested and started to use the observatory, which will provide long-term measurements of vertical distributions of currents, salinity, temperature, and oxygen in the water column of the Koljoe Fjord. UGOT has also helped to provide historical data on these parameters in the Koljoe Fjord that are relevant for ecosystem change from SMHI. Sediment-water fluxes of oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Koljoe Fjord were measured in situ in chambers of a benthic lander in Jun. 2010. The results will be used to constrain the role of sediments in oxygen depletion in the Koljoe Fjord.
The work of GeoEcoMar focused on the Romanian sector of the North Western Black Sea Shelf. Cruises with R/V MARE NIGRUM where carried out in May 2009, May 2010, Jul. 2010 and Sep. 2010. Sampling included CTD profiles, oxygen, chlorophyll, phytoplankton, zooplankton, macrobenthos and meiobenthos samples. Activities focusing on the state of the ecosystem and comprised drawing of maps of near bottom oxygen concentration or other physical & chemical parameters, as well as of distributions and abundances of key species of the Romanian Black Sea shelf. This included bottom sediment description / characterization according to the field observations, qualitative (taxonomic / specific richness) and quantitative (abundance / evenness) descriptions of populations, sorting and identifying biodiversity. Phytoplankton / zooplankton and macrobenthos / meiobenthos specific structure, quantitative distribution, and state parameters were investigated as well. In addition, the existing historical data were reviewed. For this purpose some of the publications had to be translated from Romanian, Russian and French to English.
NIOO KNAW has reviewed the literature regarding the effect of hypoxia on sediment biogeochemistry and benthic ecology and identified the need for future models (Middelburg and Levin, 2009). This directly contributed to project deliverable 3.2 and internal deliverable 3.4. NIOO KNAW contributed to a review of the state of the science of coastal hypoxia with respect to the prevalence and spatio-temporal variability, the natural and human causes, the effects on biogeochemistry and ecology, and the resistance, resilience and recovery of ecosystems (Zhang et al., 2010). This directly contributed to project deliverable 3.2 and internal deliverable 3.4.
WP 3: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
Preparation of D 3.3 was delayed as the process of data collection from partners took longer than expected. Being aware of the importance of the report as a guideline for monitoring and data analysis efforts in HYPOX it was decided to rather accept a delay and obtain substantial input from partners than to finalize a superficial report timely. The report has been compiled by month 9, and is used as current knowledge base for the evaluation of impacts of hypoxia at target sites.
IBSS took part in the cruise to the Bosporus area with R/V ARAR in Nov. 2009. Participation in this mission and research on the meiobenthos in this area is not part of the DoW. These created additional person months that were supplied by IBSS as additional own contribution.
Open access to the internal data base of IOW in order to provide legacy data for the Baltic Sea takes longer is an ongoing and major task. This process takes much longer than expected as it requires a labor intensive restructuring of the entire existing data base.
The preparation of project deliverable 3.1 (“Report on drivers / mechanisms of hypoxia / anoxia and their spatial and temporal occurrence”, due date month 18) is slightly delayed but is expected to be finalized early in the second half of the Project.
WP 3: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
During the second reporting period, WP3 will prepare deliverable 3.4 (“Report on ecosystem function decline due to hypoxia and recovery”, due date month 24) and D 3.2 (“Report on future impacts of hypoxia on ecosystems and their goods and services”, due date month 30). In order to do so, WP3 partners will continue working on task 3.2 (“Assessment of drivers and mechanisms for oxygen depletion, hypoxia and anoxia, and impacts of hypoxia on ecosystems”). Partners will contribute their knowledge from the field work at the HYPOX target sites. WP3 will then tackle task 3.3 (“Analysis of impact on ecosystem goods and services by developing conceptual models”). Based on the natural sciences point of view it will be assessed how hypoxia and anoxia threatens the goods and services that humans gain from aquatic systems, e.g., with respect to fisheries or recreational services. The conceptual models developed for D 3.1 will be extended. If a target site is likely to be affected by hypoxia, the causal chain will be continued from the state of the ecosystem to the expected impact on ecosystem goods and services. Once the field data generated during HYPOX are analyzed, we will use the new knowledge to assess the risks related with the occurrence of low oxygen conditions at the target sites in line with task 3.4. This will help us to deduce expected impacts of future hypoxic events, and to assess the effect of eutrophication and climate change induced hypoxia as a contribution to task 3.5. To this end, WP3 will apply modeling tools from WP2. A collective goal beyond preparing the deliverables is the writing of scientific papers.
These are the partner’s detailed plans for the second reporting period:
The work of MPG-MPIMM in the second half of the project will be dominated by the analysis of the samples and data obtained by MPG-MPIMM and HYPOX partner institutions ITU-EMCOL, IBSS, INGV, Ifremer, Eawag, Uni-HB, and IFM-GEOMAR during the Black Sea cruise in Apr. / May 2010 on board of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN for the Crimean shelf. Rapidly changing oxygen conditions that were recorded in 100-200 m water depth on a 25 km long transect across the Crimean shelf will provide new insights into hypoxia formation and benthic fluxes at different oxygen concentrations. These data will be combined with the results of the geochemical and microbiological analyses, i.e., the distribution of redox-reactive species, which could be used for organic matter degradation, and the microbial community composition. The combination of the environmental characterization with macro- and meiofauna data obtained by partner IBSS will improve our understanding of ecosystem response to different as well as rapidly changing oxygen conditions. This will not only reveal the causes of hypoxia formation, but also address the consequences and provide major inputs to WP3 tasks 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3.
AWI will process the data from the field surveys, interpret them with regard to above mentioned tasks, and will develop methodologies and facilitate the WP3 work.
Eawag’s main focus in the second reporting period will be to apply the determined optimal data analysis method to the data available from the various Swiss lakes (e.g., temperature and oxygen). In addition Eawag will begin to establish links between indicators of eutrophication and climate change, as well as temperature and oxygen time series. As another WP3 related task Eawag will continue studies of microbial communities with the help of lipid biomarkers to understand processes that are related to oxygen depletion. This work will be supported by high-resolution biomarker profiles as they are obtained at least for Lake Rotsee.
IBSS will finalize the study of meiobenthos abundance and diversity and its relation to oxygen conditions at the Crimean shelf target sites (Omega Bay, Sevastopol Bay and cape Tarkhankut). Further, IBSS will finalize the list of monitoring requirements that are, together with oxygen, essential for an integrated observation of the oxygen depletion process. IBSS will analyze the data collected within the HYPOX project as well as available historical data in order to identify and assess pathways and dynamics of hypoxia in the coastal and open areas of the Black Sea. IBSS will further continue the hypoxia risk analysis based on the data on the spatial and temporal distribution of the deep-sea mollusk Modiolula phaseolina and its dead shells that were obtained during leg MSM 15/1 with R/V MARIA S. MERIAN in Apr. and May 2010. IBSS will provide input for deliverable 3.2 (“Report on future impacts of hypoxia on ecosystems and their goods and services”) and D 3.4 (“Report on ecosystem function decline due to hypoxia and recovery”).
INGV’s work will focus on the significance of gas seepage as a specific geogenic driver of oxygen depletion. In line with task 3.2 this relation will be further examined based on data acquired in the Greek lagoons (surveys performed in Sep. 2010). Data from the Greek lagoons will be also examined to assess the potential risk that gas release from sediments may be increased by hypoxia. INGV will provide GMM data to improve the forecasting capabilities of the models for expected impacts from future hypoxia.
IOW will continue to compilation and provide access to hypoxia data stored in IOW’s data base.
SAMS planned scientific objectives for WP3 (M19-36) include (1) continuation of the analysis of the observatory data obtained in WP7 and the use the modeling expertise acquired in WP2 to identify the main drivers for oxygen depletion in Loch Etive, (2) performance of comparative risk analysis for anoxic conditions in Sea Lochs of the west coast of Scotland based on the results from WP 2 and WP7, and (3) Prediction of future scenarios of hypoxia in Loch Etive based on the new fjordic mixing model that is developed at SAMS (link to WP2).
UGOT will complete deliverable 3.1 with input from AWI and other partners.
GeoEcoMar will focus on the evaluation of existing and future impacts of hypoxia and anoxia on pelagic and benthic ecosystems, including the analysis of pathways of ecosystem decline due to hypoxia and pathways of recovery after hypoxia, plus related regime shifts. Preparations for an additional research cruise with R/V MARE NIGRUM to the Romanian Black Sea shelf in Mar. / Jun. 2011 for measurements, observations and sampling is underway. GeoEcoMar will continue laboratory analyses of biological and chemical samples collected during the cruises in 2010. Additional plans for the second half of the project further include data processing, analyzing and integration of results and data in synthetic forms as a basis for the writing of WP3 reports and scientific papers.
NIOO KNAW student Lorenz Maire will start a model investigation to generically asses the relative importance of physical processes, sediment biogeochemistry, macrobenthos, and anthropogenic impact on hypoxia development in aquatic systems varying in tidal energy, topography and human impact. (contribution to task 3.2).
WP 4: INDICATORS OF PAST HYPOXIA DYNAMICS: IMPROVING LONG TERM RECORDS BY ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC PROXIES
WP 4: overview and introduction
WP4 is aiming to use different proxies for past events of oxygen depletion or anoxia in aquatic ecosystems in order to understand past oxygen concentration changes and to explore their applicability for investigations of recent hypoxic conditions. Understanding the history of aquatic ecosystems with regard to variation in oxygen depletion will help developing and comparing scenarios of global change and their effects on oxygen depletion and the ecosystem. Proxies to be applied include the benthic community composition as well as inorganic and organic sediment records. Past events of oxygen depletion or anoxia are reflected in different compartments of the aquatic ecosystem and thus might be used as proxies for oxygen concentration changes. This includes the modern benthic community composition as well as inorganic and organic sediment records.
WP 4: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
During the first reporting period (month 1-18), two internal deliverables (D 4.2 and D 4.3) were completed in time.
Deliverable 4.2 (“Report on available knowledge about past oxygen regimes and benthic indicators species at selected target sites”)
This major task for WP4 was completed by month 6. IBSS led the preparation with contributions from GeoEcoMar, IOW, Eawag, ITU-EMCOL with all other partners of the WP. The report compiles available knowledge about long-term and short-term effects of changes in the oxygen regime on biota and communities at the different target sites. The review of available data indicated the insufficiency of the existing knowledge for an adequate interpretation of observed changes in benthic communities in response to hypoxia. The data on biological characteristics in the Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Swiss lakes and Greek lagoons were selected to characterize past oxygen regime at the respective target sites. The collected data include information about spatial and temporal variations in oxygen depletion and response of biota to these changes on the levels of individuals, populations, and communities.
Black Sea
IBSS studied the meiobenthos at the oxic / anoxic interface in the Dnepr Canyon in the NW Black Sea and found a diverse community with 12 main groups of benthic organisms. In deep water zones of the Crimea region, specific meiobenthos and macrobenthos species (Gromiida, Ciliophora, Foraminifera, Nematoda, Polychaeta and Tardigrada) showed the best adaptation to anoxic conditions and may serve as taxa indicative of hypoxia in Black Sea waters. In coastal zones of the Crimea region (Omega Bay, Sevastopol Bay, Cape Tarkhankut) IBSS determined seasonal vertical distributions of oxygen and sulfide in water column and in sediment pore waters as well as the response of benthic organisms to hypoxia. Sampling and comparative analysis of meiofauna in oxic and hypoxic conditions are in progress. IBSS performed analysis of legacy data on benthic fauna in the Istanbul Strait / Bosporus outlet area. The data show that a significant reduction in abundances of different macrobenthic groups at water depths between 50 and 150 m took place from 1958 to 1989 which is probably connected to eutrophication and oxygen deficiency. Only species that are adapted to low oxygen concentrations and high organic loading show a local increase in abundance. Meiobenthic animals adapted to hypoxic or anoxic conditions (i.e., some nematodes and harpacticoids) are the only metazoans remaining at depths below 125-150m in the Black Sea. IBSS studied meiobenthic species composition and abundance in samples collected from the Istanbul Strait outlet area during R/V ARAR cruise (Nov. 2009) and R/V MARIA S. MERIAN CRUISE (Apr. / May 2010).
Available information on the Romanian shelf of the Black Sea was provided by GeoEcoMar as an input to deliverable 4.2. These include: (1) history of oxygen regimes in selected sites, including the Danube Delta, (2) effect of oxygen depletion on the pelagic and benthic communities, (3) response of benthic communities as a whole and of different benthic groups (macrobenthos and meiobenthos) to hypoxia on different time-scales, (4) diversity and density changes, (5) spatial and temporal changes, and (6) reactions of benthic organisms to hypoxia. The results show that hypoxia occurred in each summer since 1975 in the north and south sectors of the Romanian coast at depths ranging from 10 to 40 m. The hypoxia events were accompanied by severe eutrophication, frequent algal blooms and a drastically reduced bivalve population. Macrobenthos populations found in deeper areas of the Romanian shelf (sponges, coelenterates, archiannelid polychaetes, ascidian tunicates) show only low abundances and are entirely missing at depths > 170 m.
As a contribution to the collection of available knowledge about past oxygen regimes and benthic indicator species in the Black Sea Ifremer has provided all its available data and metadata to the HYPOX data portal. ITU-EMCOL provided oceanographic data from the “Black Sea Database” () for the Istanbul Straits outlet area of the Black Sea.
Baltic Sea
Beggiatoa species are present as an indicator in the deep anoxic East Gotland Basin according to the information provided by IFM-GEOMAR. This sulfide oxidizing mat-forming bacteria were observed at a depth of about 80-90m during cruise leg 369 of R/V POSEIDON in 2008 in the east Gotland Basin. Based on pore water profiles, nitrate reduction has been suggested to be involved in the anaerobic oxidation of manganese (II) to manganese (III) and (IV). Beside Iron (II) which has been shown to be involved in nitrate reduction, reduced sulfur species can be anaerobically oxidized with nitrate as electron acceptor releasing ammonium into the environment. For Baltic Sea sediments the availability of oxygen in controlling the sedimentary source / sink mechanisms for nitrogen compounds, iron, manganese and their coupling to the pelagic system is poorly understood and not quantified. The purpose of the investigations of IFM-GEOMAR together with UGOT is to gain novel knowledge and improved understanding of this source and sink functions of sediments (and anoxic near bottom water) in the Baltic Sea system.
Swiss Lakes
The oxygen and temperature profiles provided by Eawag indicate temperature increase in deep waters of Lake Zurich from 1987 to 1990 and hypoxic conditions in 1989. In Lake Lugano waters below 50 m depth became hypoxic during 2005. In the Lake Rotsee, hypoxia forms at depths below 10-15 during summer seasons. The results indicate that the thermal stratification and increased blooms are the main cause of the hypoxia in the Swiss lakes.
Greek Lagoons
UPAT provided information on the Amvrakikos Gulf and Aetoliko lagoon. Amvrakikos Gulf is a shallow (< 65m) marine embayment lying on the west coast of Greece. It is connected to the open sea through a 600 m wide and less than 8 m deep channel. The water column is highly stratified with a pycnocline at 5 -10 m depth. Below the pycnocline, the oxygen content decreases continuously. Hypoxia and anoxia are found at water depths about 25 m and 34 m, respectively. The surficial sediments in short cores consist of a 7-10 cm thick layer of black mud. The thickness of the black mud in conjunction with the sedimentation rates (0.35 cm yr-1) suggest that the anoxic conditions appeared in the Gulf in the last 20 to 30 years. A preliminary examination of the black surficial mud shows the presence of suboxic / dysoxic foraminiferal species at low diversities. The visual inspection of the anoxic environments on the seafloor with an ROV shows that the seafloor is covered by a 1-2 cm thick white mat consisting of filamentous, Beggiatoa-like cells. The Aetoliko lagoon forms the northern part of the "Messolonghi-Aetoliko Lagoon Complex" in western Greece. The lagoon, with a maximum depth of 32 m, is connected to the Messolonghi Lagoon through 1-2 m deep narrow channels. The lagoon has a permanent thermocline and halocline at 10-15 m depth and the anoxic conditions in the hypolimnion are accompanied by high sulfide concentrations.
The thickness of the oxygenated upper layer of the water column decreased from 14 m in 1951 to only 5-7 m in the period between 1995 and 2003. A recent widening of two channels that connect to the Messolonghi Lagoon increased the thickness of the oxygenated layer to 15-18 m. Data collected by UPAT clearly document occurrences of hypoxia and anoxia the lower layer over the last 60 years. Sediment cores show the presence of varved structures. Mass mortalities of fishes and other catastrophic events have been reported over the last 150 years suggesting that the lagoon and the surrounding area have suffered from dysoxia / anoxia in the past, notably during 1881, 1990 and 2008. The catastrophic events appeared to correlate with strong southerly winds that eliminate the water column stratification. A small-scale side scan sonar survey revealed the existence of numerous (about 2000) crater-like features on the floor of the lagoon. These features are of 1.0-1.5 m in diameter and about 0.5-1.0 m deep and probably depict cold seeps with gas seeping that is accompanied by fluid seeping. There is no data regarding the benthic life in the Aetoliko lagoon.
Deliverable 4.3 (“Report on coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys”)
This deliverable was lead ITU-EMCOL during May 2010, by compiling the reports on different HYPOX study areas provided by all WP4 partners.
Report D 4.3 summarizes geological, geophysical surveys and sediment sampling in the Black Sea (Turkish Istanbul Strait outlet area and Romanian shelf), in Greek Lagoons in the Ionian Sea, and in Swiss Lakes. The main objective is to reconstruct the basin evolution and past changes in the redox conditions in the various basins.
The R/V ARAR cruise organized by ITU-EMCOL and joined by MPG-MPIMM and IBSS in the Istanbul Strait outlet (Bosporus) area of the Black Sea in Nov. 2009 investigated the warm and saline Mediterranean inflow and its effects on the sediment composition and benthic communities. Geophysical subbottom profiling and sediment sampling was carried out along depth transects from 75 m to 300 m water depth on the shelf and upper slope areas. The subbottom profiling and previous multibeam bathymetric mapping confirmed the presence of a channel-levée complex developed by the inflow of Mediterranean water that started sometime in the early Holocene. Two unconformities below the middle to late Holocene mud drape are present. The upper one underlies the channel-levée deposits and the lower one is a shelf crossing truncation surface. A total of 51 cores were obtained from 18 different locations. The cores are being analyzed for physical properties using Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL), total organic (TOC) and inorganic (TIC) contents and inorganic (elemental) analysis using XRF Core Scanner. Cores located in the anoxic zone below 125 m water depth are laminated and banded dark gray to black mud, and the ones below 190 m distinctly show the presence of the Coccolith and Sapropel units. Most of the cores contain a 1-2 mm thick brown oxic mud at their top, suggesting the microbially mediated anaerobic reduction of nitrate coupled with the anaerobic oxidation of manganese (II) and iron (II) oxides.
Taxonomical structure and abundance changes of benthos was studied by IBSS in top 10 cm of the sediments at 10 stations ranging from 75 to 300 m water depth in the Istanbul Strait outlet (Bosporus) area. The preliminary results show that taxonomical structure of benthos is very diverse with 6– 20 higher taxa depending on water depth. Most taxa richness was observed at 82 m–122 m depths (19–20 taxa). A peculiar phenomenon in the composition of the benthos is the taxonomical richness at 162 and 250m depths being comparable with that at 75 m. Macrobenthos sensu stricto presents 2 – 8 high taxa at the depths range of 75–250 m. No macrobenthos was found at 300 m depth. The distribution of the benthos abundance along observed depths in the Bosporus Strait is irregular. The highest quantity of benthos occurs between 75 m and 103 m. The obvious reduction of quantity was marked at depths of 190 and 300 m. Meiofauna represents the main part of total benthic fauna.
A cruise was carried out by GeoEcoMar on board R/V MARE NIGRUM in May 2009 in the Black Sea Romanian shelf where sediments and bathymetric data were obtained. The top 11 cm thick layer of one core was subsampled for laboratory chemical and grain size analyses. The remaining tubes were sampled for benthic microfauna analyses. Bulk sediment samples for the study of the benthic fauna were also collected in each station using a Van Veen grab. The bathymetric profile along the Portita and Sfantu Gheorghe transects indicates low, rather smooth slopes with an average gradient of 0.81:1000 and 1:1000, respectively. The dominant sediment along Sfantu Gheorghe transect was in all cores blackish-gray to light gray silt-clay mud, usually with shells. In all oxic stations a millimeter to centimeter thick layer of oxidized, yellowish to orange, semi-fluidic mud covered the top of the cores. Sulfide smell below the surfacial interval indicated active sulfate reduction. In stations situated in the Danube Delta Front depositional area, the sediments belong to the so-called “Mytilus muds” of terrigenous origin that are supplied from the river Danube. From 50 to 115 m water depth, the sediments become the “Modiolula muds”, which are light gray to gray carbonate-rich muds, characterized by very low rates of sedimentation of terrigenous material. The superficial oxidized layer is poorly represented, and discontinuous, with the Modiolula shells on the sediment being covered with a surfacial film of iron and manganese oxides. At water depths of 90 to 120 m the films often become crusts and nodules, covering the shells. Frequent living Modiolula shells are present on the sediment surface. Lack of living organisms around 150 m indicate anoxic environment. However, the presence of abundant shells in the superficial layer seems to indicate that the sediments were deposited in a previously oxic environment. At 200 m water depth, the sediments are clearly anoxic, with a 3-4 cm thick fluff layer and the appearance of the typical laminated Coccolith Unit. The calcium carbonate content of surfacial sediments on the Black Sea Romanian shelf increases in offshore direction. The 50% calcium carbonate iso-concentration line represents an approximate boundary between the internal and the external shelf, also corresponding to the boundary between the Mytilus and Modiolula muds. Down to water depths of up to 76 m the muddy sediments harbor a considerable proportion of shell components with their sandy fractions being entirely composed of shell debris. A complex mixture of mollusks, typical for Upper Holocene (Modiolula phaseolina +/- Mytilus galloprovincialis, Cardium and fresh-water mollusks as Dreissena and Monodacna), were observed at the top of the cores. Mytilus galloprovincialis prevails at 13 to 35 cm below seafloor, typical for Middle Holocene. In this interval, Cardium, Dreissena and Monodacna are permanently present.
Lake Zurich and Lake Rotsee are located over the Oligocene-Miocene Molasse deposits. Lake Zurich consists of two basins (Obersee and Untersee) separated by a 2 m deep sill. Untersee forms the main lake, which is divided into upper and lower sections because of a subaqueous rock barrier. The maximum depth is 137 m and the shape of the lake can be described as a long, flat-bottomed trough with steep lateral slopes and a narrow littoral zone. According to seismic sections the bottom of the lake is made up of an at least 50 m thick sediment layer. Only a few hills immediately surrounding Lake Zurich rise about 400 m above the lake surface. Lacustrine sediments in Lake Zurich reflect a variety of competing sources and mechanisms which consist of terrigenous, non-terrigenous and biological input. The Linth river canal supplies most water to Lake Zurich. As a consequence of prior settling in Lake Walen it carries little detritus into lower Lake Zurich other than fine glacial milk from the Helvetic Alps. Large deltas imply that rivers supply sediment input from Molasse formations and therefore contribute highly to terrigenous detritus into the lake. There is also calcite precipitation within the epilimnion of the lake. Minor amounts of iron sulfide form in the sediments by bacterial reduction of organic matter. Biological input of minerals to the sediment originates significantly from siliceous algae (diatoms) which contribute through frustules to the sediment, mainly as amorphous silicon dioxide. Small amount of calcareous nannoplankton is produced. Scattered mollusks and snails are present in the littoral zone.
Lake Lugano is situated over the Alpine geologic unit “Suedalpin” of Triassic age. The Permo-Triassic deposits consist of tuffs, quartz porphyry, carbonates and sandstones. The top of Middle Triassic consists of calcareous schists and the bottom of the Upper Triassic is made up of marls. The formations of the Middle Triassic also include the bituminous, marine sediments called “Grenzbitumenzone”. Eawag has taken sediment cores from Lake Zurich and Lake Rotsee which are now under organic geochemical (i.e., biomarker) analysis to determine different oxygen regimes in the lakes.
The Amvrakikos Gulf, Aetoliko lagoon and Katakolo Bay are all located in the Ionian Sea in western Greece. Amvrakikos Gulf is a middle Quaternary E-W graben formed by back-arc extension. The Gulf is a shallow (< 65m) marine embayment lying on the west coast of Greece. It is connected to the open sea through a 600 m wide and less than 8 m deep channel. During the isotope stage MIS3 and MIS2 (ca. 50 to 11 Ka BP), when the sea level was at -55 m the gulf was partly emerged and partly occupied by a lake. The marine transgression took place at about 11 ka BP and the Gulf attained its present shape at about 4 ka BP. The water column in the Gulf is highly stratified with a pycnocline at 5 -10 m depth. A preliminary examination of the black surficial mud shows the presence of low diversity suboxic / dysoxic foraminiferal species. The sediments on the seafloor are mostly silty clay. Sand is present only in the Preveza Bay. Silt is abundant over the Arachthos delta. A surficial layer of 7-10 cm thick black mud in the Gulf strongly suggests the presence of anoxic conditions for the last 10 to 15 years. The visual inspection of the seafloor with an ROV shows that it is covered by a 1-2 cm thick white mat that resembles filamentous Beggiatoa like cells.
Aetoliko Lagoon has a maximum depth of 32 m, and is connected to Messolongi Lagoon through 1 to 2 m deep narrow channels. It has a permanent pycnocline at 10-15 m depth. The bottom layer is characterized by high levels of sulfide. Oxycline shoaling from 14 to 7 m water depth was observed during 1951-2003. Mass mortalities of fish have occurred during the last 150 yrs. The sediments in the Aetoliko lagoon are varved indicative of anoxic seafloor conditions. Side-scan images indicate numerous pockmarks with about 2 m- diameter 1 m-deep craters.
The Katakolo Bay has a maximum depth of 35 m. It is located in a tectonically active zone, 60 km east of the north-western end of the Hellenic subduction zone. The area is characterized by the NNE-SSW trending Katakolo diapiric structure and NW and NE trending normal faults. The Katakolo Bay is characterized by gas seeps consisting of mainly thermogenic methane released from the deep Mesozoic reservoirs. Seismic lines and direct visual observations show the bubbling gas plumes are widespread throughout the Bay. Despite the fact that in the Katakolo Bay the bottom waters are well oxygenated. Extensive bacterial mats (Beggiatoa sp.) are found locally at the seep sites.
Task 4.1 Cruise activities
As a major contribution to task 4.1 (“Coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys”), several cruises were carried out in the Black Sea:
1) A cruise to the Istanbul Strait (Bosporus) outlet area of the Black Sea in Nov. 2009 was conducted by ITU-EMCOL and MPG-MPIMM with participation of IBSS on the Turkish R/V ARAR. During the cruise, geophysical high resolution subbottom seismic data (145.5 km) and sediment cores (51 in total) along depth transects (75-300 m) were obtained in order to reconstruct past redox changes in the Black Sea, using inorganic geochemical and biological proxies. During the cruise, IBSS obtained sediment samples from 9 stations along a depth transect from 75 to 300 m water depth. In order to characterize the water column, CTD casts were obtained by MPG-MPIMM.
2) Cruise leg MSM15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN to the Istanbul Strait’s outlet area and the Ukrainian shelf during Apr. / May 2010 was organized by MPG-MPIMM and joined by ITU-EMCOL, IBSS, Eawag and Ifremer. During the Cruise, sediment cores and Rosette water sampling, CTD measurements and sampling for DOM and microbial community analysis and microbial conversion of nitrogen compounds, as well as sampling of sediments for analyses of benthic community structure and live observation of bottom fauna were carried out.
3) Cruises of R/V MARE NIGRUM to the Romanian Black Sea continental shelf were carried out by GeoEcoMar during May 2009, May 2010, Jul. 2010 and Sep. 2010 to collect sediment cores at 51 stations (fig. 13). Supplementary multicorer cores from the observatory location were provided for core incubations carried out by AWI in May and September cruises. Furthermore, gravity cores from two deep stations were provided for biomarkers and noble gases analyses from EAWAG during the May cruise. In addition, GeoEcoMar performed bathymetric profiling along the sampling transects and bathymetric mapping on the observatory location (fig. 14).
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Fig. 13. Sampling stations performed on the Romanian shelf during the May 2010 Hypox cruise. Figure: GeoEcoMar.
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Fig. 14. Bathymetric map of the observatory location. Figure: GeoEcoMar.
Further cruises were conducted in the Swiss lakes by Eawag and in the Greek Lagoons by UPAT in Aug. 2009 as a direct contribution to task 4.1. In Swiss lakes Lake Lugano, Lake Rotsee and Lake Zurich sediment cores were obtained for biomarker analyses in order to characterize paleooxygen conditions in these systems. In the Greek lagoons sampling included 12 short (30 cm) sediment cores and 5 gravity cores of about 2 m length.
4) A 7 day cruise with R/V PROFESSOR VODYANITSKYI to the Crimean shelf was carried out by IBSS during Jun. - Jul. 2010 (7days) to collect sediment of 16 stations. Macrobenthos was collected in community M. phaseolina in the depth range 70 to 121 m.
Ongoing work regarding D4.1 (“Progress report on assessment of changes in oxygen availability using organic and inorganic proxies, benthic communities’ structure, and hypoxia indicator species; M30)”.
Inorganic geochemical proxies
The sediment cores collected in the Istanbul Strait’s outlet area of the Black Sea during both the R/V ARAR and R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruises are being analyzed by ITU-EMCOL using Multi-Sensor Core Logger (MSCL), total organic (TOC) and inorganic (TIC) contents and Itrax XRF Core Scanner inorganic (elemental) geochemical analysis (see tab. 1 and 2 for details of the core analysis). The analyzed proxies will be used to reconstruct the changes in the past redox and climate conditions at high resolution, thus contributing the task 4.2 and deliverable 4.1.
Tab. 1. Analysis information on cores recovered during R/V Arar Cruise in the Black Sea-Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) outlet area (MUC:Multi-Corer, GC: Interface gravity Corer, LGC: Long Gravity Corer).
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Tab. 2. Analysis information on cores recovered during R/V M.S. Merian cruise in the Black Sea-Istanbul Strait (Bosphorus) outlet area (GC: Interface gravity Corer, LGC: Long Gravity Corer)
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The cores located in the anoxic zone below 125 m water depth are laminated and banded dark gray to black mud, and the ones below 190 m distinctly show the presence of the Coccolith and Sapropel units. Most of the cores contain a 1 to 2 mm thick brown oxic mud at their top, suggesting the microbially mediated anaerobic reduction of nitrate coupled with the anaerobic oxidation of manganese (II) and iron (II) oxides. The preliminary XRF Core scanner results suggest that manganese, together with the iron-sulfur-organic carbon system, is a good proxy for the past bottom-water redox conditions, showing the effect of the oxygen-rich Mediterranean undercurrent in the Black Sea-Istanbul Strait’s outlet area. Based on the manganese anomalies samples were selected for 14C dating. Some samples from the long piston cores were selected on the basis of seismic lines to date the unconformities (breaks) in the sedimentary record that is important for reconstructing the geological history of the study area (see the attached list of the samples for 14C dating). The efforts to date the conformities found in the seismic lines and the cores contribute to one of the objectives of WP4: “Assess the history of selected sites with respect to basin structure, water level, water flux, and sedimentation”.
Biomarker proxies
This work relates to task 4.3 (“Reconstructing past redox variations using lipid biomarker proxies”). Concerning this task Lake Lugano, Rotsee and Zurich and Black Sea sediment cores are being analyzed by Eawag for biomarkers that indicate paleooxygen conditions. Certain lipid biomarkers could be shown to be sensitive for oxygen depletion, like isorenieratane-ene, okenone that indicate photic zone anoxia and euxinia, epicholestanol and other fecal sterols that indicate high eutrophication, n-16:1ω7-fatty acid, hydroxyarchaeol that shows the presence of sulfate bacteria and / or methanogenic archaea. These biomarkers could be found in Lake Rotsee, but still further studies need to be continued, especially for quantification of a part of them which have to be measured with other methods than gas chromatography. It could be shown that oxygen abundance has only limited effects in degradation intensity which also needs to be further tested in combination with other proxies. These first results are promising and will be quantified over whole cores which vary in length (and therefore in age limits) between 0.6 m for Lake Rotsee and 1 m for Lake Zurich. Other biomarkers could possibly be identified soon. The data have not yet been interpreted in their entirety. Very strong indicators for oxygen that could be identified are isorenieratene and tetrahymanol. The first is an indicator for green photosynthetic sulfur bacteria of the group Chlorobiaceae and the second for the Tetrahymena, which also occur in the photic zone during stratification with low oxygen contents at depth. Chlorobiaceae are obligating anaerobic. Based on these results, an attempt has been made to find more bioindicators described in the literature and to find a time relationship in each of the three systems
Paleontological (foraminifera), sedimentological and geochemical analyses
Micropaleontological analyses (foraminifera group) of sediment cores from the Greek Lagoon is underway at UPAT to obtain information on paleoclimatic and paleooceanographic evolution and oxic / anoxic microfauna as part of task 4.2. Twelve short sediment cores from the Amvrakikos gulf were selected for grain-size distribution, organic carbon content, heavy metal concentration (speciation), and concentrations of natural radionuclides and 137Cs analysis. Furthermore, micropaleontological analyses were performed on the sediments of four short cores (no. 3, 5, 11, and 18). Ammonia beccarii, Bulimina, Nonionella, Bolivina, and Textularia dominate the benthic associations. Benthic diversity estimated as H(s) values appears reduced at the most northeastern site (core no. 11).
Stable Isotope measurements
MPG-MPIMM made contact to Ulrich Struck from the Museum of Natural History in Berlin for stable isotope measurements of water, suspended matter and sediments. The ongoing stable isotope measurements on samples recovered during the R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruise to the Black Sea will relate to oxic and anoxic processes in the cycles of carbon and nitrogen. Major goal of these studies is to provide a better modern calibration of stable isotope proxies for the reconstruction of the processes involved in ancient sediments. Specifically, for the Black Sea it is known, that anoxic phototrophs are involved in the formation of particulate organic matter. The so-called green and purple sulfur bacteria are dependent on sulfide in the surrounding waters and are therefore restricted to anoxia in the photic zone. These special environmental conditions could have triggered important changes in the paleo world such as mass extinction events or new evolutionary trends.
First results from isotope measurements on suspended matter samples from MSM15/1 station 272 off Bosporus reveal very low nitrogen isotope values in water depth ranging from 200 to 450 m water depth. The molar C/N ratios of these samples are indicating newly produced organic matter. The quite low δ15N 15N-signature (-2 to -6 ‰) indicates the autotrophic origin of this organic matter. On this basis one may speculate that phototrophic sulfur bacteria (Repeta et al. 1989) may be responsible for this specific isotope signature. If so, a significant contribution of organic matter from this source may be responsible for low δ15N 15N (-2 ‰) in Eastern Mediterranean Sapropels (Milder et al 1999), which cannot be explained by strong nitrogen fixation alone (Struck et al. 2001).
In agreement with the WP4 tasks dissolved organic carbon expert Thorsten Dittmar from MPG-MPIMM got involved in the Black Sea work within HYPOX. The underlying hypothesis was that hypoxic conditions lead to the accumulation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water column. Through this process carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and other elements are chemically sequestered from active cycles. It is further hypothesized that organic molecules which are refractory under hypoxic conditions are rapidly turned over under the presence of electron acceptors. Alternatively, secondary sulfurization or other chemical reactions may produce compounds in hypoxia that are refractory under any environmental condition. If this scenario is true, large-scale hypoxic events may play a larger role in long-term carbon sequestration that currently assumed. In either situation, DOM is likely an important component in the biogeochemical functioning of hypoxic systems. In order to investigate the effect of oxygen availability on DOM composition water and sediment samples from oxic, hypoxic, anoxic and sulfidic water masses and sites were collected during leg MSM15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN (Apr. / May 2010) in the Bosporus area as well as on the Crimean shelf. In order to connect DOM measurements to other investigations, sampling was done with the CTD / Rosette water sampler in parallel with sampling for other analyses (e.g., microbial community analysis and microbial conversion of nitrogen compounds).
Task 4.4 (“Assessing the history and effect of oxygen on benthic communities at the oxic / anoxic interface of both Black and Baltic Seas”)
The benthic communities were studied in the Black Sea by IBSS and GeoEcoMar and in the Baltic Sea by IFM-GEOMAR as a contribution to task 4.4. These studies further contribute to one important objective WP4: “Analyze past and recent structure of benthic communities and their resilience to oxygen depletion as potential indicators of variation in oxygen concentration”.
In connection to task 4.4 the following activities were carried out by IBSS in the Black Sea:
Studying in situ seasonal fluctuations of the oxygen and hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the sediment pore waters at HYPOX target sites on the Crimean shelf
IBSS studied seasonal changes in the vertical distribution of oxygen and sulfides in the pore waters of sediments of Omega Bay, Sevastopol Bays, and the Tarkhankut region. As an example, results from Omega Bay are shown in fig. 15.
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Fig. 15. Vertical distribution of oxygen and sulfides in sediment pore waters of Omega Bay (Crimean shelf). Figure: IBSS.
Study of the meiobenthos abundances and diversity at the target sites (Omega Bay, Sevastopol Bay and cape Tarkhankut) that are exposed to different oxygen conditions.
Tarkhankut region: At the Tarkhankut site, oxygen is only present in the uppermost sediment layer. Sulfide is present in the bottom waters and is detected in vast concentrations in the sediment column from the surface to deeper layers. Meiobenthos diversity was found to be higher under anoxic conditions than at the reference site (fig. 16).
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Fig. 16. Meiobenthos taxonomic structure at the Tarkhankut site (Jul. – Oct. 2009). Figure: IBSS (N.G. Sergeeva & S.A. Mazlumyan).
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Fig. 17. Meiobenthos taxonomic richness and abundance at the Tarkhankut site. Figure: IBSS.
However, meiobenthos abundances were higher at the reference site than in the presence of sulfide. Vertical distributions of meiobenthos diversity and abundance within the sediments differed a lot between sulfidic (A) and oxic conditions (B) (fig. 17). At the reference site typical distributions of meiofauna abundance and diversity were observed with highest values in the upper sediment layer. In the presence of high concentrations of sulfide, on the other hand, meiofauna abundance was higher in the lower sediment horizons. Vertical distributions of meiobenthos species richness and abundance in the sediment column varied widely in the presence of high concentrations of sulfide (A) and under oxic conditions at the reference site (B) (fig. 17).
Hydrogen sulfide concentration observed in the sediments was 4 to 7 times higher than the maximum concentration of sulfide known from deep Black Sea waters. Based on the analysis of the vertical distribution of meiofauna in theses sediments it can be concluded, that the benthic meiofauna is adapted to the toxic sulfidic environment it inhabits. The study of harpacticoid species under hypoxic and anoxic conditions showed that Darcythompsonia fairlensis found in the Tarkhankut region may serve as an indicator species for hypoxia.
Omega (Kruglaya) Bay. Distinct spatial and temporal variations in oxygen and hydrogen sulfide concentrations are observed in the sediments of this area. In July, oxygen was missing in the bottom water while sulfide appeared in bottom waters with maximum concentration (> 800µmole per L) at 15 mm sediment depth. In Sep., oxygen penetrated up to 50 mm into the sediment column while sulfide appeared in 40 mm sediment depth. In Nov., oxygen was found only to a sediment depth of 35 mm, while sulfide was found again in the bottom water. Fig. 18 shows the observed seasonal dynamics in meiobenthos depending on oxygen and sulfides in the sediment pore waters of Omega Bay in 2009.
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Fig: 18. Seasonal changes in meiobenthos taxonomic structure and abundance in Omega Bay (2009). Figure: IBSS.
Sevastopol Bay (inner part). Sediments in the inner part of Sevastopol Bay are always anoxic / sulfidic, but the concentration of sulfide does not increase dramatically. IBSS observed temporal variations of hydrogen sulfate concentrations in the sediments, whereas oxygen was only observed at the sediment’s surface. Sulfides appeared in 2 – 20 mm sediment depth depending on the season in low concentration throughout the period of investigations. In contrast to the conditions at Omega Bay, meiobenthos abundances in the Sevastopol Bay reached their maximum by July. The taxonomic structure was similar throughout the studied period with Nematoda representing the dominant group.
Outer part of the Sevastopol Bay (Reference site). Dynamics of meiobenthos abundance proved to be similar to the inner part of the bay. Instead of Nematoda, however, the meiobenthos of the outer bay was dominated by Harpacticoids. Fig. 19 shows a comparison of seasonal changes in meiobenthos abundance for the different target sites.
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Fig. 19. Seasonal dynamics of meiobenthos density at target sites. Figure: IBSS.
Although the coastal meiobenthos at the different target sites showed different patterns in response to hypoxia it is worth noting that in no case a complete elimination of meiobenthos was observed irrespective of the oxygen availability or the presence of sulfide. Under sulfidic conditions the meiobenthos abundance and diversity was generally reduced and displaying specific patterns. The response of deep water fauna to permanent hypoxia and anoxia was also obvious in the patterns observed around the oxic / anoxic interface. Although the IBSS studies of meiobenthos are still in progress it can already be stated that the distribution of meiobenthos in hypoxic and anoxic waters is more widespread than previously thought and certainly deserves more attention.
IBSS studied the trends among selected protozoan and metazoan meiofaunal taxa at water depths of 120 to 240 m in the northwestern part of the Black Sea near the submarine Dnieper Canyon. This transect spans the transition between increasingly hypoxic but non-sulfidic bottom water and the deeper anoxic / sulfidic zone, the boundary between these two domains being located at approximately 150 to 180 m water depth. Among the protozoa, gromiids are common only at 120 and 130 m. All other groups exhibit more or less distinct abundance maxima near the base of the hypoxic zone. Foraminifera peak sharply at ~160 m while ciliates are most abundant at 120, 160-190 and at 240 m water depth, where they are possibly associated with bacterial concentrations. The three most abundant metazoan taxa also exhibit maxima around the level where oxygen disappears, the nematodes and polychaetes at 160 m and the harpacticoid copepods at 150 m. Most of the polychaetes belong to two species, Protodrilus sp. and Vigtorniella zaikai, the larvae of which are widely distributed in severely hypoxic water just above the anoxic / sulfidic zone of the Black Sea. Both protozoans and metazoans are usually concentrated in the 0-1 cm layer of the sediment, except at the shallowest (120-130 m) site, where deeper layers may yield a substantial proportion of the assemblage. The concentration of nematodes in the 3-5-cm layer at 120 m is particularly notable. IBSS data suggest that some benthic organisms can tolerate anoxic and sulfidic conditions. Further studies of the Black Sea seep fauna will yield more information about the taxonomic composition of the benthos in the transitional oxic / anoxic water masses. They should reveal, among other things, the relationship between the diversity and abundance of meiofauna and concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methane. The specific physiological and biochemical processes that facilitate the survival of eukaryotes in such “extreme” environments are important questions for future studies too.
Furthermore, IBSS also studied meiobenthos structure in sediment cores collected during a cruise of R/V ARAR at 9 stations along a transect across the oxic / anoxic interface in the Istanbul Strait outlet area (70 to 300 m water depth) were studied for meiobenthos structure. The taxonomic structure of the benthos was very diverse, consisting of 6 to 20 higher taxa depending on water depth. However, the distribution of the benthos abundance along the depth transect was irregular.
As a contribution to WP4, IBSS is preparing the chapter on “Benthic fauna of the oxic / anoxic interface in the south-western region of the Black Sea: abundance and taxonomic composition” which will be published in the Book “Anoxia: Paleontological Strategies and Evidence for Eukaryote Survival” by Springer.
On the Romanian shelf of the Black Sea, benthic community structure and indicator species for hypoxia were studied by GeoEcoMar. Based on available knowledge, GeoEcoMar provided information on the following questions regarding the Romanian Black Sea shelf:
- history of oxygen regimes in selected sites, including the Danube Delta
- effect of oxygen depletion on the pelagic and benthic communities
- response of benthic communities as a whole and of different benthic groups
(macrobenthos and meiobenthos) to hypoxia on different time-scales
(a) diversity and density changes
(b) spatial and temporal changes
(c) reactions of benthic organisms to hypoxia.
The results show that the macrobenthos populations (sponges, coelenterates, archiannelid polychaetes, ascidian tunicates) in the deeper areas of the Romanian shelf have only low abundances and that they are entirely missing at depths > 170 m. The hypoxia events commonly occurring during summers since 1975 at depths ranging from 10 to 40 m on the Romanian shelf are accompanied by severe eutrophication, frequent algal blooms and a drastically reduced bivalve population.
According to studies by IFM-GEOMAR in the Baltic Sea, Beggiatoa species is an indicator in deep anoxic East Gotland Basin. This sulfide oxidizing mat-forming bacteria was observed at a depth of about 80-90m during the cruise 369 of R/V POSEIDON in 2008 in the east Gotland Basin. Based on pore water profiles nitrate reduction has been suggested to be involved in the anaerobic oxidation of Manganese (II) to Manganese (III) and (IV). Beside Iron (II) which has been shown to be involved in nitrate reduction, reduced sulfur species can be anaerobically oxidized with nitrate as electron acceptor releasing ammonium into the environment. For Baltic Sea sediments the availability of oxygen in controlling the sedimentary source sink mechanisms for nitrogen compounds, iron, manganese and their coupling to the pelagic system is poorly understood and not quantified. The purpose of the investigations being carried out together with UGOT is to gain novel knowledge and improved understanding of this source and sink functions of sediments (and anoxic near bottom water) in the Baltic Sea system.
Task 4.5 (“ Determine atmospheric noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) and 3H in pore-waters of unconsolidated sediments of a Swiss lake and other lacustrine and marine sites”)
Sediment core samples from the Swiss lakes and Baltic Sea are being analyzed for atmospheric noble gases and 3H by Eawag to reconstruct Paleo oxygen concentrations initially available in the sediment pore waters.
WP 4: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
None
WP 4: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
Task 4.1 (“Coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys”) and task 4.2 (“Reconstructing past redox changes using inorganic geochemical proxies”)
Coring, marine geological and geophysical surveys have been mostly completed during the first 18 months of the project. Sample analysis will be finished and results will be interpreted in terms of the reconstruction of the past changes in the redox conditions and geological basin evolution in general for different basins such as the Black Sea (ITU-EMCOL, IBSS, GeoEcoMar, Ifremer), Swiss lakes (Eawag), and Ionian Sea Lagoons (UPAT)
ITU-EMCOL will continue in the laboratory analysis (MSCL, XRF, TIC, TOC and 14C) of the cores from the Istanbul Strait’s outlet area, and take part in preparation of the deliverable 4.1 (“Report on assessment of changes in oxygen availability using organic and inorganic proxies, benthic communities structure, and hypoxia indicator species”) to be delivered by project month 30 by the WP4 partners. ITU-EMCOL’s main contribution will be on the inorganic geochemical proxies. ITU-EMCOL will present some of the results in scientific meetings (e.g., EGU) and prepare a publication on the history of anoxia in the Black Sea / Istanbul Strait’s (Bosporus’) outlet area as a contribution to deliverable 4.4 (“Publications on past variation of oxygen depletion and relation to paleo-environmental changes”; die date month 36).
Following up on the cooperation initiated by MPG-MPIMM, Ulrich Struck from the Museum of Natural History in Berlin will continue to analyze the existing suspended matter and water samples from R/V MARIA S. MERIAN Cruise leg MSM 15/1 for hydrogen-, oxygen-, carbon-, and nitrogen isotopes. A second sample set of the same parameters from the Baltic Sea sampled during MSM 12/4a in Sep. 2009 is under preparation for isotope analyses as well and can be related to HYPOX goals. The information gained from these measurements will be made available for HYPOX members during the upcoming second period of the project and may become interpreted regarding the potential value for past environmental changes und oxic and anoxic states of the global ocean.
Samples obtained under sharply contrasting sites with different oxygen levels in the Black Sea will be analyzed by Thorsten Dittmar from MPG-MPIMM to test the hypotheses that DOM accumulates and undergoes specific conversions under hypoxic conditions. In a first step DOM from these sites will get molecularly characterized. DOM from the different sites is expected to strongly vary in concentration and molecular composition. The dominance of sulfur-containing moieties in hypoxic conditions, for instance, would indicate secondary sulfurization as one of the driving factors for DOM stabilization. The main tool used for molecular characterization is ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry via the Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance technique, which is the only analytical technique capable to obtain structural information on individual molecules in complex mixtures such as DOM. Thorsten Dittmar's group at MPG-MPIMM hosts the only of such instruments in the marine sciences.
MPG-MPIMM is further going to measure sulfur isotopes (d34S) in sulfide samples collected by INGV during their joint campaign with UPAT in the sulfidic water bodies of Amvrakikos and Aetoliko lagoons in autumn 2010. The aim of the collaboration is to understand whether the sulfides are locally produced in the recent sediments or if there is a geological driver connected to the degassing of sediments transporting sulfides from deeper in the sediment.
Upon request by WP 4 partners, MPG-MPIMM will perform additional measurements (e.g., bulk stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition) to further characterize the sediments sampled in the Black Sea or at other target sites as specified in task 4.2.
Once data become available, NIOO KNAW will provide expert opinion on using inorganic geochemical proxies to reconstruct past redox- and climate-changes in order to gain maximum information from the analyses performed in the retrieved cores.
Task 4.3 (“Reconstructing past redox variations using lipid biomarker proxies”)
Eawag will quantify and compare already identified biomarkers for different sediment depths in the Swiss Lakes and the Black Sea to obtain time components that could indicate time-related trends and processes in lake systems in the past. This work aims to improve the prediction of future changes in these systems. Further biomarker studies will be carried out in order to indentify the influence of oxygen on biomarker degradation. Furthermore, other biomarkers that were not used in the past to study their potential as oxygen depletion indicator will be tested.
Task 4.4 (“Assessing the history and effect of oxygen on benthic communities at the oxic / anoxic interface of both Black and Baltic Seas”)
IBSS will continue to study meiofauna abundances and species diversity as a function of depth and oxygen availability on samples taken in the Bosporus Strait region and on the Crimean shelf during research cruises with the R/V ARAR (Nov: 2009) and the R/V MARIA S. MERIAN (Apr. / May 2010). IBSS will go on with studies on the structure and areal distribution of the M. phaseolina community along the Crimea shelf based on samples taken with the R/V PROF. VODYANITSKY. IBSS will go on with the approach to analyze not only data collected within the HYPOX project but also the available historical / legacy data. Using different technologies IBSS will carry on determining oxygen availability as well as fluxes of the major redox species.
Together with ITU-EMCOL, IBSS will write and compile the “Report on assessment of changes in oxygen availability using organic and inorganic proxies, benthic communities structure, and hypoxia indicator species”, which represents project deliverable 4.1 due in project month 30.
GeoEcoMar will continue with literature review and laboratory analyses of collected biological and chemical samples and establish the general characterization of bottom sediments in the study area. GeoEcoMar as well as IBSS are planning to contribute to deliverable 4.4 (“Publications on past variation of oxygen depletion and relation to paleo-environmental changes” due date month 36). Specifically, GeoEcoMar will write scientific papers on the following topics: (1) review on hypoxia phenomena at the Romanian Black Sea Coast with reference to past, present and future perspectives (2) Past and recent structure of benthic communities and their resilience to oxygen depletion in the Black Sea, and (3) Present state of the Black Sea periazoic benthic level ecosystem.
Task 4.5 (“ Determine atmospheric noble gases (He, Ne, Ar, Kr and Xe) and 3H in pore-waters of unconsolidated sediments of a Swiss lake and other lacustrine and marine sites”)
In the second half of the project Eawag will analyze noble gases in sediment cores from Lake Zurich and Lake Rotsee and different Black Sea sites (Crimea, Bosporus, Romanian Shelf). The measurements will be tested for their sensitivity as indicators for past oxygen contents in aquatic ecosystems.
WP 5: KNOWLEDGE BASE ON OXYGEN DEPLETION: DATA SHARING, STANDARDIZATION AND INTEROPERABILITY ACCORDING TO GEOSS
Leading partner: Uni-HB (Christoph Waldmann & Michael Diepenbroek)
WP 5: overview and introduction
The overall progress of WP5 is very successful. All envisaged tasks and goals were accomplished and deliverable reports were provided in time. WP5 is making significant progress towards its goals of establishing a regular and reliable data flow from observatories and other data providers, designing a functional sensor registry and interoperable data collection architecture, and ensuring long-term availability of HYPOX data compliant with ISO / OGC standards and the principles of GEOSS. The HYPOX sensor registry is a new instrument that will allow for a unified sensor description and a method that allows to search and select sensors of interest. WP 5 is spearheading the contribution of HYPOX to GEO where in particular the task ST-09-02 that deals with promoting the awareness of GEO in the science community is in the focus of WP5. Two GEO workshops have been organized to bring different stakeholders in the field together and come up with recommendations on next steps towards establishing GEOSS in ocean sciences. One of the outcomes has been that agreement on the establishment of a GEO Community of Practice to allow for a better international coordination of existing and to be established observing infrastructures.
WP 5: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
Task 5.1 (“Establish data management plan and policies”)
WP5 provided a detailed data management plan for HYPOX in month 6 as part of project deliverable 5.1 (“HYPOX data management plan and policy and catalogue of relevant legacy data sets”), which specifies in detail the technical specifications as well as the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders within the HYPOX project. This includes the roles of contributing scientists and their obligations to provide data as well as the responsibilities of the data archive with respect to long term data archiving and data publication. The data management plan further contains a section dedicated to the necessary standards (OGC CS-W, SOS, O&M etc.) HYPOX needs to provide in order to be able to contribute data to GEOSS.
Task 5.2 (“Operation of a sensor registry as a new component in the overall interoperable data collection architecture”)
In cooperation with the ESONET project, WP5 has developed the Sensor Registry which will be the main catalogue for sensor and observatory information. A SensorML profile has been defined in cooperation with EuroSites which now allows providing and sharing semantically comparable sensors descriptions. A native XML database existDB has been installed and structured which will be the technical repository for the data. Currently, WP5 is focusing on implementing an OGC CS-W (catalogue service) which will be able to query the existDB and will serve as the interface to deliver sensor metadata to GEOSS. The code base of this CS-W will be shared with the future HYPOX CS-W.
Task 5.3 (“Building an inventory and rescue of legacy data”)
During the first phase of the project a variety of data relevant for HYPOX has been integrated into the HYPOX data portal which also directly contributed to task 5.4 (“Implementation of the HYPOX data portal website”):
1. Data sets which have been identified to be of relevance for HYPOX and are already archived and accessible via the standards as defined in the data management plan. For example the MEDATLAS data archived at the WDC-MARE or the Coriolis and Argo data archived at Ifremer. This data could be added to the data catalogue using the OAI-PMH (open archives initiative protocol) interface.
2. Data sets which are archived and structured and accessible via the internet but not by standard interfaces. An example is the Koljoe Fjord data of the Swedish Meteorological institute (SMI). As the metadata provided was well structured and complete, WP5 has built a mediator script which translates the SMI metadata to an appropriate XML format. The metadata was then added to the data portal.
3. Data sets which are archived but not in a format and structure appropriate for HYPOX. An example was the MARNET data, which could be negotiated to be mirrored at the WDC-MARE. The data was restructured, enriched with metadata and added to the HYPOX catalogue via the WDC-MARE OAI-PMH.
4. Legacy data relevant for HYPOX and provided to be archived at the WDC-MARE such as oxygen data from the HAUSGARTEN observatory and the METEOR M72 cruise from 2007
5. New data gathered during dedicated HYPOX cruises. For example the data collected during the ARAR and MARE NIGRUM cruises in 2009 and the R/V MARIA S. MERIAN cruise in 2010.
In total, the data portal contains now several tens of thousands of data sets, the majority of it legacy data relevant for HYPOX. WP5 has already archived approx. 100 high quality data sets from HYPOX observatories and cruises and a large number of new data sets are currently prepared for archiving. Several partners have either already sent their data to WP 5 representatives or announced to submit new data within soon (weeks to a few months).
Further, WP5 has made promising progress towards a semi automatized data flow from the Loch Etive observatory to the WDC-MARE data archive using OGC standards according to the specifications of the data management plan. Uni-HB is assisting the SAMS to implement a SOS service and have finished a first version of a data harvester using OGC SOS. This data harvester client will be able to semi-automatically archive Loch Etive observatory data at the WDC-MARE.
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Fig. 20. Screenshot of the link to WDC-MARE's newly developed GeoRSS feed service on the GEOSS portal.
WP5 has also registered a new HYPOX service at GEOSS: WDC-MARE’s newly developed GeoRSS feed. This GeoRSS feed basically is a GML (Geographical Markup Language) enriched news feed, which shows the latest HYPOX datasets and their coordinates. This GeoRSS feed was successfully added as a service to the Compust GEOSS portal (fig. 20).
Further, WP5 has provided a distinct OAI-PMH access point to HYPOX data within the WDC-MARE at: Provided data are delivered in ISO 19139 XML format.
Task 5.4 (“Implementation of the HYPOX data portal website”)
A first version of the HYPOX data portal was provided at month 6 as part of internal deliverable 5.2 (“First version of HYPOX data portal”) and can be found at or accessed directly through the HYPOX web site (). It is based on the open source software panFMP (PANGAEA Framework for Metadata Portals, ), able to harvest metadata using several protocols (e.g., OAI-PMH) and to create a metadata index, already integrating data from many different sources e.g., PANGAEA and the Ifremer.
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Fig. 21. Starting page of "HYPOX Sites", a map based compilation of information and data for each HYPOX site. HYPOX Sites aims to provide a quick overview and direct access to the data from the respective sites, later also including life data from HYPOX observatories.
The portal was relaunched with respect to design as well as to technology, adding a user friendly front end and a data portal entry page which makes it easier to access HYPOX data. The entry page now contains a news section, which provides a short overview on the latest data which has been added to the portal as well as the latest additions to the WDC-MARE (PANGAEA) archive. These data news provide RSS feeds which can be subscribed to by interested partners. The entry page also offers the possibility to choose different search options: The user now can choose between searching directly at the WDC-MARE or at the distributed HYPOX data catalogue.
Additionally WP5 also developed ‘HYPOX Sites’, which is a map based compilation of information and data for each HYPOX site. It contains some basic graphically enriched information on each HYPOX site (fig. 21). ‘HYPOX Sites’ offers a quick overview of data related to each site. It uses predefined queries to provide a quick data overview as well as a Google map showing the position of these data sets. In addition, data sets delivered by the WDC-MARE can be immediately visualized and analyzed within an integrated web based graph and charting tool (fig. 22).
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Fig. 22. An example of the web based graph and charting tool that is integrated into "HYPOX Sites" to allow immediate visualization and analysis of data sets in the HYPOX portal.
On ‘HYPOX Sites’ WP5 intends to show ‘life data’ from HYPOX observatories as well as sensor information. It is therefore the connection point to all OGC standards used within HYPOX and agreed upon in the data management plan.
WP 5: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
There are no delays or deviations; instead, the WP is slightly ahead of the planned schedule.
WP 5: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
Task 5.1 (“Establish data management plan and policies”)
The data management plan (prepared as part of D 5.1) will continuously be reviewed and evaluated, taking into consideration developments of the project but mostly the compliance of the HYPOX plan with the GEOSS rules. If judged appropriate, new components and regulations will be added.
Task 5.2 (“Operation of a sensor registry as a new component in the overall interoperable data collection architecture”)
The Sensor Registry will continuously be maintained and updated, using information provided by the partners and in accordance with GEOSS rules and standards. A CS-W (Catalogue Service) will additionally be developed, implemented and registered at GEOSS reusing some code already successfully employed for the sensor registry.
Task 5.3 (“Building an inventory and rescue of legacy data”)
WP5 will experience a growing number of submitted data from HYPOX observatories and cruises and will therefore continue and intensify the data archiving activities. Partners have announced to submit data and metadata such as data type, characteristics of the sensors, instruments and methods used related to HYPOX to further expand the inventory of legacy data. Semi-automatized data flow using OGC standards and SOS server will be worked on with several partners. As soon as they are available, the HYPOX SOS servers will be registered at GEOSS.
Task 5.4 (“Implementation of the HYPOX data portal website”)
The current version of the data portal (D 5.2) will be evaluated and appropriate changes and updates will be made. The focus of the WP will then shift to the integration of life data and real-time data from observatories. This will require the preparation of a SOS client software which will be accessible via the data portal. It is intended to use the same technology to visualize data delivered by SOS servers as we have already use for archived data. Further sensor information located at the sensor registry will be integrated to the portal. Both, life data as well as sensor metadata will be shown at ‘HYPOX Sites’.
At the second annual meeting in Kastanienbaum / Horw a special focus will be placed on issues of data archiving and dissemination.
WP 6: ASSESSING IN SITU OXYGEN DEPLETION IN SHELF AND OPEN SEAS
Leading partner: Ifremer (Gilles Lericolais)
WP 6: overview and introduction
To allow HYPOX achieving its objectives, WP6 is working to assess the depletion of oxygen at the continental shelf and in open seas. Therefore, this Work package will focus on specific target sites (Black Sea; Baltic Sea; Fram Strait) for which existing relevant oceanographic data and knowledge on ecosystem, water management, and climate are to be delivered to the HYPOX data base. This work will contribute to GEOSS tasks WA-08-01g. And AR-09-03c
WP6 is also acting in addressing the inadequacy of current observation capabilities for assessing oxygen depletion in selected areas by refining the in situ oxygen monitoring strategy. A main task is to set-up in situ observatories/monitoring platforms in order to perform high temporal resolution long term monitoring observation necessary for assessing oxygen depletion, following the recommendations from WP1 and WP5.
The main work that has already started in the first year of the project focused on measuring relevant physical (salinity, temperature, currents and freshwater input) and biogeochemical (oxygen, nutrients, turbidity) parameters in the most severe hypoxic / anoxic open European seas (i.e., Baltic Sea; Black Sea) and in the Arctic where previous work indicates a decrease in bottom water oxygen concentrations that may be due to alteration of transport processes related to global change. Already, deployment of in situ observatories at some of the proposed sites has been realized. This will help the future monitoring and collection of relevant physical and biogeochemical parameters for the assessment of oxygen depletion in the various systems.
WP 6: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
The work in WP6 within the first reporting period (M1-18) focused on the collection of existing knowledge on hypoxia occurrence at the HYPOX target sites, and on planning and carrying out of field campaigns and observatory deployments.
During the first 18 months of the project, all partners have provided a complete review and compilation of historical and present data relevant to the project in order to realize task 6.1 (“Review and compilation of all historical and present data relevant to the project”) and to contribute to internal project deliverable 6.2 (“Report on linking of existing data bases with relevance to oxygen depletion to HYPOX data base”). D6.2 was provided in due time (project month 12). During the first 9 month of the project, legacy data related to the target sites (Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Fram Strait) were provided by MPG-MPIMM, AWI, IBSS, IFM-GEOMAR, Ifremer, INGV, IOW, ITU-EMCOL, Uni-HB, UGOT, and GeoEcoMar. In addition, important knowledge on ecosystem, water management, and climate was also delivered. The assembled data were used as the basis for D6.2 and, supported by Uni-HB also uploaded in order to be added to the HYPOX data portal after harmonization. In order to facilitate this process and at the same time contributing to task 5.3 (“Building an inventory and rescue of legacy data”) and deliverable 5.1 (“HYPOX data management plan and policy and catalogue of relevant legacy data sets”), Uni-HB has provided the online collaboration tool panMetaWorks for HYPOX purposes to serve as online submission tool for the catalogue of HYPOX legacy data sets. panMetaWorks is a collaborative, metadata based data and information exchange platform for science. HYPOX partners have used panMetaWorks to collect and share a variety of information sources such as documents, web pages as well as citations. Depending on the accessibility and IPR restrictions, proposed data has successively been archived at the WDC-MARE and incorporated into the HYPOX data portal.
Starting already in the initial phase of the project and lasting throughout the first half of the project, surveys have been planned and in situ observatories installed as a direct contribution to project deliverable 6.1 (“Installation and operation of in situ observatories for monitoring oxygen depletion and associated parameters in shelf and open seas (Black Sea, Baltic Sea, Fram Strait) and collection of data into the HYPOX web portal”) as well as task 6.2 (“Installation and operation of in situ observatories and associated surveys and data collection into the HYPOX web portal”). This was the case for Black Sea-Romanian Shelf (AWI, GeoEcoMar), the Bosporus outlet (Ifremer, ITU, and MPG-MPIMM), the Black Sea- Crimea (MPG-MPIMM, IBSS, INGV, and Uni-HB), the Baltic Sea – Gotland Deep (IOW, IFM-GEOMAR). Below an overview is provided describing the main field work and observatory installation / monitoring activities performed at the WP6 target sites:
Black Sea:
Bosporus area and Crimean Shelf. In autumn 2009, ITU-EMCOL carried out the first cruise to the Black Sea Bosporus outlet together with IBSS and MPG-MPIMM. During the survey of the Turkish R/V ARAR, four scientists of MPG-MPIMM investigated the effect of oxygenated Mediterranean waters entering the Black Sea through the Bosporus and being injected into the suboxic and anoxic Black Sea water Column. Using a CTD in combination with an oxygen microsensor, the Bosporus plume could be identified at several stations and depths based on its higher temperatures and oxygen concentrations (fig. 23).
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Fig. 23. Distribution of the Bosporus plume found during the ARAR cruise, Nov. 2009. The plume is indicated by increased temperatures. At stations 6p, 7p and 8p, the pump CTD was used for nutrient profiles. Figure: MPG-MPIMM (M. Holtappels).
MPG-MPIMM used a pump CTD to sample water from between 25 and 250 m depth with a vertical resolution of about 1.5m. The water samples were analyzed on board for ammonium, nitrite and sulfide. For later measurements samples for nitrate, phosphate, silicate and manganese were fixed and shipped back to Bremen. At specific depths, water was sampled to perform experiments with labeled substrates. 15N-labeled ammonium was used to detect potential nitrification rates at depths where oxygen was injected into suboxic waters or to detect potential anammox rates where oxygen was below ~10µM. 15N-labeled nitrate was used to detect potential denitrification rates at depths where nitrate rich waters were injected into sulfidic waters. In parallel, samples for microbial cell counts and characterization were taken from the same depths. In total 13 stations were sampled of which 3 stations were sampled using the pump-CTD and 10 were sampled using only a CTD plus oxygen sensor. Strong oxygen and temperature signatures of the Bosporus plume were found at the mouth of the Bosporus and at stations further to the East. In depths that were affected by the plume, ammonium was found decreased while nitrate was elevated (fig. 24). Maximum nitrite concentrations were found where nitrate and hydrogen sulfide overlap suggesting high nitrate reduction rates. Preliminary results from 15N incubation experiments show increased denitrification rates where nitrate and hydrogen sulfide overlap. Molecular studies show increased abundance of ε-proteobacteria suggested to oxidize sulfide with nitrate and potentially oxygen related to sulfidic events in coastal waters (Lavik et al, 2009).
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Fig. 24. Temperature, oxygen and nutrient profiles of station 6p (no plume) and station 7p (plume). Figure: MPG-MPIMM (M. Holtappels).
In Apr. / May 2010, MPG-MPIMM led cruise leg MSM 15/1 with R/V MARIA S. MERIAN to the Black Sea. This represents one of the main WP6 / task 6.2 activities for this first 18 month period for task 6.1. The work during the cruise to the Bosporus area and the Crimean shelf was dedicated to hypoxia monitoring and investigations of biogeochemical and physical processes connected to oxygen conditions. In addition to scientist from MPG-MPIMM, participants in the cruise included members of HYPOX partner institutions ITU-EMCOL, IBSS, INGV, Ifremer, Eawag, Uni-HB, and IFM-GEOMAR. In order to cover as many aspects of hypoxia causes and consequences as possible MPG-MPIMM got additional scientists with specific expertise involved in the analysis of the samples (e.g., Torsten Dittmar from the Max Planck Research Group for Marine Geochemistry at Oldenburg University and Ulrich Struck from the Museum of Natural History in Berlin).
The first part of the cruise was again dedicated to the investigation of the Bosporus outlet area to investigate of the effect of lateral intrusions of oxygenated waters into the anoxic water column. However, during this time, fresh inflow of Bosporus water could not be detected although more than 50 stations were sampled with the CTD. Temperature anomalies were found only at one station in 300m depth. This water mass was probably still present from a previous inflow event. MPG-MPIMM again used the pump CTD to measure nutrient concentration profiles. In parallel, 15N incubation experiments were conducted at the same stations. Related to the “old” deep (300m) Bosporus intrusion, preliminary nutrient and incubation results surprisingly indicate a strong impact on the microbial community although oxygen and nitrate are completely consumed. IBSS obtained important material for the study of the recent structure of macro- and meiobenthos communities across the oxic / anoxic interface in the Bosporus as well as in the second part of leg MSM15/1 in the Crimea region. Meiobenthic fauna was found at all studied depths (83-294m) in the Bosporus inflow area. The taxonomical structure of meiobenthos was diverse. IBSS was able to identify characteristic benthos communities across the oxic / anoxic interface in the Bosporus inflow area which included representatives that showed similarities to those communities described for the oxic / anoxic interface of the NW part of the Black Sea (Zaika and Sergeeva, 2008; Zaika, 1998; Zaika, Sergeeva and Kiseleva 1999). Bottom sediments at 250-300 m depth in the Bosporus region have been studied for the first time aiming at the search for alive fauna in the permanent hydrogen sulfide zone of the Black Sea. Using light microscopy, actively moving protozoans (large ciliates) and metazoans (free-living nematodes) were observed and recorded to video. Assuming that above-mentioned live organisms were not contaminants from the water column, these observations provide clear evidence, that eukaryotes can live under anoxic / sulfidic conditions in the Black Sea. Macrobenthic fauna was found also at depths range from 80 to 252 m water depths in samples that were taken by a TV-guided Multiple corer (TV-MUC) and by Box corer. Representatives of the following macrobenthos groups could be identified in the samples: Hydrozoa, Porifera, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Turbellaria, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Malacostraca, Echinodermata, Anthozoa and Tunicata. At depths between 200 and 252 m, only Hydrozoa, Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Malacostraca and Tunicata were found. At the Crimean shelf, Representatives of meiobenthic fauna were found at all studied depths (100 to 363 m). The taxonomic structure of the meiobenthos was found to be diverse. The Number taxa of taxa varied between 3 and 11 groups of higher taxonomic level and differed strongly between depths. Nematodes were the most abundant representatives of meiobenthos. Less abundant groups found in the region of the oxic / anoxic interface included Gromiida, Ciliophora, Hydrozoa, Foraminifera and Harpacticoida. Dependent on depth, different groups were found and identified as characteristic features of the different biotopes. IBSS succeeded to identify specific benthos community found at the oxic / anoxic interface at the Crimean shelf at depths ranging from 154 to 174 m. The group of Polychaeta was represented by Vigtorniella zaikai and Protodrilus sp., the only species known to inhabit such depths. Based on samples taken with the TV-MUC and the Box corer, macrobenthic fauna was found at depths between 83 and 154 m. Representatives of macrobenthos included Polychaeta, Oligochaeta, Malacostraca, Mollusca and Echinodermata. At depths between 136 and 147 m a field of iron-manganese nodules was observed with shells of bivalve mollusk Modiolula phaseolina forming the nuclei of these nodules. The macrobenthos in this part of the Black Sea was found to be characterized by low diversity and abundances.
Ifremer participated in the same cruise in order to launch two oxygen sensor equipped, ARGO type floats (“PROVOR-DO”, manufactured by NKE instrumentation, France). Metrology measurements of the optodes (Aanderaa, Bergen, Norway , type 4330) were previously realized at Ifremer together with the manufacturer. At the beginning of the MERIAN cruise, Ifremer prepared the floats for long time monitoring of oxygen and associated parameters. Leg MSM15/1 was considered to be an excellent opportunity to determine the feasibility of profiling floats for long-term monitoring as a full survey of physical and biological properties was carried out at the same time by the other participants. Due to damaging during transport one of the floats was broken so that only a single float was available for deployment. In order to minimize drift and to get as close as possible to a quasi stationary mooring the float was programmed to follow a special grounding mode (fig. 25). The time at sea surface was minimized thanks to an optimization of Argos transmission (several satellite addresses and use of the time slot of the visibility of the latest satellite “Argos3”). The profiles are available on the Argo / Coriolis web site (float reference 5902291). Despite the grounding mode the float drifted during its profiles, following the east direction of the Black Sea Rim Current (fig. 25, right panel). There is no evidence of drifting during the waiting phase on the seafloor (from 100 to 1220 dbar) and the limit of 1300 dbar was never reached. The float visited during one cycle or more all the canyons from 29°19’E to Eregli bay. The temperature and oxygen profiles of the first cycles are consistent with the CTD profiles of the cruise performed some days before. Also the PROVOR-DO float data lack evidence of an oxygenated water layer at depth. The PROVOR-DO float cycled every two days from 17. Apr. to 6. Jun. 2010. A technical parameter analysis is underway to determine the reason for this early stop. The results of this experiment will be used for the preparation of a deployment of the second float, repaired and modified as a “PROBIO” float with Iridium transmission capabilities.
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Fig. 25. Left panel: Provor DO profilers programming for the HYPOX Black Sea experiment during leg MSM 15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN. Right panel: Ifremer float trajectory during the HYPOX Black Sea experiment. Figure: Ifremer (J.F. Rolin & S. LeReste).
During the cruise leg MSM15/1 of R/V MARIA S.MERIAN in the Black Sea and Crimea area, INGV carried out surveys with the towed MESUSA system to monitor the variation of the oxycline in correspondence with methane seeps and the general trend of oxygen concentration in relation to the bathymetry. Six transects were carried out. All data have been submitted to quality checks and transferred to the HYPOX web portal. To realize this operation, INGV prepared the MEDUSA system in 2009, including methane and oxygen sensors, CTD and video camera for exploration of the seafloor. Specific tests on methane sensors to be used in MEDUSA were performed in May 2009 (funded by another project). The tests allowed defining the sensor performance and their better configuration for measurements with the MEDUSA module.
Most of the work carried out during the second part of cruise leg MSM15/1 was focusing on oxygen dynamics at the Crimean Shelf with special emphasis on the spatial and temporal variability in oxygen availability in the bottom waters and in sediments of the shelf. A large variety of instruments and methods was used by MPG-MPIMM to monitor oxygen dynamics and to investigate the driving forces of changing oxygen conditions and the effect these dynamics have on biogeochemical processes and microbial communities. For oxygen monitoring at the Crimean shelf, MPG-MPIMM combined a stationary and a drifting approach: To resolve the spatial and temporal variations of the pycnocline and the oxycline, three moorings were deployed along a transect covering depths between 100 and 150m. The moorings consisted of combinations of temperature / conductivity loggers (SeaCat, Seabird electronics) situated 15m and 30m above the seafloor and Aanderaa SeaGuard recording current meters from Aanderaa, Bergen, Norway (temperature, conductivity, pressure, oxygen, current velocity) situated 1.5m above the seafloor. All three moorings were deployed two times on the Crimea shelf for several days. The temperature and salinity recordings of the moorings show a high variability over time. Especially during the second deployment some interesting features could be observed (fig. 26). The lower most CTD (black line, middle plot, fig. 26) at 135m depth measured a dramatic decrease of oxygen from 180µM down to 15µM within 2 hours. This abrupt change was also visible in the temperature and salinity time series. Interestingly the CTD 15m above the seafloor did measure a rapid change. Also the mooring at 150m, where the CTDs were at 15m and 30m above the seafloor, did not register this event. We suggest that this event is restricted to the bottom water. However, the interpretation of the data is still in progress.
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Fig. 26. Temperature, salinity and oxygen recordings of the moorings at 150m, 135m and 100m depth. Black denotes the lower most CTD, blue the middle and purple the upper most CTD. The lower most CTD at 150m (Aanderaa Seaguard) did not work. Figure: MPG-MPIMM (M. Holtappels).
To complement these observations that were restricted to the duration of the cruise, MPG-MPIMM additionally deployed drifting observatories that record oxygen and associated parameters for a longer period of time. Two NEMO floats were purchased by MPG-MPIMM and GKSS and deployed off the Crimean Shelf on 7 May 2010, the last day of station work during leg MSM 15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN. NEMO Floats are ARGO-type floating oceanographic observatories that are manufactured by Optimare (Bremerhaven, Germany). Following a pre-programmed measurement cycle they produce subsequent vertical profiles of physical properties of the water column (conductivity, temperature, pressure) and, by means of an additional oxygen optode, dissolved oxygen. Returning to the surface after the profile is completed, the instrument transmits the collected data via Iridium telemetry. After data transmission the system sinks to a parking depth where it drifts until the next upward profiling. Although differing in some details, missions of both instruments in general followed a similar scheme with a measurement cycle of five days, a profile depth of 500 m, and a parking depth of 450 meters. A preliminary analysis of data from the first 4 months shows that the floats so far remained in relatively close vicinity of the deployment position (fig. 27a). In agreement with results obtained during the cruise with other instruments the float data clearly show that oxygen content and water column physical properties are closely connected (example profile: fig. 27b). However, the position of the oxycline shows a large variability (fig. 27c). As a consequence, the oxygen concentration at a given depth strongly varies as a function of time with potentially substantial consequences for the ecosystem (fig. 27d). It cannot be ruled out that the observed changes are in part reflecting spatial variability. However, they are most likely also the result of temporal oscillations as they were also observed in Crimean Shelf bottom waters throughout the cruise MSM15/1.
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Fig. 27. (a) the drifting tracks of MPG-MPIMM float 144 and GKSS float 145 in the first four month of the deployments. Each circle depicts the location of one data transmission event; (b) example data: the first profile of float 145 showing temperature (red), conductivity (green) and dissolved oxygen concentration (blue); (c) all oxygen profiles measured by float 145; (d) time series of dissolved oxygen concentrations for depths of 75, 100, and 125 m. Figure: MPG-MPIMM (F. Janssen).
In order to investigate oxygen fluctuations in the lowermost water column in more detail and to better understand the driving forces two novel instruments were used, the Multifiber optode (MuFO) and the Benthic Boundary Layer profiler (BBL profiler). MuFO consists of a total number of 100 fiber optic oxygen sensors arranged as a vertical string, extending 8 m from the seafloor into the water column. The MuFO system was deployed on 5 different stations on the Crimean shelf. Each deployment yielded several hours of continuous measurements of oxygen profiles within the benthic boundary layer (BBL) with a temporal resolution of 1 min. The profiles were in good agreement with the average profiles obtained by the BBL profiler and the Bottom Water Sampler while additionally revealing short term changes. In one case (station 381), strong fluctuations of the oxygen gradient with a period of ~2 min could be observed (fig. 28). These oscillations coincided with a change in wind speed and direction and might be explained by internal waves. This result clearly shows that benthic communities at least in some parts of the Crimean Shelf are subject to rapid changes in oxygen concentration.
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Fig. 28. Strong oscillations with a period of ~2min could be observed at station 381. Figure: MPG-MPIMM (J. Fischer).
The BBL profiler recorded vertical oxygen and density gradients in the benthic boundary layer (BBL) in order to disentangle the different drivers of oxygen dynamics in the lowermost water column (vertical displacement of the chemocline and concentration gradients caused by benthic consumption and reduced turbulent transport in the stratified BBL). On the Crimean shelf the BBL-Profiler was deployed 6 times at depths varying between 100m and 200m. At each deployment, 4-9 complete profiles were measured over a time period of 7-10 hours. Preliminary results prove that the high accuracy of the oxygen measurement allowed resolving gradients of much less than 1 µM per meter. Furthermore, salinity and temperature gradients were observed. The vertical and temporal variability of oxygen could be related to the change of salinity and temperature suggesting that the oxygen variability in the BBL is mainly driven by the vertical displacement of the chemocline. Although turbulent mixing in the BBL was reduced due to the density stratification, the benthic oxygen consumption was probably too low to create steep oxygen gradients.
Measurements with microprofilers, an Eddy correlation system and benthic chambers were carried out by MPG-MPIMM to investigate the significance of benthic fluxes for oxygen changes in the lowermost water column and how benthic fluxes react to the observed changes in oxygen availability. Microprofilers with microsensors for oxygen, sulfide, temperature, pH, and redox were deployed at several locations along the 25 miles long transect of the Crimean shelf, which was found to be subjected to variable oxygen concentrations (0-150 μmol L-1 oxygen in the water column). The microprofiler was either carried by a lander system or by the video-transmitting benthic crawler C-MOVE of Uni-HB (fig. 29). Microprofiles obtained at a vertical resolution of 100 or 200 µm generally showed low benthic diffusive oxygen fluxes (1-9 mmol m-2 d-1) and oxygen penetration depth of mostly less than 5 mm. Total oxygen fluxes were measured with benthic chambers and eddy correlation and varied between 8 and 12 mmol m-2 d-1. In order to understand in detail how sediment processes react to changes in oxygen availability, geochemical and molecular parameters were investigated. Oxygen depletion in the water column or the first mm of the sediment leads to a variety of alternative pathways for microbial organic matter degradation and a distinct geochemical zonation of redox-sensitive species in the sediment. To analyze the bio-geochemical processes in the upper part of the sediment, pore water was extracted from sediment cores retrieved by a TV-guided multicorer along a transect stretching from the permanently oxic (100 m water depth) to the permanently anoxic zone (200 m water depth). Sulfide, alkalinity, and ammonium were measured in resolution of 1 to 2cm depth intervals on board of the ship. Pore water samples were fixed for later measurements of nutrients, sulfate, methane, and dissolved iron and manganese.
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Fig. 29. Deployment of the lander system equipped with an x-y microprofiler and 2 benthic chambers (left panel). Launching of the benthic crawler MOVE (MARUM, Bremen), which carried a microprofiler and a benthic chamber (right panel). Figure: MPG-MPIMM & Uni-HB.
Furthermore, sediments collected from the Crimean shelf will be analyzed for organic matter content, C/N ratios, and the abundance of further electron-acceptors for microbial degradation of organic matter. In order to evaluate the influence of oxygen levels on diversity and composition of the microbial community of the upper sediments column, samples were taken along transects stretching from oxic to anoxic conditions by means of the TV-guided Multiple Corer and the manned submersible JAGO of IFM-GEOMAR. Cores were sliced and sampled for later analyses of microbial diversity. In case of the samples obtained by JAGO, the main objective was to investigate patches of microbial mats that were found at 150 m water depth in the hypoxic zone of the Crimean shelf. The mats contained Beggiatoa-like filamentous bacteria that showed sulfur globules. Planned analyses to characterize the different microbial communities include acridine orange direct count (AODC), and state of the art molecular techniques (e.g., fluorescence in situ hybridization and automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis) will be conducted. In order to get a direct impression of how the benthic ecosystem of the Crimean shelf reacts to oxygen availability, small scale structures and traces of life at the sediment surface were examined with the high resolution camera „MEGACAM“ and a laser scanning device („LS“) that were attached to the benthic crawler „C-MOVE” of HYPOX partner Uni-HB. Different oxygen levels along the Crimean shelf were expected to result in different populations, abundances, and behavior of higher life. The aim of the high resolution photography was to document the organisms themselves and their traces of life („Lebensspuren“) to be able to link that to the ambient oxygen availability at the respective sites. While direct oxygen measurements represent a snapshot at the time of sampling, the presence, abundance, and behavior of organisms provides information on environmental conditions over longer periods of time. In addition to high resolution stills, image time series were recorded to document movements of the fauna at the sediment surface. The Laser scanning device („LS“) was used to determine the sediment micro-topography at the respective sites – thereby extending the two dimensional MEACAM images to the third dimension (sediment height). All in all, more than 400 high resolution images and ~20 surface scans were obtained during nine deployments stretching from oxic to anoxic conditions. The image analysis and the analysis of the laser scans as well as the matching of images and topographies is underway.
During this part of the cruise IBSS performed investigations on the benthic community distribution patterns in relation to depth, oxygen, and sulfide gradients, as well as gas seepage off Crimea. Bottom sediments were collected along transects at the north-western shelf of Crimea (Crimea-I) and another one at western region of the Crimea peninsula (Crimea-II). The samples originated from depths between 83 and 212 m (Crimea-I) and 118 to 363 m (Crimea-II), respectively. During cruise leg 64 of R/V PROFESSOR VODYANITSKY, additional macrobenthos samples were collected in order to investigate the M. phaseolinus communities in the depth range 70-121 m at the Crimean shelf. Similar investigations were also conducted by IBSS at other target areas of the Crimean Shelf. The analysis of bottom sediments and taxonomic composition of the meiobenthos and macrobenthos is in progress at IBSS.
Romanian shelf. GeoEcoMar has carried out a HYPOX survey in 2009 on the Romanian Shelf of the Black Sea on board R/V MARE NIGRUM. Measurements of near bottom oxygen concentration and other physical & chemical parameters were obtained together with bottom sediment descriptions / characterizations, sorting and determination of biodiversity (macro- and meiobenthos: specific structure, quantitative distribution, state parameters). CTD data were also acquired. AWI and GeoEcoMar have studied together how to set-up, deploy and maintain oxygen observatories in order to monitor oxygen and relevant parameters in hypoxia-prone areas within the Danube River plume and the Danube Prodelta, including assessments of the state of the benthic ecosystem on the north-western Black Sea shelf. Together with subcontractor IMARE, AWI has successfully set up and tested a moored observatory to monitor oxygen and relevant parameters on the Romanian shelf. Together with MPG-MPIMM, AWI successfully assembled and tested a benthic flux chamber lander to investigate oxygen and nitrogen fluxes in the same area. In May 2010, during the monitoring activities of GeoEcoMar, the observatory was deployed by AWI. At the time of the recovery in Sep. 2010, the observatory successfully recorded a 100 days data set of bottom water oxygen and associated parameters. At this occasion, AWI successfully carried out in situ flux measurements with the mentioned chamber lander system thereby extending a benthic fluxes data set that was started by AWI scientist Jana Friedrich already in 1995.
Deep-sea long-term observatory HAUSGARTEN / Fram Strait
In Mar. 2009, AWI purchased two Aanderaa optodes. Oxygen sensors were deployed during an expedition of the R/V POLARSTERN (expedition ARK XXIV/2, 09. Jul.. - 04. Aug. 2009) at the shallowest and the central HAUSGARTEN site (1200 and 2500 m water depth) at approx. 2 m above the seafloor, using free-falling devices (bottom-landers) supplied by the AWI Deep-Sea Research Group as observatory platforms. During the same cruise, AWI recovered another bottom-lander based observatory that was equipped with an optode with five sensor heads and deployed for 12 months (Jul. 2008 to Jul. 2009). The individual oxygen sensors were fixed vertically at ~ 40 cm distance along one of the bottom-lander legs. The optode produced 5 times 4320 data points (one measurement per hour) during the long-term deployment. The optode used during the 2008 / 2009 deployment was taken to the home lab for maintenance and calibration. The optode equipped observatories, deployed during ARK XXIV/2 were recovered in summer 2010 during R/V POLARSTERN cruise ARK-XXV/2 (30. Jun. - 29. Jul. 2010). Both instruments worked fine and provided more than 8600 data points each (30 min. time interval between measurements). The optodes were re-calibrated on board and subsequently attached to two long-term moorings deployed for one year at the central HAUSGARTEN site (79°N, 4°E) and at the northernmost HAUSGARTEN station N-4 (79°45’N, 4°30’E), to register variations in dissolved oxygen at about mid water depths (approximately 1200 m). The multisensor-optode (see above) was again fixed to a free-falling device and deployed for another 12 months at the central HAUSGARTEN site. As during the long-term deployment between the summer of 2008 and 2009, individual sensors were again fixed at regular vertical distances along one of the bottom-lander legs to unveil oxygen concentrations at different layer above the deep seafloor. During the 2011 POLARSTERN expedition to HAUSGARTEN, AWI will recover the respective observatories, equipped with multi-sensor optodes single sensor heads optodes.
During expedition ARK XXV-2 of R/V POLARSTERN in summer 2010, MPG-MPIMM contributed to investigations at the HYPOX target site HAUSGARTEN in the Fram Strait by sediment sampling and by performing geochemical measurements (e.g., in situ benthic oxygen uptake) in water depths ranging from 1000 to 5000 m. High-resolution in situ oxygen microprofile measurements where performed using a xyz-microprofiler to investigate the small-scale variability of sediment oxygen consumption related to organic carbon mineralization. Data analysis is in progress and will provide the most detailed insight in the benthic microscale oxygen distribution of any investigated Arctic deep-sea sediment.
Baltic Sea
Gotland Basin. IFM-GEOMAR, UGOT, University of Southern Denmark (SDU) and IFM-GEOMAR closely cooperate to quantify source / sink mechanisms of the benthic boundary layer for nitrogen species in surface sediments of the oxic to anoxic Gotland Basin. Key issues of such collaboration are: (1) In situ determination of natural fluxes of nitrogen species (dinitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite), as well as oxygen and sulfate and phosphate across the sediment water interface at natural gradients from low oxic to anoxic conditions using state-of-the-art lander technology; (2) In situ experimental determination (with experimentally defined oxygen conditions inside benthic chambers) of the effect of varying oxygen conditions on the efflux of the different N species across the sediment water interface; (3) Determination of meiofaunal community composition along environmental gradients of oxygen availability and the quantification of their role in the overall benthic carbon cycle under different oxygen conditions.
To achieve these objectives, IFM-GEOMAR carried out a cruise (AL 346) from 18. Sep. to 6. Oct. 2009 onboard the German R/V ALKOR into the eastern Gotland Basin, central Baltic Sea. During the cruise 7 multiple corers, 11 CTD casts, two lander deployments (BIGO), and 5 towed camera deployments (OFOS) were successfully conducted at five different sites along a natural oxygen gradient in the Gotland Basin. Geochemical measurements in water as well as sediment samples were also conducted by IFM-GEOMAR in close cooperation with UGOT. This cruise suffered from extremely bad weather conditions which resulted in a limited number of deployments of scientific gears. Nevertheless, several lander deployments from IFM-GEOMAR as well as from UGOT to measure fluxes of nitrogen species, oxygen, phosphate, iron, manganese were conducted, as well as several deployments of a video guided Multiple corer and CTD casts providing valuable data about pore water and water column geochemistry. During this cruise extensive habitat mapping was conducted using a towed camera system, revealing the pronounced occurrence of microbial mats around the oxycline. Their presence has distinct implications for the benthic nitrogen cycle as these organisms are able to store high amounts of nitrate. For the oxidation of sulfide these organisms can switch from using oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor to nitrate. During this dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNRA, high amounts of ammonium can be released into the bottom water. In contrast to denitrification or anammox where reactive nitrogen is lost from the ecosystem as nitrogen gas, DNRA recycles nitrate into another reactive nitrogen species that is retained in the ecosystem. The released ammonium contributes to enhanced primary production potentially leading to eutrophication and promoting fast oxygen depletion. Still during AL346 cruise a lander was lost due to heavy weather but luckily could be retrieved after several months. Although this lander suffered from this long exposure to the corrosive sea water it provided a bottom water oxygen record that is highly valuable to understand the oxygen dynamic at the oxic-anoxic interface of the Gotland Basin in relation to elevated wind stress causing turbulent mixing and other water mass motions.
UGOT Scientists participated in ALKOR cruise leg AL346 measured benthic nutrient, oxygen and DIC fluxes in situ by means of the free-fall UGOT benthic lander. UGOT further deployed the autonomous UGOT minilander carrying a planar optode module which obtained 2-D images in situ of oxygen distributions across the sediment-water interface. Additionally, UGOT performed measurements of pore water and sediment solid phase chemistry, oxygen-salinity-temperature-currents in bottom water during 1-5 days deployments of current meters and sensors, vertical CTD-oxygen and methane profiles in the water column, and sediment accumulation rates. The work was carried out at three stations on the Latvian side of the Gotland Basin at about 50, 70 and 130 m water depth.
IFM-GEOMAR carried out second cruise with R/V ALKOR in Jun. 2010 (AL 355) covering two different wind and temperature regimes that affect the variability of bottom water oxygen concentrations. ALKOR cruise AL355 was very successful. Several lander deployments were conducted to measure the temporal and spatial variability of fluxes comprising nine deployments of the BIGO type lander (benthic chamber), three Profiler deployments (oxygen micro-profiles), and two Eddy flux devices (high resolution measurements of oxygen flux). Overall a depth range of 65 – 173 was covered, including the oxic as well as the deeper anoxic, sulfidic zones of the Gotland Basin. For the duration of the entire cruise a further lander (DOS) was deployed at 96 m (~ oxycline) to record currents, physical parameters and oxygen concentrations in the bottom water. It was further equipped with a camera system. The DOS lander was deployed at the same station where a lander was lost during ALKOR cruise 346. In addition to these lander deployments several multiple corers and CTD casts were conducted to determine water column and pore water geochemistry. UGOT analyzed benthic flux samples for DIC collected from the landers of IFM-GEOMAR during AL355 and calculated benthic fluxes of DIC for five stations.
Scientific highlights during the two ALKOR cruises:
Oxygen variability in the bottom water. The comparison of the two long-term oxygen records retrieved during AL346 and AL355 revealed that during the stormy fall in 2009 oxygen variability ranged between severe hypoxia (< 4 µM) and up to 180 µM whereas during the June Cruise in 2010 oxygen varied between hypoxia and up to 14 µM. The strong oxygenation events in 2009 can be clearly related to storm events indicating enhanced transport and mixing of oxygenated surface water to greater depths caused by seiche movements, internal waves, up- and down-welling events, and vertical turbulent mixing with wind as the major driving force. During the past 50 years an increase of the mean annual wind speed over the Baltic Sea was observed with much of the change taking place during the winter time. Results of global scenario simulations investigating the influence of expected anthropogenic climate change on the climatic forcing conditions for Northern Europe suggests that a strengthening of the polar front, and thus intensification of the North Atlantic Oscillation can be expected. In this context the above data are important to understand the consequences of increasing wind speed on possible regime shifts in the benthic turnover and internal loading with reactive nitrogen compounds, phosphorus, iron and trace metals into the water column. Eddy flux measurements revealed highly variable oxygen fluxes that range from almost no uptake up to ~ 20 mmol m-2 d-1. A few hundred oxygen micro-profiles were obtained from the transecting profiler. These profiles enable to elucidate fine scale spatial variability of oxygen consumption in the sediment as well as the temporal variability of diffusive oxygen flux. Presently, these data await further post-processing.
Fluxes of major elements. At the shallowest site (65m) just above the oxycline the total oxygen uptake was variable and ranged between ~ 5 to ~22 mmol m-2 d-1 (fig. 30).
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Fig. 30. Average fluxes of oxygen, sulfide, phosphate, silicate, ammonium and dinitrogen across the sediment water interface measured in situ using benthic chambers. The oxycline is located at ~ 70 m water depth. Microbial mats were distributed from ~ 80 to 125 m. Error bars represent min. and max. values. Figure: IFM-GEOMAR.
Below the oxycline at ~ 120 m water depth sulfide starts to become released from the sediment into the bottom water reaching a maximum flux of 2.8 mmol m-2 d-1 in 173 m water depth. Maximum fluxes of silicate, phosphate, ammonium and dinitrogen were clearly associated with the depth distribution of the microbial mats that were observed from ~ 80 m down to ~ 125 m. Another peak of ammonium release was found at the deepest site associated with the highest sulfide flux. This release likely is caused by ammonifaction during organic matter degradation, whereas the ammonium release at 123 m might be also related to DNRA facilitated by the microbial mats. Please note that the fluxes presented above are preliminary and need further validation.
Seafloor observation. Extended sea floor imaging revealed that microbial mats around the oxycline were ubiquitous and very likely occurred along the entire oxic-anoxic fringe of the Gotland Basin. As indicated by our flux measurements their distribution appears to be a key site for nitrogen cycling.
Di-nitrogen / argon measurements.
A key to understand the source / sink function of benthic environments for reactive nitrogen is the measurement of the total loss of nitrogen from these sites. This is not a trivial task and typically is done by measuring the dinitrogen release using membrane inlet mass spectrometry. However, to date such measurements are very scarce since they a prone to manifold artifacts and are technologically demanding. To improve our dinitrogen measurements, we first developed a new water sampling system for the lander and later improved the membrane inlet of the mass spectrometer (together with H. Cordt). Finally, we thoroughly checked the quality of the water samples for contamination during the mass spectrometrical analysis. An example of dinitrogen / argon measurements in the water column is shown in fig. 31. Excess nitrogen in the water column is indicated by an atmospheric equilibrium ratio of dinitrogen / argon > 1, whereas a value < 1 indicates under-saturation. One would expect that the surface waters are in equilibrium with the atmosphere (dinitogen / argon ≈ 1) which was not observed. We assume that dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria which we observed in the surface water caused this deviation. Below the thermocline at ~ 25 m (data not shown) excess dinitrogen was observed throughout the entire water column.
In addition to their participation in the ALKOR cruise, UGOT organized and ran another cruise to the eastern Gotland Basin that lasted from 16. Aug. to 01. Sep.2010 with the Swedish R/V SKAGERAK. Seven stations were sampled on the Swedish side of the eastern Gotland Basin at water depths from 30 to 210 m.
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Fig: 31. Atmospheric equilibrium ratio measured in water samples retrieved from CTD casts (green circles) and from bottom water sampled during different lander deployments (triangles) . Figure: IFM-GEOMAR.
Stations below about 100 m depth had anoxic bottom water. Two UGOT benthic landers were deployed on these seven stations to measure solute fluxes of oxygen, DIC, nutrients, iron and manganese in situ.
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Fig. 32. Evolution of DIC (also called total carbonate, CT) in two parallel benthic chambers during an in-situ lander deployment at station H (44 m deep) in the Gotland Basin in August 2010. Figure: UGOT.
Altogether, 44 successful flux measurements were made for each of these solutes. Examples of benthic chamber flux results for DIC are presented in fig. 32. Chamber in situ incubations included those (1) where the chamber lid autonomously was opened to ventilate chambers and then closed again for another flux incubation at the same site at ambient oxygen conditions as well as those (2) where 15N labeled Nitrate was injected into the chambers to measure denitrification in situ using the Isotope pairing technique (IPT). We also did pulse-chase experiments in situ adding algae to the chambers that were dual labeled with 13C and 15N. Laboratory experiments included (1) manipulating oxygen concentration and studying its effect on benthic solute exchange as well as (2) determination of rates of sedimentary denitrification and anammox.
On both cruises, (1) denitrification and anammox rates were also measured at the oxycline in the water column, and (2) oxygen concentration and currents in Gotland basin bottom water were monitored.
Also in the Gotland basin, IOW was making excellent progress in the preparation of the deployment of a permanent measuring station in the Gotland Deep, close to the central Gotland Deep HELCOM monitoring station 271. While the original plan was to deploy a relatively simple mooring with a series of optodes firmly installed close to the redoxcline, funding through other sources and a major commitment from in house resources allowed establishing a system with a deep sea winch which now can provide profiling of most of the water column, including the redoxcline on a daily basis.
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Fig. 33. Components of the GODDESS mooring (profiling CTD, underwater winch etc.) prior to deployment aboard R/V ALKOR in July, 2010. Figure: IOW.
The GODDESS (GOtland Deep Environmental Sampling Station) mooring consists of the bottom weight with attached ground line, a chain with two buoyancy balls, 30 m of rope, a drum with 350 m of rope, a releaser, 10 m of rope, the underwater winch and the profiling body with Sea & Sun Technology CTD 90M (S/N 468) and a Rinko oxygen optode (S/N 006). Profiling is limited to several m above the seafloor initially to avoid the additional threats for the instrument inherent to surface-near operation. While most components are available on the market, in house technological experience is realizing all required custom modifications. For the time covered by the HYPOX project, data will be retrieved upon maintenance every 3 months, but the system can be extended both in terms of sensor arrangement as well as future remote data transfer. Sensor performance can be readily evaluated by comparison to data gathered at the station during monitoring operations at least 5 times per year.
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Fig. 34. Temperature and dissolved oxygen (both unvalidated) against depth during the 34 days 2nd deployment of the GODDESS mooring. The plots are based on vertical profiles gathered every 4 h. Figure: IOW.
Planning and organization, as well as the funding for the infrastructure (~ 500 kEuro), has so far been organized by in house support and staff effort under the lead of HYPOX co-PI Ralf Prien. Since April, the funding of personnel within HYPOX assures technical assistance for the composition, deployment, and maintenance of the instrument. Two GODDESS mooring deployments were successfully conducted by IOW (fig. 33). A first, one day trial from 09. -10. May 2010, with a total of 17 profiles of CTD and oxygen data gathered. Deployment and recovery took place using IOW's own ship R/V P.A. PENCK, with a total duration of 5days. The deployed sensor package was a first trial version with the Sea & Sun multi-parameter CTD (parameters: conductivity, temperature, pressure, Chl a fluorescence, pH, ORP potential, and turbidity) and the oxygen optode connected to the CTD. The underwater winch was programmed to let the profiler ascend to take a profile every hour (as opposed to the intended long term deployment, where a profile will be taken every 12 or 24 hours) and to reel it back in immediately (this will be the case as well when operating routinely as the profiler then sits in anoxic water and in the dark, which reduces the risk of biofouling and also keeps it out of danger from ship traffic). As the recovery was planned for the next morning the winch was programmed for a 17-hour operation. The CTD was programmed to continuously record data at the maximum data rate of ca. 4 Hz as the total deployment time was sufficiently short. Deployment and recovery were without major problems, and the mission was a complete success. Buoyancy-driven rise velocity of the mooring is approx. 0.3 m s-1, almost exactly matching calculations, and downward movement driven by the subsea winch was at 0.16 m s-1. Within the profiles taken every 1h, small variations in oxygen and CTD parameter are observed, giving room for the question which temporal resolution is actually needed for redoxcline observations. The second trial started on 03. Jul. 2010 when the mooring was deployed from R/V ALKOR less than 50 m from the nominal mooring position at 57° 20’ N, 20° 8’ E. The underwater winch was programmed to release 150 m of line every four hours, stop for 10 seconds and then spool the line back in.
On 06. Aug. 2010, ~ 34 days after the deployment, R/V MARIA S. MERIAN reached the mooring position for the recovery at around 11:30 UTC in extremely calm conditions. Though the profiling sensor unit was ripped off from the instrument during recovery, it could be secured by the ship’s Zodiac after the main gear had been secured, and the trial again proved to be extremely successful. First examination of the data by IOW show that all instruments and sensors worked as expected; the true value of this dataset will only show after careful analysis and validation. A CTD-profile with calibrated oxygen double sensors on a Seabird SBE 911+ main instrument and supplemented by additional Winkler titration from discrete water sampling was taken prior to recovery. Fig. 34 shows some plots of the data and gives a good impression of the type of dynamics that can be captured with a profiling mooring like this, though final calibration is still pending. The data reveal a high variability even below the redoxcline. The duration and intensity of such events can only be estimated by longer term and frequent profiling. IOW will also use the data set to determine the optimum profiling interval in order to balance scientific output with the power constraints of the mooring.
WP 6: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
Some DoW deviations were encountered but solutions were found or are in progress. For instance:
The R/V PROFESSOR VODYANITSKY cruise organized by IBSS initially planned for Mar. / Apr. 2010, was postponed to the period 30.06-06. Jul. 2010.
IFM-GEOMAR has shifted our planned participations in geochemical measurements in the Koljoe Fjord to the Eckernfoerde Bay which is located close to Kiel, Germany. This was done in agreement with UGOT. The bottom water of this region becomes periodically anoxic in summer / fall and provides an ideal measurement- and test site for our investigations.
In spring 2010, just prior to the R/V ALKOR cruise leg AL355, IFM-GEOMAR suffered a PhD renouncement. Due to man power limitations this severely affects the planned meiofauna studies as well as the flux measurements in the Eckernfoerde Bay. To achieve the initial planned work a deeply experienced mass spectroscopy Technician was employed. This technician will improve the dinitrogen / argon measurements by means of membrane inlet mass spectrometry to fill the gap resulting from the PhD renouncement.
The joint R/V ALKOR cruise to the Gotland Basin in 2009 of IFM-GEOMAR and UGOT took place under very bad weather conditions reducing the planned number of deployments of instruments for sediment sampling and flux measurements. Furthermore a benthic lander was lost during this cruise and only retrieved about 5 months later. Nevertheless, despite the fact that the lander became severely damaged it provided a long term oxygen record (26. Sep. – 10. Nov. 2009) that proved to be extremely valuable for getting insight into the oxygen dynamics in the Gotland Basin during fall conditions.
During the deployment at the Bosporus outlet, the PROVOR-DO float of Ifremer got caught by the flow of the propulsion of R/V MERIAN that was started while the float was still very close to the ship’s stern. Due to the resulting unintentional immersion, the float then entered a "grounded" mode while still at the surface. This led to a surface drift during the first cycle and to wrong functioning of the salinity sensor during 20 cycles out of 24 (i.e., until the float was lost). Nevertheless, the profiles are available on the Argo / Coriolis web site (float reference 5902291).
A positive deviation comes from the IOW commitment in the GODDESS mooring. It is far beyond of what was initially envisaged in the DoW. The reason for this is an unexpected additional funding from federal sources as well as an in house commitment that led to the creation of a complete new design to allow for high temporal resolution of changing gradients in the Gotland Deep.
WP 6: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
WP6 work in the second half of HYPOX will focus on a continuation of the installation and operation of in situ observatories and associated surveys as well as delivery of the collected data to the HYPOX web portal. In order to reach this goal the following activities will be carried out:
- The coming work of MPG-MPIMM will be centered around the analysis of samples and data obtained during the research cruises to the Black Sea (Bosporus area and Crimean Shelf) and the HAUSGARTEN (Fram Strait). This includes not only the HYPOX staff at MPG-MPIMM but also the external experts that MPG-MPIMM got involved into the Black Sea work to focus on analyses of stable isotopes and dissolved organic matter. Analyzed and validated data will be archived in the data archive PANGAEA and fed into the HYPOX data portal. MPG-MPIMM will also intensify collaboration with modelers in HYPOX in order to better understand the driving forces of hypoxia at the respective target areas and to improve predictive capabilities for future hypoxia formation and assessment of the impact of hypoxia on the ecosystem.
- Long-term monitoring data achieved at HAUSGARTEN (mainly optode derived oxygen time series) will be evaluated by AWI in close cooperation with the UGOT.
- IBSS will continue with the analysis of the macrobenthos taxonomic composition characteristics for the Bosporus and Crimea areas. These analyses will be based on samples already taken during cruises with the German vessel R/V MARIA S. MERIAN and the Ukrainian vessel R/V PROF. VODYANYTSKY in late spring and early summer 2010.
- IFM-GEOMAR will continue with the analysis of geochemical parameters including nitrate, methane, and the physical properties of the sediment, and with the revision of the flux and pore water data. IFM-GEOMAR will develop models about benthic N-cycling based on the pore water geochemistry that will be validated with the in situ flux measurements. Furthermore, IFM-GEOMAR will postprocess the obtained eddy correlation flux- and the micro-profiler data. Data evaluation and interpretation will be done in conjunction with ADCP current data and meteorological data in order to understand the dynamic of sedimentary oxygen consumption.
- The second PROVOR-DO Float damaged during initial launching at the Bosporus Black Sea outlet will be refitted by Ifremer as a PROBIO and launched in the same area with parameters and transmission rates more adequate to these very demanding conditions. The deployment date will be chosen in order to have better chance to track an oxygenated benthic layer. If this is successfully realized, ITU-EMCOL will organize and participate in the deployment activities.
- The data acquired in the Crimea survey by the towed sensor system MEDUSA are going to be examined by INGV and interpreted in collaboration with MPG-MPIMM.
- In winter of 2010 / 2011, IOW will deploy a profiling long-term mooring. An additional stationary mooring with ADCP, sediment trap with autosampler and a series of fixed CTD / oxygen sensors will be additionally deployed in the immediate vicinity. According to planning, a first all year time series of the Gotland Deep water column is envisaged for 2011.
- GeoEcoMar will continue with the assessment of in situ oxygen depletion and of the general state of the ecosystem directly influenced by the Danube waters. This will be done by continuation of laboratory analyses of the chemical and biological samples that have been collected in the first half of HYPOX. Together with AWI, GeoEcoMar will analyze the monitoring data obtained in 2010 by the in situ observatory for monitoring oxygen depletion and associated parameters in the Romanian Black Sea shelf area (Portita sector).
- During the coming months Uni-HB will continue their standardization and archiving activities in conjunction with task 5.3 as several partners are ready to submit historical and present data. Uni-HB is providing and maintaining panMetaworks as a tool for online data submission and will continue using it to update the legacy data catalogue.
- All partners will also start their contribution for internal deliverable D 6.3 (“Report (if possible in the form of publications) on critical parameters for prediction of oxygen depletion in coastal and open sea systems”) which is lead by IFM-GEOMAR. Most of the involved Partners have started to envisage publications of their initial results.
WP 7: ASSESSING IN SITU OXYGEN DEPLETION IN LAND-LOCKED WATER BODIES
Leading partner: SAMS (Henrik Stahl)
WP 7: overview and introduction
The work in WP7 has proceeded according to plan during M1-18. Historical and present data sets from the respective sites (Swiss lakes, Loch Etive, Koljoe Fjord and Greek Lagoons) that are relevant to the HYPOX project have been compiled, reviewed (task 7.1: “Review and compilation of all historical and present data relevant to the project”) and submitted to the HYPOX data portal as well as incorporated into various reports (deliverables 1.2, 3.3 and 5.1) by all partners of the WP. Furthermore, the implementation of in situ observatories and monitoring platforms at the respective WP7 sites have all been completed (task 7.2: “Implementation of in situ observatories and monitoring platforms in WP7 areas” and deliverable 7.1: “Set-up and implementation of in situ observatories for monitoring oxygen depletion and associated parameters in land-locked water bodies (Swiss Lakes, Koljoe Fjord, Loch Etive, Ionian Sea lagoon) and data collection into the HYPOX web portal”). During the first 18 months, a permanent cabled observatory has been installed in Loch Etive (Scotland) by SAMS and a stand alone moored observatories has been deployed in both Havstens Fjord and Koljoe Fjord (Sweden) by UGOT. The moored and towed observatories GMM and MEDUSA have during the first 18 months been deployed, both short and longer term, in the Greek lagoons by INGV and UPAT. A number of field campaigns / surveys and shorter term deployments of various measuring platforms have also been conducted at the other WP7 sites over the last 18 months. Eawag collected sediment cores in Lake Lugano and Lake Rotsee for their study on paleooxygen conditions in Swiss lakes and SAMS has conducted an initial benthic survey in Loch Etive (May 2009) and additional measurements in Nov. 2009 (only water column measurements). In Jun. and Aug. two field campaigns / surveys where carried out in the Amvrakikos Gulf (Greek lagoons) by UPAT in order select the most appropriate sites for the HYPOX project. Measurements included oxygen and standard oceanographic parameters (currents, CTD) as well as sediment sampling and visual inspection of the sea floor using a ROV. In Aug. and Nov. 2009, UGOT conducted two field campaigns with CTD and oxygen profiling in the water column of the central part of the Koljoe Fjord.
WP 7: Scientific progress accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
Task 7.1 (“Review and compilation of all historical and present data relevant to the project”)
All partners of WP7 (MPG-MPIMM, Eawag, IFM-GEOMAR, INGV, SAMS, UGOT, UPAT) have compiled and reviewed available publications, data sets and reports relevant for assessing and understanding hypoxia of their respective systems. The collected information has served as the basis for the selected monitoring sites and monitoring strategies in the respective systems (Swiss lakes, Loch Etive, Koljoe Fjord, Greek lagoons). Relevant collected information about the respective areas has also been submitted by each partner of this WP to the HYPOX data portal (Uni-HB) as well as incorporated into various internal and external HYPOX reports (see deliverables 1.2, 3.3 and 5.1).
Task 7.2 (“Implementation of in situ observatories and monitoring platforms in WP7 areas”)
The implementation of in situ observatories and monitoring strategies at the respective WP7 sites according to deliverable 7.1 (“Set-up and implementation of in situ observatories for monitoring oxygen depletion and associated parameters in land-locked water bodies”) have all been completed within the first 18 months of the project and is hence ahead of schedule (due date: month 24). Details about the respective observatories and monitoring strategies have been incorporated into the D 1.2 report (“Scientific requirements and technical specification of a multiparameter and long-term oxygen depletion observation system”).
In the Swiss lakes, continuous long-term monitoring at approximately monthly resolution are routinely conducted by various organizations in Switzerland (e.g., water supply utilities, cantonal authorities) and the data is collected and processed by Eawag. In addition to this, an in situ measurement system for spatial and temporal high resolution measurement of sub-micromolar oxygen concentrations has been developed and deployed by Eawag in both Lake Rotsee, Lake Zug, and Lake Lugano.
In Loch Etive, two permanent in situ observatories, one cabled online observatory capable of real-time data transfer in the upper hypoxic basin and one autonomous mooring in the lower well mixed basin in Loch Etive, have been deployed by SAMS and is operating since Nov. 2009. Initial field campaigns as well as a fauna survey in the two contrasting basins (upper and lower Loch Etive) have been undertaken during 2009 / 2010 by SAMS for acquiring baseline data on both benthic biogeochemical conditions. The new and innovative Loch Etive Cabled Observatory (LECO) has been designed and constructed for long term monitoring of oxygen concentrations and other physical parameters (salinity, temperature, current speed and direction) at high temporal resolution in Loch Etive. LECO was deployed in the upper hypoxic basin in late Nov. 2009 and empowered in early Dec. 2009.
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Fig. 35. The position of the cabled observatory (56.27.665N; 05.10.548W) and base station at Glen Noe Farm in Loch Etive, Scotland. Figure: SAMS.
A base station to which the observatory is cabled, was established on land at Glen Noe Farm on the shores of upper Loch Etive (fig. 35). The cable and base station enables real-time data transfer (via broadband) and continuous power supply for the instruments which in turn provide the possibility for long term monitoring of oxygen, salinity, temperature and currents at high temporal resolution (every 10min). The collected data is stored on a local SQL database at SAMS and is since Feb. 2010 also displayed in real-time on a dedicated webpage (fig. 36). Besides the long term monitoring capacity, the data collected by the observatory provide the basic input for the SAMS modeling work in Loch Etive (see WP 2 for details) as well as the opportunity for targeted sampling campaigns associated with changing conditions recorded by the observatory. An autonomous moored reference observatory has also been deployed in the lower well mixed basin since Nov. 2009.
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Fig. 36. Example of the web display of data from the Loch Etive Cabled Observatory.Web address .
MPG-MPIMM has, in collaboration with SAMS, set up and tested a sulfide Eddy correlation system for the in situ determinations of sulfide fluxes between the sea-floor and overlying water column. Once operational, this non-invasive and promising method provide the ideal means to complement hypoxia monitoring at sites that change between oxic and anoxic condition.
In Aug. and Nov. 2009, and in Jun. 2010 UGOT did CTD and oxygen profiling in the water column of the central part of the Koljoe Fjord. During these three campaigns, UGOT also took samples for vertical profiles of dissolved methane in the water column. These samples have been run using gas chromatography and a headspace technique (salting and outgassing).
An observatory mooring consisting of a string of four sensors for conductivity (salinity) and temperature, three oxygen optodes, and a current meter has been purchased, tested and deployed in Havstens Fjord by UGOT. The mooring can thus be used to monitor salinity, temperature, and oxygen at three to four different depths in the water column as well as bottom water current speeds and sea level variations.
The first short-term test of the mooring was successfully completed in a fjord during autumn 2009. A long-term deployment of the mooring was made in the Havstens Fjord (from where water is fed into the Koljoe Fjord) from early Nov. 2009 until end of Apr. 2010. The fjord was ice-covered for about three months during this period. Results from this long-term monitoring campaign are shown in fig. 37. Observations indicated that oxygen variations to a large extent correlated with density variations; low oxygen concentrations correlated often with high-density water and vice versa. This suggests that oxygen monitoring should be made together with monitoring of (at least) S and T. An ongoing second long-term deployment of the mooring was started in the Havstens Fjord in May 2010.
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Fig. 37. Long-term high-frequency measurements of oxygen, salinity and temperature with the HYPOX-UGOT mooring in the Havsstens Fjord from early November 2009 to mid-April 2010. The symbols indicate discrete measurements of the same parameters at three occasions during the same time period in the Havstens Fjord by SMHI. Figure: UGOT & SMHI.
Sediment-water exchange rates of oxygen, dissolved inorganic carbon and nutrients in the Koljoe Fjord were measured by means of in situ in chambers of a benthic lander in Jun. 2010. The oxygen results, obtained with optodes mounted in the chambers, are shown in fig. 38. The results will be used to constrain the role of sediments in oxygen depletion in the Koljoe Fjord.
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Fig. 38. Evolution of oxygen inside two benthic chambers, and in the ambient bottom water, during a lander deployment in the Koljo Fjord 16-17 June 2010. Oxygen data in chambers will be used to determine sediment oxygen uptake. NB the variability of oxygen in the ambient bottom water (brown graph) from about 85 to about 145 µM during this ca one-day deployment. All oxygen measurements were made with optodes. Figure: UGOT.
UPAT has organized and carried out several oceanographic cruises in the Greek lagoons (Amvrakikos gulf, Aetoliko lagoon, and Katakolo bay). The surveys took place between Jun. and Aug. 2009 and between Mar. and Jul. 2010. In summary, measurements of temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, ORP, turbidity, dissolved methane and sulfide were carried out at all three sites. Furthermore, current measurements at one station during a tidal cycle and visual inspection of the sea-floor by the operation of a ROV were carried out in Amvrakikos gulf. In addition seismic data (including bathymetric, profiling, and side scan sonar imaging) was recorded in order to define the potential positions for the GMM deployment. UPAT has provided the available data as part of deliverables 7.1 and 7.2.
In collaboration with UPAT, INGV performed MEDUSA surveys in Amvrakikos gulf and Katakolo bay in order to monitor variations of oxygen in correspondence with methane and sulfide seepage. Gas and water samples where also collected for compositional and isotopic analyses aim to assess the source of methane and sulfide.
Both MEDUSA and GMM observatories were set-up throughout 2009, for their mission planned in Greece on summer 2010. Specific tests on methane sensors to be used in MEDUSA were performed in May 2009 (funded by another project). The tests allowed the definition of the sensor performance and their better configuration for measurements with the MEDUSA module. Technical, mechanical and instrumental specifications of GMM have been defined in cooperation with Tecnomare-ENI, the engineering company that, based on sub-contracting, set-up and prepared GMM for the HYPOX missions.
The MEDUSA survey has been performed by INGV in cooperation with UPAT in all areas selected to monitor variations of oxygen in correspondence with methane and sulfide seepage. Gas and water samples have been collected for compositional and isotopic analyses aimed at assessing the origin of methane and sulfide. This will allow, in particular, an understanding if sulfide is result or rather a driver of hypoxia. GMM has been deployed in Amvrakikos lagoon for a long-term monitoring (about 4 months) of methane, sulfide, oxygen, temperature, pressure, salinity, turbidity, and currents.
WP 7: Deviations from the DoW and countermeasures taken
Overall, WP7 is well on time without any major delays occurring. However, due to accident / injury of an investigating scientist at Eawag, less data than initially planned have been recorded from the Swiss lakes, with a delay in further data-recording for up to 12 months (seasonal cycle). No countermeasures are possible for this activity.
Furthermore, My Mattsdotter (PhD student at IFM-GEOMAR) has left her employment end Apr. 2010. This has had serious consequences for the IFM-GEOMAR participation in the Koljoe Fjord studies. Due to man power restrictions and recent obligations in the Eckenrnfoerde Bay (see WP6), IFM-GEOMAR stopped their engagement in the Koljoe Fjord field work in accordance with UGOT and the coordinator. However, IFM-GEOMAR is still in close contact with UGOT for further data exchange and evaluation.
The GMM and MEDUSA surveys by INGV in collaboration with UPAT were postponed from Jul. to Sep. 2010 due to delays in the delivery of components (cables) from a manufacturer. However, this posed no problem for the schedule of the proposed project work in the Greek lagoons.
SAMS was due to provide the internal deliverable 7.2 (“Compilation report on existing information and data bases relevant for the project”) in project month 6. This was however delayed due to a misunderstanding and will be submitted in conjunction with the M18 report.
WP 7: Plans for the second reporting period (M19-36)
Eawag will perform further deployments of measuring probes in the Swiss lakes in 2011 to investigate temporal and spatial dynamics of hypoxia.
Plans for the Loch Etive site include recovery, service and re-deployment of LECO by SAMS in early autumn 2010. The real-time collection, assessment and data analysis obtained from the Loch Etive observatory will continue during M19-36 and will provide input to WP2, WP3 and WP5. Installation of new and improved data collection- and web-display software will take place during autumn 2010. SAMS will also conduct several field campaigns in 2010 / 2011 during contrasting biogeochemical conditions / seasons in Loch Etive. Furthermore, SAMS will carry on with fauna analysis from the target sites. SAMS will also continue with ongoing / planned publications related to the HYPOX work in Loch Etive.
In order to put the development of the Eddy correlation system for sulfide fluxes forward, MPG-MPIMM and SAMS will be involved in further test measurements that will be performed in cruises in the second half of the project.
The newly acquired UGOT mooring with its sensors provides the base for an observatory, which will be deployed for long-term observations of oxygen, salinity, temperature, currents and sea level in the Koljoe Fjord starting autumn of 2010. UGOT will further measure bottom water oxygen concentration in Koljoe Fjord on weekly time-scales, document variability, and evaluate the causes of this variability. In addition to this, vertical oxygen gradients and horizontal currents in bottom water will be measured and evaluated as an alternative possibility to calculate oxygen fluxes into the sediment. To complement the above, oxygen gradients across the sediment-water interface in Koljoe Fjord will also be measured in situ using an autonomous planar optode from which diffusive fluxes can be calculated and total oxygen fluxes into sediment will be measured using the autonomous UGOT in situ benthic chamber lander. The benthic oxygen fluxes obtained by the three different methods described above will be compared by UGOT and possible reasons for any discrepancy between the three approaches will be evaluated.
INGV in collaboration with UPAT plan to deploy a mooring system at the pockmark site in Amphilochia embayment (Amvrakikos Gulf). Furthermore, the recovery of GMM is planned in Dec. 2010 or Jan. 2011. Data will be submitted to quality checks and examined in collaboration with UPAT. Gas analyses are going to be carried out within Nov. 2010.
REFERENCES
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Lavik, G., T. Stührmann, V. Brüchert, A. Van der Plas, V. Mohrholz, P. Lam, M. Mußmann, B.M. Fuchs, R. Amann, U. Lass, and M.M.M. Kuypers (2009) Detoxification of sulphidic African shelf waters by blooming chemolithotrophs. Nature, 457, 581-584.
Meysman F.J.R., O. Galaktionov, R.N. Glud, and J.J. Middelburg (in press). Oxygen penetration around burrows and roots in aquatic sediments. Journal of Marine Research.
Middelburg, J.J. and L.A. Levin (2009). Coastal hypoxia and sediment biogeochemistry. Biogeosciences, 6, 1273–1293.
Milder, J.C., J.P. Montoya, and M.A. Altabet. 1999. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios at Sites 969 and 974: Interpreting spatial gradients in sapropel properties. Proc. Deep-Sea Drilling Prog., Sci. Results (R. Zahn, M.C. Comas, and A. Klaus, eds.). Volume 161: 401-412
Repeta D.J., D.J. Simpson, B.B. Jørgensen, and H.W. Jannasch (1989). Evidence for anoxygenic photosynthesis from the distribution of bacteriochlorophylls in the Black Sea. Nature. 342, 69 –72.
Zaika V.E. and N.G. Sergeeva (2008). The boundary change of benthic settlement of polychaetes Protodrilus sp. And Vigtorniella zaikai in the Black Sea. Marine Ecol. Journ., 7 (2), 49-53.
Struck, U., K.C. Emeis, M. Voß, M.D. Krom, and G.H. Rau (2001). Biological productivity during sapropel S5 formation in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Evidence from a stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon. Geochimica. Cosmochimica. Acta, 65 (19), 3249-3266
Zaika V.E. 1998. Spatial structure of the Black Sea benthic communities: influence of pelagic processes. Ivanov I.I., Ogus T.(eds.). Ecosystem Modeling as a Management Tool for the Black Sea. Netherlands: Kluwer Acad. Publ., 1, 293-299
Zaika V.E., N.G. Sergeeva & M.I. Kiseleva (1999). Two polychaete species bordering deep anoxic waters in the Black Sea. Tavricheskiy medico-biologicheskiy vestnik., 1-2, 56-60
Zhang, J., D. Gilbert, A.J. Gooday, L. Levin, S.W.A. Naqvi, J.J. Middelburg, M. Scranton, W. Ekau, A. Pena, B. Dewitte, T. Oguz, P.M.S. Monteiro, E. Urban, N.N. Rabalais, V. Ittekkot, W.M. Kemp, O. Ulloa, R. Elmgren, E. Escobar-Briones, and A.K. Van der Plas (2010). Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: synthesis and future development. Biogeosciences, 7, 1443–1467.
2.3 PROJECT MANAGEMENT: ACTIVITIES, PROGRESS AND PLANS
Overview and introduction to Project management tasks
The major project management tasks achieved in the first half of the project include:
- installation of the coordination office and setting up of a project plan and project communication means (task 8.1)
- organization of project meetings including the kick off and the 1St annual meeting with additional WP meetings and workshops as well as meetings of the coordination and decision making bodies (task 8.2, deliverable 8.4)
- launching of the project web site with project member area and news section (task 8.3, deliverable 8.3)
- advancing the visibility of HYPOX in the scientific community by means of diverse project networking activities and the organization of conference sessions (task 8.4). Activities included also active participation in GEO / GEOSS related activities
- production of a information material in form of a stand alone brochure and contributions to the ”International Innovation Journal” and “Earthzine”. Provision of video material and photographs for the interested public (task 8.5, deliverable 8.1)
- preparation of the M1-9 interim report and the M1-18 periodic report (task 8.6, deliverable 8.2)
- inclusion of four institutions as new project associates
Project management tasks accomplished within the first reporting period (M1-18)
MPG-MPIMM hired a fulltime scientist and installed a coordination office (task 8.1: “Installation of coordination office”). The project office has assembled a project plan that that follows the tasks, milestones, and deliverables specified in the Description of Work. MPG-MPIMM kept track on the progress towards these objectives and reminded partners about upcoming deadlines. In order to facilitate communication within the HYPOX consortium, Uni-HB has set up ten HYPOX mailing lists at the WDC-MARE’s lists sit (lists.wdc-) for general project issues and communication within specific groups within the project (work packages, coordinating and decision-making bodies as well as administration). MPG-MPIMM used the HYPOX mailing lists to distribute information on upcoming HYPOX related conferences and workshops to the project partners.
From 15.-17.4., only two weeks after the start of the project, MPG-MPIMM organized, hosted and led the kick off meeting in Bremen, Germany (task 8.2, deliverable 8.4a). In the preparatory phase MPG-MPIMM made efforts that all talks given during the meeting shared a common form and structure. Representatives of all partners attended the kick off meeting and gave talks to introduce their institutions, their target sites, or their scientific plans. After the meeting MPG-MPIMM edited these talks and made them available through the information material area of the HYPOX web site. MPG-MPIMM invited representatives of scientifically related projects and initiatives to the kick off to establish project networking right from the start. Representatives of the projects EuroSITES, HYPER, and ESONET / EMSO attended the meeting and contributed talks. HYPOX partners NIOO KNAW, UGOT, Uni-HB, provide additional topical talks (on current status of occurrence and investigations of hypoxia, sensor technology, GEO / GEOSS) to foster scientific discussions during the kick off meeting. On the third day, MPG-MPIMM organized breakout groups to discuss technical and scientific issues and get the work planning of the different Work packages started. These were chaired by representatives of partners Eawag, Ifremer, SAMS, UGOT, IFM-GEOMAR, MPG-MPIMM, GeoEcoMar, ITU-EMCOL, and IBSS.
From 22.-26. Mar. 2010 the 1St annual project meeting was held in Istanbul (task 8.2, deliverable 8.4b). The meeting was organized by MGP-MPIMM with support from Uni-HB. ITU-EMCOL hosted the meeting at ITU’s Taşkışla Campus. The meeting was focused on reports on the status of the installation and operation of observatories (WP6 and 7), the status of the data flow from the observatories to the data portal (WP5), and progress achieved in modeling and assessment of hypoxia causes and consequences (WP 2 and WP3). All partners participated in the meeting and contributed oral presentations. In addition to the general assembly, meetings of the coordinating and decision-making bodies of HYPOX (steering committee and implementation committee) took place in Istanbul. Together with MPG-MPIMM and UGOT, AWI took the opportunity to convene a WP3 workshop in order to analyze the causes of hypoxia formation at the different HYPOX target sites as a first step towards deliverable 3.1. In agreement with deliverable 2.2b, MPG-MPIMM initiated a training workshop on physical-biogeochemical modeling of oxygen depletion for students and young scientists to be held during the 1St annual meeting (deliverable 2.2b and 8.4b). IFM-GEOMAR organized and planned the workshop that included contributions of HYPOX partners IFM-GEOMAR, GKSS, NIOO, ITU-EMCOL / METU (Middle East Technical University) as well as of external organizations (Liège University, Belgium and Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway). Towards the end of the reporting period MPG-MPIMM and Eawag started the planning of the 2nd annual meeting of HYPOX that will take place in close vicinity of Kastanienbaum, Switzerland (location of HYPOX partner Eawag) at the campus of the University of Applied Sciences in Horw.
According to task 8.3 (“Set up of HYPOX web site”), Uni-HB has launched the project web site () with strong support and continuous exchange of ideas by MPG-MPIMM (deliverable 8.3: “HYPOX website with open and internal access provided”). This included the conceptual design of structure, layout, and of the content of the site. MPG-MPIMM provided most of the text and images found on the HYPOX web pages and supervised the layout of the site by an external provider that was hired to take care of the web template design (medieningenieure Bremen, medieningenieure.de). Based on the externally created web design, Uni-HB created web site templates within a Content Management System mentioned in the WP5 section and some appropriate basic modules for the CMS (menu, news etc.) have been selected and integrated to the HYPOX web site, additionally the draft data search interface module has been integrated to the CMS. Uni-HB created a password protected area for confidential documents as part of the main HYPOX web site.
The news section of the HYPOX web site was launched by Uni-HB based on Google’s “BlogSpot” (). The design of the Google blog space has been adopted to the HYPOX web design. Further, Uni-HB developed a CMS module which allows to include the blog headlines within the main HYPOX web site. The blog is currently the most important way of informing the public about the project progress is maintained by MPG-MPIMM. Information on project activities are collected from HYPOX partners, edited, and posted by MPG-MPIMM with support from Uni-HB. Input to posts (text, images, and video footage) was provided by all HYPOX partners thereby contributing to task 8.5 and deliverable 8.1a.
In order to advance the visibility of HYPOX in the scientific community (task 8.4: “Organizing scientific visibility and representation in important international committees, meetings and symposia and development of a Knowledge Management Plan”), networking activities were carried out in several respects. This started with the invitation of related projects by MPG-MPIMM to join the HYPOX kick off meeting in Bremen. Contact to other projects and initiatives was made throughout the reporting period, e.g., to the “Benguela Current Commission”, the “Ocean Obs” initiative, and the “Collaborative Research Centre on subsurface dissolved oxygen in the tropical ocean (SFB 754)”. Some activities of these projects were joined by HYPOX representatives of MPG-MPIMM and Uni-HB (“ESONET” Data Management Workshop, Bremen, Jun. 2009, “Ocean Obs” meeting, Venice, Sep. 2009, Benguela Current Commission Annual Scientific Forum, Swakopmund, Namibia, Nov. 2009). Links to related projects and initiatives were added to the HYPOX web page.
Striking evidence for a successful project networking was the recruitment of four additional partner institutions. Towards the end of the first year of HYPOX the institutions applied for an official affiliation with HYPOX in order to intensify their cooperation with HYPOX scientists. This intensified cooperation is expected to significantly contribute to the scientific goals of HYPOX. Below the names of the four institutions that joined HYPOX via the signature of the accession documents as an addition to the existing Consortium Agreement. In brackets the names of the Scientists in charge as well as the WPs the new project associates are expected to mainly contribute to are given:
1. Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnment at the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (Christoph Rabouille, WP 3&6)
2. Museum of Natural History / Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Germany (Ulrich Struck, WP 6)
3. MARE Interfacultary Research Centre, University of Liege, Belgium (Marilaure Gregoire, WP 2)
4. Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway (Evgeniy Yakushev, WP 2)
In order to facilitate contact from in- and outside the scientific community to members of the consortium not only their names and contact information but also a few keywords about their expertise are available on the project web site (front_content.php?idart=540). Along the same line effort was made to make some members of the consortium individually visible in the first HYPOX brochure, where contact information, individual statements, portraits and snapshots are presented. NIOO KNAW PI Jack Middelburg is member of SCOR working group 128 on hypoxia and provides linkages and outreach to SCOR community. Jack Middelburg from NIOO KNAW is also editor of a special issue of Biogeosciences on hypoxia (2009). As another important contribution to an improved visibility of the project, HYPOX partners NIOO KNAW / Utrecht University and MPG-MPIMM are about to convene scientific sessions at international conferences together with colleagues from Lund University, University of Maryland, and Louisiana Universities Marine Consortium. The respective sessions will take place at the 2011 meetings of the European Geosciences Union (EGU; Vienna, Austria, 3.-8. Apr. 2011; ; session BG3.2: “Oxygen depletion in land-locked, coastal and open ocean systems of the present and past – driving mechanisms, impacts and recovery”) and the American Society for Limnology and Oceanography (ASLO; San Juan, Puerto Rico, 13.-18. Feb. 2011; meetings/sanjuan2011/special_sessions.html; session S94: “Impact of Hypoxia on Biogeochemical Cycles”). Another activity that fostered the visibility of HYPOX was the leading role that HYPOX partner IOW took in the formulation of the new coastal research plan for Germany, in which the problem of hypoxia plays a major role.
The visibility of the HYPOX project in the GEO community was fostered by contributions to GEO meetings as well as participation in those meetings by representatives of MPG-MPIMM and Uni-HB with additional input from all other project members (GEO European Projects Workshop, Brussels, Sep. 2008; GEO V exhibition, Bucharest Nov. 2008 [only poster]; kick off meeting of GEO task ST-09-02, Jul. 2009, Italy; 3rd GEO EU workshop Istanbul, Oct. 2009). In addition, first contact was made by Uni-HB and several other HYPOX partners to the representatives of several of the GEO tasks that HYPOX is expected to contribute to. In response to the showcase initiative a contribution to the “GEO Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON)” was suggested to the GEO BON representative David Halpern (NASA) and Gerry Gellert (JPL, NASA). The first HYPOX brochure as well as the article on HYPOX in the International Innovation Report (see below) were sent to the representatives of the HYPOX-related GEO tasks to provide them with additional information on the project. The publication of an article on HYPOX in the GEO related online journal Earthzine (2010/05/26/oxygen-monitoring-in-aquatic-ecosystems-eu-project-hypox/) added to the visibility of HYPOX in the GEO community.
Two GEOSS workshops have been organized within the first 18 months of the project by Uni-HB in cooperation with colleagues from the US: (1) GEOSS Workshop XXVII (“Understanding the Integrated Ocean Observation System, including Sub-surface Sensors”; Congress Center Bremen, Bremen Germany, 10. May 2009), and (2) GEOSS Workshop XXXVIII (“Evolution of Oceans Observing Systems – Building an Infrastructure for Science”; Seattle Convention Center, 19. Sep. 2010). The workshop themes were addressing issues related to the need and barriers that are faced with the introduction of GEOSS into the marine research realm. The main outcomes of the workshops have been that ocean sciences play an important role in providing data for earth observation systems. For instance, for coastal zones ocean observations are providing very significant information for monitoring the impact of human activities on the marine environment. Examples have been given that describe the seasonal changes in nutrient content in a fjord in the Mediterranean Sea that is heavily influenced by changing currents due to seasonal occurring winds. A forecast of these events will allow for a better management of fish resources. In the second workshop the importance of bringing the individual regional and transnational spread ocean observation capacities together has been identified. GEO can provide a framework for this i.e., by establishing a GEO Community of Practice on Ocean Observations. This committee shall be composed of major stakeholders and shall invest in the better coordination of the worldwide established observing capacities.
As a contribution to task 8.5 and deliverable 8.1a & b, MPG-MPIMM drafted and produced an information brochure together with Uni-HB and NIOO KNAW and additional contributions from SAMS and all other partners. The brochure gives information on the general issue of hypoxia and its link to global change and eutrophication, as well as on project focus and scientific approaches, and the members of the HYPOX consortium. The brochure is available online and as a hard copy since spring 2010. Hardcopies of the brochure were distributed to partners, related projects, potential end users, and GEO task representatives in early summer 2010. In early summer 2010 the Coordination Team launched an information article on HYPOX in the “International Innovation Journal”, an annual produced by Research Media (research-). In addition to recipients specified by the HYPOX coordination team (partners, related projects, potential end users, and GEO task representatives), Research Media distributed the magazine to numerous people in science, industry, governmental as well as non-governmental institutions. An online version of the article is also available through the HYPOX web page (upload/infomaterial/hypox_international_innovation.pdf)
Furthermore, MPG-MPIMM produced video material and images and collected such material from HYPOX partners as means to document HYPOX activities and to inform the public. Images were provided from all HYPOX partners. IBSS, IFM-GEOMAR, and SAMS additionally supplied Video footage. The available material includes images and video footage from a variety of project activities (research cruises, e.g., with R/Vs ALKOR and MARIA S. MERIAN, project meetings, instrument tests etc.). Some material, including some videos was made available as part of the project news of the HYPOX web page (e.g., ). MPG-MPIMM and Uni-HB investigated the suitability of external Web 2.0 services such as “YouTube”, “Flickr” or “Picasa” to share HYPOX related photographs and videos and started to upload imagery and footage material towards the end of the reporting period (). Additionally, partners were provided with information on how to upload additional material themselves in the future. Uni-HB started to integrate the external Web 2.0 services within the HYPOX web page.
A web log that was produced and distributed during the main HYPOX cruise to the Black Sea (leg MSM15/1 of R/V MARIA S. MERIAN) in Apr. / May 2010 represented another important public outreach activity of HYPOX. The web log was produced by MPG-MPIMM with contributions by the other HYPOX partners present during that cruise (Eawag, IFM-GEOMAR, Ifremer, INGV, ITU-EMCOL, IBSS, Uni-HB) and distributed through the institute’s homepage of partner MPG-MPIMM (mpi-bremen.de/en/HYPOX_program_Oxygen_depletion_in_the_seas.html). Other public outreach activities to mention here include the participation of HYPOX representatives from MPG-MPIMM and IBSS in a scientific workshop in Sevastopol (Ukraine) that was held at IBSS as part of the German days in May 2010 as well as public lectures on the link of physical boundary conditions, nutrient load, and climate change to Baltic Sea hypoxia at that were given by IOW at several occasions.
All partners provided input to the first interim report (task 8.6, deliverable 8.2a) as well as to the periodic report (deliverable 8.2b). WP leaders at INGV, NIOO KNAW, AWI, IBSS, ITU-EMCOL, Uni-HB, Ifremer, SAMS, and MPG-MPIMM merged the input into WP reports. MPG-MPIMM assisted the partners in the preparation of the reports by (1) producing and distribution questionnaires to collect input on the progress of the HYPOX partners, (2) collecting the input work package-wise as the basis for the preparation of reports on the progress in the respective work packages by the work package leaders, and (3) by reviewing the work package reports and by assembling them into a single coherent document to be handed to the European Commission (task 8.6, deliverable 8.2a & 8.2b). For the periodic report MPG-MPIMM supported all partners concerning the preparation of the financial statements (Form C, Explanation of the use of the resources).
Deviations from project management tasks and countermeasures taken
The production of the first brochure (deliverable 8.1a; due date M6) took longer than expected. This delay however, is not considered to be a major draw back – information on the project was available through the web site since M3. In addition, the delay turned out to be beneficial for the brochure content as more specific information (including, e.g., first modeling results and specific observatory descriptions) was available by then. After launching additional, general introductions to the project’s approaches, goals and members through the “International Innovation Journal” and in part also through an article in the “Earthzine” as a contribution to deliverable 8.1b the Coordination Team (CT) decided to postpone the preparation of a second full information brochure to the second half of the project when more specific scientific knowledge about the HYPOX target sites will be available. The CT considers postponing of the brochure preparation beneficial as compared to the timely publication of second, partly redundant brochure. The preparation of the second brochure will start after the second annual meeting.
The amount of video footage of HYPOX activities collected so far is smaller than planned (deliverable 8.1a & 8.1b). This is partly due to the fact that recording of videos sometime proved to be to demanding to be accomplished in parallel to scientific activities. In addition, the postprocessing necessary to produce comprehensible video material is more time consuming than previously thought. In order to compensate for this shortcoming photographs are provided to the public in addition to video material. It is planned, however, to produce and upload additional video footage during the second half of the project.
Partner GKSS asked for an allocation of budget from personnel to other direct costs. This was done in order to be able to purchase an ARGO-type float with oxygen sensing capabilities to be deployed in the Black Sea during cruise leg MSM15/1 with R/V MARIA S. MERIAN. The rationale was that Black Sea model performance could be largely improved by assimilation of measured data. At the same time this would reduce manpower needed as less modeling runs would be necessary. The request was passed to the EC by the coordination team on 24. Feb. 2010.
Planned project management tasks for the second reporting period (M19-36)
MPG-MPIMM will continue to kept track on the progress towards objectives and reminded partners about upcoming deadlines.
MPG-MPIMM will, supported by Eawag plan and organize the 2nd annual project meeting in Switzerland (University of Applied Sciences campus, Horw, 3.-6. May 2010). Apart from reports and discussions of progress and plans of the respective work packages the meeting will also include meetings of the coordinating and decision-making bodies of HYPOX (steering- and implementation committee). All partners will send representatives to join the meeting. Students workshops will be held as part of the meeting. The nature and content of the workshop is currently under discussion. Together with SAMS, Ifremer will prepare and chair the meeting of the Implementation Committee (IC) to be held during HYPOX’s first annual meeting (Mar. 2010, Istanbul) in order to speed up the process of scientific and technical implementation of the observatory systems at the target sites, the standardization of measurements and data, and to foster integration of research activities in the different WPs.
Together with Uni-HB, MPG-MPIMM will continue to improve and maintain the HYPOX web page including the data portal. MPG-MPIMM will make sure that the news section keeps track with the activities of the partners to install observatories and conduct field campaigns. With input from MPG-MPIMM, Uni-HB will implement further improvements of the web page with respect to the data portal and to the integration of external Web 2.0 services.
Networking activities will continue, e.g., by inviting representatives from other projects to the 2nd annual meeting and by joining activities of related projects.
In order to foster the representation of HYPOX activities in important international committees, meetings and symposia MPG-MPIMM will continue to inform partners about upcoming scientific conferences and meetings. MPG-MPIMM will also continue to keep track the activities of project partners in such events to identify possible improvements in the visibility and representation of HYPOX in- and outside the scientific community. HYPOX partners will convey special sessions at the EGU and ASLO meetings in 2011 (see above). NIOO KNAW will continue contributing to dissemination and to link HYPOX to SCOR working group 128 on hypoxia and other projects. Furthermore, NIOO KNAW will link HYPOX to national projects within the Netherlands (Darwin and ZKO programs). Ifremer will link HYPOX with other projects and with initiatives that focus on monitoring of low oxygen area in Europe (e.g., ESONET-EMSO-VISO).
MPG-MPIMM will continue with its dissemination efforts by informing end users and decision makers about the project and about the data that HYPOX is expected to provide.
Together with Uni-HB, MPG-MPIMM will continue to contribute to and participate in activities of the GEO initiative particularly in the Science and Technology tasks and contributions to the GEO web portal. Both institutions will continue to foster contacts between project partners and the representatives of the GEO tasks that HYPOX is expected to contribute to. In the near future HYPOX Representatives from Uni-HB will participate in the meeting of GEO task ST-09-02 (Rome, Italy) in early Oct. 2010, and in the GEO ministerial Summit (Beijing, China) in Nov. 2010. Presently, GEO is suggesting having only one main Data / Information web portal, the ESA GEO portal, and having additional sites set up, so called supersites, that provide information in regard to geo- hazards and disasters. An option for the next 18 months would be to cooperate with a Canadian company, COMPUSULT from St. Johns, on setting up a GEO portal dedicated to hypoxia in different regions of the world where HYPOX would be one first data provider. Also, there will be a follow-up on the initiative on setting up a GEO Community of Practice for ocean observations where a basic interest has already been indicated by representatives of the US National Science Foundation and the European Commission to support that idea.
MPG-MPIMM will draft and produce another information brochure that will focus on recent activities and findings. MPG-MPIMM will continue to encourage partners to produce video material during their activities. Based on this footage as well as on material that will be produced by MPG-MPIMM during project activities, Based on this material MPG-MPIMM will produce films for the HYPOX partners, the EC, and for the interested public. HYPOX partners will prepare educational materials and disseminate them online and as hard copy. Furthermore they will continue to post information on project activities on their institutes’ web pages and in their institutes’ publications.
MPG-MPIMM will assist the partners in the preparation of the second interim report after project month 27 and in the final report after project month 36.
2.4 FIELDWORK, OBSERVATORIES, AND DATA GENERATED
| |
|FIELDWORK AND OBSERVATORY DEPLOYMENTS |
| |Cruise / observation| | | | |
|General info |Dates |Measurements | | | |
|Region / site |Vessel / cruise |Type of investigation|Start / End / |Parameters |Cover- |Samples |Gear |
| |leg |/ leading scientist /|station time | |age | | |
| | |institution |or | | | | |
| | | |observation | | | | |
| | | |period | | | | |
| |
|Part A: fieldwork and observatory deployments project month 1-18 |
|Black |R/V |Research |19.05.09-28.05.09 / |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, Multi corer, |
|Sea / |MARE NIGRUM |Cruise / |10 days |temperature, pH, beam |vertical |sediment samples |Van Veen, |
|Romanian shelf | |in situ observations | |transmission / |profiles & point| |Seaguard, |
| | |& sampling program / | |attenuation, turbidity, |measurements | |multibeam, Nansen |
| | |Dan Secrieru / | |nutrients, phytoplankton,| | |zooplankton net, |
| | |GeoEcoMar | |zooplankton, | | | |
| | | | |geochemistry, | | | |
| | | | |sedimentology, meiofauna,| | | |
| | | | |macrofauna, bathymetry | | | |
|Ionian Sea, |R/V |Research |Jun. & Aug. 2009 / |temperature, |discrete sites, |sediment samples |Aaandera |
|Greece / |IRENE |cruise / |10 days |salinity, |vertical | |RCM9-MKII, |
|Amvrakikos gulf| |George Papatheodorou/|and |oxygen, pH, ORP, methane,|profiles, | |YSI 600 XL, |
| | |UPAT |17.07.10 - |sulfide, currents, |point | |IN-SITU TROLL |
| | | |25.07.10 / |seismic profiles, |measurements | |9500, |
| | | |9 days |sonographs | | |METS sensor, Sea &|
| | | | | | | |Sun Technology, |
| | | | | | | |ATM, ADCP (only |
| | | | | | | |2010), |
| | | | | | | |Mini corer, |
| | | | | | | |gravity corer, |
| | | | | | | |Minirover MKII |
| | | | | | | |ROV, 3.5kHz |
| | | | | | | |profiling system |
| | | | | | | |EG&G side scan |
| | | | | | | |sonar |
|Fram Strait / |R/V POLARSTERN |Research cruise / |09.07.09 -04.08.09 /|oxygen, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, moorings, |
|HAUSGARTEN | |ARK XXIV/2 |27 days |salinity, temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |Multiple corer, |
| | | | |oxygen uptake, |profiles | |ROV |
| | | | |sedimentology, bacteria, |& point | | |
| | | | |meiofauna |measurements | | |
|Black |small ships |Research cruise / |20.07.09, 02.09.09 |oxygen, salinity, |vertical |Water samples, |sample tube, |
|Sea / | |Sergey Konovalov, |07.09.09, 09.10.09, |temperature, nutrients, |profiles, (water|sediment samples,|diver, |
|Sevastopol Bays| |Vitaly Timofeev & |01.12.09, |meiofauna |and sediments) |meiobenthos |Model DLK-60, |
| | |Maksim Gulin / |28.01.10, | |discrete sites, |samples |Portable Meter, |
| | |MHI & IBSS |19.03.10, | |point | |Hach HQ40d, |
| | | |18.05.10, | |measurements, | |Standard ionomer |
| | | |08.07.10 / | | | |PH150M |
| | | |1 day each | | | | |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Aug. 2009 / |CTD profiling, water |discrete sites, |water samples |CTD |
|/ | |cruise / |2 days |column sampling |vertical | | |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | | |profiles, | | |
| | |UGOT | | |discrete time | | |
| | | | | |points | | |
|Black |shore based work|Research field trip/ |2.8.09, |oxygen, salinity, |vertical |sediment samples,|sample tube, |
|Sea / | |Maksim Gulin, Sergey |Sep. 09, |temperature, nutrients, |profiles, (water|meiobenthos |diver, |
|Tarkhankut | |Konovalov, Vitaly |25.11.09, |meiofauna |and sediments) |samples |Model DLK-60, |
|(Crimea) | |Timofeev / |10.03.10 - | |discrete sites, | |Portable Meter, |
| | |IBSS & MHI |11.03.10 / | |point | |Hach HQ40d, |
| | | |2 days | |measurements, | |Standard ionomer |
| | | |19.08.10 - | | | |PH150M |
| | | |20.08.10 / | | | | |
| | | |2 days | | | | |
| | | |25.08.10 / | | | | |
| | | |1 day | | | | |
|Baltic |R/V ALKOR |Research |18.09.09 - |benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|Sea / | |cruise / |06.10.09 / |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Gotland Basin | |Olaf Pfannkuche / |19 days |biogeochemistry, sediment|profiles | |corer |
| | |IFM-GEOMAR | |accumulation rates, CTD |& point | | |
| | | | |profiling, |measurements | | |
| | | | |water column sampling | | | |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Nov. 2009 / |CTD profiling, water |discrete sites, |water samples |CTD |
|/ | |cruise / |2 days |column sampling |vertical | | |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | | |profiles, | | |
| | |UGOT | | |discrete time | | |
| | | | | |points | | |
|Black |R/V |Research cruise / |0911.09 - 21.11.09 /|oxygen, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, |
|Sea / |ARAR |Namik Çagatay / |9 days |salinity, temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |pump- |
|Bosporus area | |ITU- | |nutrients, |profiles | |CTD, Multiple |
| | |EMCOL | |oxygen uptake, |& point | |corer, gravity |
| | | | |N-cycling, geochemistry, |measurements | |corer, Box corer |
| | | | |sedimentology, meiofauna,| | | |
| | | | |macrofauna | | | |
|Scottish Sea |R/V CALANUS |Deployment of Loch |27.11.09 - |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites, |Water column |CTD,Observatory |
|Lochs / |R/V SOEL MARA |Etive Observatory/ |28.11.09 / |temperature, pressure, |vertical |measurements | |
|Loch Etive | |Henrik Stahl/ |2 days |currents |profiles (CTD), | | |
| | |SAMS | | |time series | | |
| | | | | |(Observatory) | | |
|Baltic Sea / |R/V |Research cruise / |monthly cruises from|benthic processes and |vertical |water samples, |CTD, Mini Multiple|
|Eckernfoerde |LITTORINA |diverse |dec. 09 on / |fluxes |profiles, (water|sediment samples |Corer |
|Bay | |leading scientists / |1 day each | |and sediments) | | |
| | |IFM-GEOMAR | | |discrete sites, | | |
| | | | | |point | | |
| | | | | |measurements | | |
|Ionian Sea, |R/V |Research |01.03.10 - |temperature, |discrete sites, |sediment samples |Aaandera |
|Greece / |IRENE |cruise / |06.03.10 / |salinity, |vertical | |RCM9-MKII, |
|Katakolo bay | |George Papatheodorou/|6 days |oxygen, pH, ORP, methane,|profiles, | |YSI 600 XL, |
| | |UPAT | |currents, seismic |point | |IN-SITU TROLL |
| | | | |profiles, sonographs |measurements | |9500, |
| | | | | | | |METS sensor, Sea &|
| | | | | | | |Sun Technology, |
| | | | | | | |ATM, 3.5kHz |
| | | | | | | |profiling system |
| | | | | | | |EG&G side scan |
| | | | | | | |sonar |
|Black |R/V |Research |12.04.2010 / |oxygen, |Discrete sites, |Water samples, |CTD, |
|Sea / |MARIA S. MERIAN |cruise & observatory |08.05.2010 / 24 days|salinity, temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |pump- |
|Bosporus and |/ |deployment / | |nutrients, |profiles, point | |CTD, benthic |
|Crimean shelf |MSM 15/1 |Antje Boetius / | |oxygen uptake, |measurements, | |lander systems, |
|area | |MPG-MPIMM | |N-cycling |transects, | |oceanographic |
| | | | |meiofauna, macrofauna, |time series, | |moorings, towed |
| | | | |sedimentology, |drifting | |observation |
| | | | |geochemistry, | | |systems, floats, |
| | | | | | | |manned submersible|
| | | | | | | |benthic crawlers, |
| | | | | | | |Multiple corer, |
| | | | | | | |box corer, gravity|
| | | | | | | |corer |
|Black |R/V |Research cruise & |14.05.10 – 26.05.10 |oxygen, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, Multiple |
|Sea / |MARE NIGRUM |observatory |/ |salinity, temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |corer, Van Veen, |
|Romanian shelf | |deployment / |12 days |pH, beam transmission/ |profiles & point| |multibeam, Nansen |
| | |Dan Secrieru / | |attenuation, turbidity, |measurements | |zooplankton net, |
| | |GeoEcoMar | |water column nutrients, | | |SEAGUARD RCM 9 |
| | | | |phytoplankton, | | | |
| | | | |zooplankton, | | | |
| | | | |geochemistry, | | | |
| | | | |sedimentology, meiofauna,| | | |
| | | | |macrofauna, bathymetry, | | | |
| | | | |observatory deployment, | | | |
| | | | |benthic oxygen and | | | |
| | | | |nutrient fluxes (sediment| | | |
| | | | |core incubations) | | | |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Jun. 2010 / |Benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|/ | |cruise / |2 days |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | |biogeochemistry, sediment|profiles, | |Corer |
| | |UGOT | |accumulation rates, CTD |discrete time | | |
| | | | |profiling, water column |points | | |
| | | | |sampling | | | |
|Fram Strait / |R/V POLARSTERN |Research cruise / |30.06.10 - 29.07.10 |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, moorings, |
|HAUSGARTEN | |ARK XXV/2 |/ |temperature, oxygen |vertical |sediment samples |Multiple corer, |
| | | |30 days |uptake, sedimentology, |profiles | |Box corer |
| | | | |bacteria, meiofauna, |& point | | |
| | | | |macrofauna |measurements | | |
|Black |R/V |Research cruise / |30.06.10 – 6.07.10 /|oxygen, salinity, |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, bottom-grab, |
|Sea / |PROFESSOR |Yury Tokarev/ |7 days |hydrogen sulfide, |profiles, | |gravity corer |
|Crimea area |VODYANITSKYI/ |IBSS | |temperature, nutrients, |discrete sites, | | |
| |Leg 64 | | |meiofauna, macrofauna |point | | |
| | | | | |measurements, | | |
| | | | | |transects | | |
|Ionian Sea, |Boat |Research |02.07.10 – |temperature, |discrete sites, |sediment samples,|YSI 600 XL, |
|Greece / |OCEANIS II |cruise / |06.07.10 / |salinity, |vertical |water samples |IN-SITU TROLL |
|Aetoliko lagoon| |George Papatheodorou/|5 days |oxygen, pH, ORP, methane,|profiles, | |9500, |
| | |UPAT | |sulfide, currents, |point | |METS sensor, Sea &|
| | | | |seismic profiles, |measurements | |Sun Technology, |
| | | | |sonographs | | |ATM, Mini corer, |
| | | | | | | |water sampler, |
| | | | | | | |ELAC Hydrostar, |
| | | | | | | |3.5kHz profiling |
| | | | | | | |system |
| | | | | | | |EG&G side scan |
| | | | | | | |sonar |
|Black |R/V |Research cruise / |starting 22.07.10 / |oxygen, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, Multiple |
|Sea / |MARE NIGRUM |Dan Secrieru / |2 days for HYPOX |salinity, temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |corer, Van Veen, |
|Romanian shelf | |GeoEcoMar | |pH, beam transmission / |profiles & point| |Nansen zooplankton|
| | | | |attenuation, turbidity, |measurements | |net, |
| | | | |nutrients, phytoplankton,| | | |
| | | | |zooplankton, | | | |
| | | | |geochemistry, | | | |
| | | | |sedimentology, meiofauna,| | | |
| | | | |macrofauna, | | | |
|Swiss lakes / |SALM I |Research cruise / |28.07.10 / |Oxygen finestructure and |vertical |water samples |customized CTD |
|Lake Zug | |Mathias |1 day |N-compounds across oxic /|profiles, | |(“Profiling |
| | |Kirf / | |anoxic boundary in water |discrete sites, | |Analyzer”; “PIA”) |
| | |Eawag | |column |discretet time | |for |
| | | | | |points | |high-resolution |
| | | | | | | |profiling of |
| | | | | | | |oxygen |
|Baltic |R/V Skagerak |Research |16.08.10 - |benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|Sea / | |cruise / |01.09.10 / |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Gotland Basin | |Per Hall / |17 days |biogeochemistry, sed acc |profiles | |corer |
| | |UGOT | |rates, CTD profiling, |& point | | |
| | | | |water column sampling |measurements | | |
|Black |R/V |Research cruise & |05.09.10 - 10.09.10 |oxygen, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, Multiple |
|Sea / |MARE NIGRUM |observatory recouvery|/ |salinity, temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |corer, Van Veen, |
|Romanian shelf | |/ |6 days |pH, beam transmission / |profiles | |Nansen zooplankton|
| | |Marian T. Gomoiu & | |attenuation, turbidity, |& point | |net, SEAGUARD RCM |
| | |Jana Friedrich / | |water column nutrients, |measurements, | |9, benthic flux |
| | |GeoEcoMar & AWI | |phytoplankton, |time series | |chamber lander |
| | | | |zooplankton, | | | |
| | | | |geochemistry, | | | |
| | | | |sedimentology, meiofauna,| | | |
| | | | |macrofauna observatory | | | |
| | | | |recovery, in-situ benthic| | | |
| | | | |oxygen and nutrient | | | |
| | | | |fluxes (benthic flux | | | |
| | | | |chamber lander), benthic | | | |
| | | | |oxygen and nutrient | | | |
| | | | |fluxes (sediment core | | | |
| | | | |incubation) | | | |
|Swiss lakes / |SALM I |Research cruise / |14.09.10 / |Oxygen finestructure and |vertical |water samples |customized CTD |
|Lake Rotsee | |Mathias |1 day |N-compounds across oxic /|profiles, | |(“Profiling |
| | |Kirf / | |anoxic boundary in water |discrete sites, | |Analyzer”; “PIA”) |
| | |Eawag | |column |discretet time | |for |
| | | | | |points | |high-resolution |
| | | | | | | |profiling of |
| | | | | | | |oxygen |
|Ionian Sea, |R/V |Research |14.09.10 – |oxygen, methane, |Transects and |water and |MEDUSA, GMM |
|Greece / |Barbadonis |cruise / |23.09.10 / |temperature, salinity, |long-term |sediment samples | |
|Amvrakikos gulf| |Giuseppe Etiope / |10 days |turbidity and video |monitoring at | | |
|and Katakolo | |INGV | |images by MEDUSA, |seabottom | | |
|bay | | | |Deployment GMM | | | |
| |
|Part B: fieldwork and observatory deployments planned for the second half of the project |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Oct. 2010 / |benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|/ | |cruise / |4 days |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | |biogeochemistry, sediment|profiles (water | |corer |
| | |UGOT | |accumulation rates, CTD |and sediment), | | |
| | | | |profiling, water column |discrete time | | |
| | | | |sampling, oxygen |points | | |
| | | | |gradients & currents in | | | |
| | | | |bottom water | | | |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Mar. or Apr. 2011 / |Benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|/ | |cruise / |4 days |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | |biogeochemistry, sediment|profiles (water | |corer |
| | |UGOT | |accumulation rates, CTD |and sediment), | | |
| | | | |profiling, water column |discrete time | | |
| | | | |sampling, oxygen |points | | |
| | | | |gradients & currents in | | | |
| | | | |BW | | | |
|Black |R/V |Research cruise; In |Mar. or Apr. 2011 |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, multicorer, |
|Sea / |MARE NIGRUM |situ observations and| |temperature, pH, beam |vertical |sediment samples |Van Veen, |
|Romanian shelf | |sampling program / | |transmission / |profiles & | |Seaguard, benthic |
| | |Marian T. Gomoiu / | |attenuation, turbidity, |point | |lander, Nansen |
| | |GeoEcoMar | |nutrients, phytoplankton,|measurements | |zooplankton net, |
| | | | |zooplankton, | | | |
| | | | |geochemistry, | | | |
| | | | |sedimentology, meiofauna,| | | |
| | | | |macrofauna | | | |
|Fram Strait / |R/V POLARSTERN |Research cruise / |15.03.11 - 03.08.11 |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites, |water samples, |CTD, moorings, |
|HAUSGARTEN | |ARK XXVI |/ |temperature, |vertical |sediment samples |multiple corer, |
| | | |39 days |oxygen uptake, |profiles & point| |ROV |
| | | | |sedimentology, bacteria, |measurements | | |
| | | | |meiofauna | | | |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Aug. 2011 / |Benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|/ | |cruise / |4 days |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | |biogeochemistry, sediment|profiles (water | |corer |
| | |UGOT | |accumulation rates, CTD |and sediment), | | |
| | | | |profiling, water column |discrete time | | |
| | | | |sampling, oxygen |points | | |
| | | | |gradients & currents in | | | |
| | | | |BW | | | |
|Swedish fjords |R/V Skagerak |Research |Nov. or Dec. 2011 / |Benthic fluxes, sediment |discrete sites, |water samples, |Benthic landers, |
|/ | |cruise / |4 days |and pore water |vertical |sediment samples |CTD, Multiple |
|Koljoe Fjord | |Per Hall / | |biogeochemistry, sediment|profiles (water | |corer |
| | |UGOT | |accumulation rates, CTD |and sediment), | | |
| | | | |profiling, water column |discrete time | | |
| | | | |sampling, oxygen |points | | |
| | | | |gradients & currents in | | | |
| | | | |BW | | | |
|Black Sea / |Coastal ship |Research cruise and |date not settled |oxygen, salinity, |drifting, |no samples |PROVOR-DO float |
|Bosporus area | |floating observatory | |temperature |vertical | | |
| | |deployment / | | |profiles, time | | |
| | |leadining scientist | | |series | | |
| | |NN / | | | | | |
| | |ITU & Ifremer | | | | | |
|Ionian Sea, |Small ship |Research cruise and |date not settled |oxygen, methane, | | |GMM observatory, |
|Greece / | |observatory | |temperature, salinity and| | |possible |
|Amvrakikos gulf| |installation / | |currents | | |deployment of a |
|and Katakolo | |leadining scientist | | | | |mooring system at |
|bay | |NN / | | | | |the pockmark site |
| | |INGV & UPAT | | | | |in the Amphilochia|
| | | | | | | |embayment |
| |
|DATA GENERATED AND STATUS OF SUBMISSION TO ARCHIVES |
|General info & contact |Time period |Type of data and archive information |
| |covered2) | |
|Region / site / |Responsible |Start / End / |Parameters / Gear3) |Cover- |Data archive name / URL5) |
|data origin1) |scientist / institution |duration | |age4) | |
| |/ email | | | | |
|Partner 1 (MPG-MPIMM) |
|Black Sea / |Moritz Holtappels / |11.11.09 - |oxygen, |vertical |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Bosporus area / |MPG- |19.11. 09 |salinity, |profiles | |
|R/V ARAR |MPIMM / | |temperatur, | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |mholtapp@ | |nutrients / | |733533 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | |CTD | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |25.04.10 - |survey position data|transects |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Boetius / |06.05.10 |/ | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |MPG-MPIMM / | |manned submersible | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |aboetius@ | |JAGO | |740088 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |12.04.10 - |cruise | |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Bosporus area & |Boetius / |08.05.10 |track / | | |
|Crimean Shelf / |MPG-MPIMM / | |research vessel | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |aboetius@ | | | |738639 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |20.04.10 - |survey Position data|transects |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Boetius / |22.04.10 |/ | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |MPG-MPIMM / | |towed system MEDUSA | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |aboetius@ | | | |740092 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |17.04.10 - |swath sonar |transects |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Boetius / |06.05.10 |bathymetry / | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |MPG-MPIMM / | |multibeam | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |aboetius@ | |echosounder | |738638 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |20.04.10 - |sediment echo |transect |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Boetius / |04.05.10 |sounding profile / | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |MPG-MPIMM / | |Parasound | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |aboetius@ | | | |738640 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |17.04.10 |navigation |transect |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Bosporus area & |Boetius / | |track / | | |
|Crimean Shelf / |MPG-MPIMM / | |TV guided multiple | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |aboetius@ | |corer | |740086 |
| |mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje |20.04.10 - |oxygen |transects |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Boetius & |24.04.10 |temperature / | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |Jan Fischer & Anna | |Clark electrode, | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |Lichtschlag / | |optode, Pt100 | |746035 |
| |MPG-MPIMM / | |on | |to |
| |aboetius | |MEDUSA towed system | | |
| |@mpi-bremen.de & | | | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |jfischer | | | |746038 |
| |@mpi-bremen.de & | | | | |
| |alichtsc | | | | |
| |@mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Antje Boetius, Emil |Since 07.05.10 /|oxygen, |drifting, time |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Stanev & Felix Janssen /|one profile per |salinity, |series, |Metadata and exemplary data set: |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |MPG-MPIMM / |float every |temperature / |vertical |$ add URL once available |
| |aboetius@mpi-bremen.de &|5 days |NEMO float #144 & |profiles | |
| |emil.stanev@ | |#145 | | |
| |gkss.de & | | | | |
| |fjanssen@mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Moritz Holtappels / |12.04.10 - |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Bosporus area & |MPG- |08.05.10 |temperature, |vertical | |
|Crimean Shelf / |MPIMM / | |pressure, turbidity,|profiles, | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |mholtapp@ | |chlorophyll- |discrete time | |
| |mpi-bremen.de | |fluorescence / |points, | |
| | | |CTD | | |
|Partner 2 (AWI) |
|Fram Strait / |Thomas Soltwedel / |2000 - |Oxygen |Transects |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Haus- |AWI / |2009 |concentrations/ | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|garten / |tsoltwedel | |Winkler data from | |738037; |
|R/V POLARSTERN |@awi-bremer | |sediment-overlying | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |haven.de; | |waters | |738038; |
| |Ingo Schewe / | | | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |AWI / | | | |738039; |
| |ischewe | | | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |@awi-bremer | | | |738041; |
| |haven.de | | | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| | | | | |738043; |
| | | | | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| | | | | |738042; |
| | | | | | 10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| | | | | |738044 |
|Black Sea/ |Jana Friedrich/ |22.05.10 - |oxygen, temperature |Discrete site, |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Romanian shelf/ |AWI/ |29.08.10 / |salinity, turbidity,|time series | |
|R/V |Jana.Friedrich |100 days |current speed and | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|MARE NIGRUM |@awi-bremer | |direction / | |746272 |
| |haven.de | |recording current | | |
| | | |meter | | |
| | | |SEAGUARD RCM9 | | |
|Partner 3 (Eawag) |
|Black Sea / |Ryan North / |12.04.10 - |Biomarkers, Noble |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Bosporus Area & |Eawag/ |06.05.10 |Gases / |discrete time | |
|Crimean Shelf / |ryan.north@ | |Sediment |points | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |eawag.ch | |analyses | | |
|Black Sea / |Sebastian Naeher / |14.05.10 - |Biomarkers, Noble |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Romanian Shelf /|Eawag / |26.05.10 |Gases / |discrete time | |
|R/V |sebastian. |& |Sediment |points | |
|MARE NIGRUM |naeher |04.09.10 – |analyses | | |
| |@eawag.ch |12.09.10 | | | |
|Swiss lakes / |Mathias Kirf / |28.07.10 |Oxygen finestructure|discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Lake Zug / |Eawag / | |and N-compounds |vertical |Data submitted and currently processed by|
|SALM I | | |across oxic / anoxic|profiles, |data managers |
| | | |boundary in water |discrete time | |
| | | |column / |points, | |
| | | |customized CTD | | |
| | | |(“Profiling | | |
| | | |Analyzer”; “PIA”) | | |
| | | |for high-resolution | | |
| | | |profiling of oxygen | | |
|Swiss lakes / |Mathias Kirf / |14.09.10 |Oxygen finestructure|discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Lake |Eawag / | |and N-compounds |vertical |Data submitted and currently processed by|
|Rot / | | |across oxic / anoxic|profiles, |data managers |
|SALM I | | |boundary in water |discrete time | |
| | | |column / |points, | |
| | | |customized CTD | | |
| | | |(“Profiling | | |
| | | |Analyzer”; “PIA”) | | |
| | | |for high-resolution | | |
| | | |profiling of oxygen | | |
|Partner 4 (IBSS) |
|Black Sea / |Sergey Konovalov |07.2009 & |Sediment pore water |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf - |& |09.2009 & |chemistry & |vertical | |
|Sevastopol Bay |Nelli Sergeeva / |10.2009 & |Meiofauna / |sediment |10.1594/ |
|inner part / |MHI |12.2009 & |Voltammetry & |profiles, |PANGAEA.753516 |
|M/B |& |12.2009 |geological corer |discrete time | |
|T.I. |IBSS / | | |points |Data in part submitted. Submission of |
|VYAZEMSKIY |sergey_ | | | |remaining data planned for Dec. 2010 |
| |konovalov | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
| |& | | | | |
| |nserg05 | | | | |
| |@mail.ru | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Sergey Konovalov |01.07.09 & |Sediment pore water |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf - |& |19.10.09 |chemistry & |vertical | |
|Sevastopol Bay |Nelli Sergeeva / | |Meiofauna / |sediment |10.1594/ |
|outer part / |MHI | |Voltammetry & |profiles, |PANGAEA.753516 |
|M/B |& | |geological corer |discrete time |Data in part submitted. |
|T.I. |IBSS / | | |points |Submission of remaining data planned for |
|VYAZEMSKIY |sergey_ | | | |Dec. 2010 |
| |konovalov | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
| |& | | | | |
| |nserg05 | | | | |
| |@mail.ru | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Sergey Konovalov |07.2009 & |Sediment pore water |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf - |& |09.2009 & |chemistry & |vertical | |
|Omega Bay / |Nelli Sergeeva / |12.2009 |Meiofauna / |sediment |10.1594/ |
|M/B |MHI | |Voltammetry & |profiles, |PANGAEA.753516 |
|T.I. |& | |geological corer |discrete time |Data in part submitted. |
|VYAZEMSKIY |IBSS / | | |points |Submission of remaining data planned for |
| |sergey_ | | | |Dec. 2010 |
| |konovalov | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
| |& | | | | |
| |nserg05 | | | | |
| |@mail.ru | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Sergey Konovalov |01.07.09 & |Sediment pore water |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf - |& |19.10.09 |chemistry & |vertical | |
|Tarkhankut / |Nelli Sergeeva / | |Meiofauna / |sediment |10.1594/ |
|shore-based |MHI | |Voltammetry & |profiles, |PANGAEA.753516 |
|research |& | |geological corer |discrete time |Data in part submitted. Submission of |
| |IBSS / | | |points |remaining data planned for Dec. 2010 |
| |sergey_ | | | | |
| |konovalov | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
| |& | | | | |
| |nserg05 | | | | |
| |@mail.ru | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Nelli Sergeeva & |11.11.09 - |Meiofauna |discrete sites,|Sample analysis in progress. Data |
|Bosporus area / |Sofia Mazlumyan / |19.11. 09 |/ |transect, |submission planned for Dec. 2010. |
|R/V ARAR |IBSS / | |Multiple Corer |discrete time | |
| |nserg05 | |samples |points, | |
| |@mail.ru & | | | | |
| |mazlmeister | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Nelli Sergeeva & |11.11.09 - |Macrofauna |discrete sites,|Sample analysis in progress. Data |
|Bosporus area / |Sonya Mazlumyan / |19.11. 09 |/ |transect, |submission planned for Dec. 2010. |
|R/V ARAR |IBSS / | |Box Corer samples |discrete time | |
| |nserg05 | | |points, | |
| |@mail.ru & | | | | |
| |mazlmeister | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Nelli Sergeeva & |12.04.10 - |Meiofauna |discrete sites,|Sample analysis in progress. Data |
|Bosporus area / |Sofia Mazlumyan/ |18.04.10 |/ |transect, |submission planned for Feb. 2011. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |IBSS / | |Multiple Corer |discrete time | |
| |nserg05 | |samples |points, | |
| |@mail.ru & | | | | |
| |mazlmeister | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Nelli Sergeeva & |12.04.10 - |Macrofauna |discrete sites,|Sample analysis in progress. Data |
|Bosporus area / |Sonya Mazlumyan / |18.04.10 |/ |transect, |submission planned for Feb. 2011. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |IBSS / | |Box Corer samples |discrete time | |
| |nserg05 | | |points, | |
| |@mail.ru & | | | | |
| |mazlmeister | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Nelli Sergeeva & |21.04.10 - |Meiofauna |discrete sites,|Sample analysis in progress. Data |
|Crimean Shelf / |Sonya Mazlumyan / |06.05.10 |/ |transect, |submission planned for Apr. 2011. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |IBSS / | |Multiple Corer |discrete time | |
| |nserg05 | |samples |points, | |
| |@mail.ru & | | | | |
| |mazlmeister | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Nelli Sergeeva & |21.04.10 - |Macrofauna |discrete sites,|Sample analysis in progress. Data |
|Crimean Shelf / |Sonya Mazlumyan / |06.05.10 |/ |transect, |submission planned for Apr. 2011. |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |IBSS / | |Box Corer samples |discrete time | |
| |nserg05 | | |points, | |
| |@mail.ru & | | | | |
| |mazlmeister | | | | |
| |@ | | | | |
|Partner 6 (Ifremer) |
|Black Sea / |Jean Francois Rolin / |16.04.10 |oxygen, |drifting, time |Coriolis data base / |
|Bosporus area / |Ifremer / |-03.06.10 / |salinity, |series, | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |Jean.Francois. Rolin |49 days |temperature / |vertical |cdc/floats/cdcFloats.asp? |
| |@ifremer.fr | |PROVOR-DO float |profiles |page=cdcFloat& |
| | | | | |floatCode=5902291 |
|Partner 7 (INGV) |
|Black Sea / |Giuditta Marinaro / |20.04.10 - |oxygen, methane, |transects |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |INGV / |24.04.10 |temperature, | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |giuditta. | |salinity, turbidity | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |marinaro | |and video images / | |746135 |
| |@ingv.it | |MEDUSA towed system | |to |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| | | | | |746139 |
|Ionian Sea, |Giuseppe Etiope / |14.09.10 - |oxygen, methane, |transects |data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Greece / |INGV/ |23.09.10 |temperature, | | |
|Amvrakikos and |giuseppe. | |salinity, turbidity | | |
|Aetoliko |etiope | |and video images / | | |
|lagoons, |@ingv.it | |MEDUSA towed system | | |
|Katakolo Bay / | | | | | |
|Local vessels | | | | | |
|Ionian Sea, |Giuseppe Etiope / |14.09.10 - |oxygen, methane, |time series, |data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Greece / |INGV/ |23.09.10 |temperature, |discrete sites | |
|Amvrakikos and |giuseppe. | |salinity turbidity |at seabottom | |
|Aetoliko |etiope | |currents / | | |
|lagoons, |@ingv.it | |GMM observatory | | |
|Katakolo Bay / | | | | | |
|Local vessels | | | | | |
|Partner 8 (IOW) |
|Baltic Sea / |Ralf Prien / |09.05.10 - |oxygen, salinity, |discrete site, |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Gotland Basin / |IOW / |10.05.10 / |temperature, depth, |time series of | |
|R/V P.A. |ralf.prien@ |1 day |redox potential / |vertical |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|PENCK |io-warne | |GODDESS mooring |profiles |745359 |
| |muende.de | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Ralf Prien / |03.07.10 - |oxygen, salinity, |discrete site, |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Gotland Basin / |IOW / |05.08.10 / |temperature, depth, |time series of | |
|R/V ALKOR |ralf.prien@ |34 days |redox potential / |vertical |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
| |io-warne | |GODDESS mooring |profiles |745407 |
| |muende.de | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Rudolf |29.11.09 - |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Mecklenburg |Endler / |17.12.09 |temperature, depth, |vertical | |
|Bight, Arkona |IOW / | |methane / |profiles, | |
|Basin, Bornholm |rudolf. | |CTD |discrete time | |
|Basin, Southern |endler@ | | |points | |
|Gotland Basin / |io-warne | | | | |
|R/V POSEIDON |muende.de | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Rudolf |29.11.09 - |geological data |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Mecklenburg |Endler / |17.12.09 | |vertical | |
|Bight, Arkona |IOW / | | |sediment | |
|Basin, Bornholm |rudolf. | | |profiles, | |
|Basin, Southern |endler@ | | |discrete time | |
|Gotland Basin / |io-warne | | |points | |
|R/V POSEIDON |muende.de | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Gregor Rehder / |31.07.10 - |Oxygen, salinity, |Discrete site, |data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Arkona Basin, |IOW / |22.08.10 |temperature, depth, |time series of | |
|Bornholm Basin, |gregor. | |methane / |vertical | |
|Gotland Basin, |rehder@ | |CTD |profiles | |
|Bothnian Bay, |io-warne | | | | |
|Bothnian Sea / |muende.de | | | | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN | | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Gregor Rehder / |31.07.10 - |geological data |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Arkona Basin, |IOW / |22.08.10 | |vertical | |
|Bornholm Basin, |gregor. | | |sediment | |
|Gotland Basin, |rehder@ | | |profiles, | |
|Bothnian Bay, |io-warne | | |discrete time | |
|Bothnian Sea / |muende.de | | |points | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN | | | | | |
|Partner 9 (ITU-EMCOL) |
|Black Sea / |Umut Baris Ülgen & |11.11.09 - |major and minor |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Bosporus area / |Zeynep Erdem |19.11. 09 |elements / |transects | |
|R/V ARAR |ITU- | |Interface Gravity |vertical |search?count=10&q= |
| |EMCOL / | |Corer, mini Multiple|sediment |arar_2009+geochemistry |
| |Ulgenum | |Corer, Long Gravity |profiles, |&minlat=&minlon=& |
| |@itu.edu.tr | |Corer & XRF |discrete time |maxlat=&maxlon=& |
| |& | |Corescanner |points |mandate=&maxdate= |
| |Erdemz | | | |&env=All&offset=20 |
| |@itu.edu.tr | | | | |
|Black Sea / |Umut Baris Ülgen & |12.04.10 - |major and minor |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Bosporus area / |Zeynep Erdem |19.04.10 |elements / |transects | |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |ITU- | |Interface Gravity |vertical |search?count=10&q= |
| |EMCOL / | |Corer, Long Gravity |sediment |MSM15%2F1+ |
| |Ulgenum | |Corer & XRF |profiles, |geochemistry& |
| |@itu.edu.tr | |Corescanner |discrete time |minlat=&minlon |
| |& | | |points |=&maxlat=&maxlon |
| |Erdemz | | | |=&mindate=&maxdate |
| |@itu.edu.tr | | | |=&env=All&offset=0 |
|Partner 11 (SAMS) |
|Scottish Sea |Henrik Stahl / |05.12.09 - |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites |SAMS database / |
|Lochs / |SAMS / |ongoing / |temperature, |(upper and |planned: |
|Loch Etive / |henrik.stahl |> 300 days |pressure, currents /|lower basin), |PANGAEA Archive / |
|R/V CALANUS |@sams.ac.uk | |Loch Etive cabled |time series | |
| | | |observatory LECO | |AADI_DisplayProgram/ |
| | | | | |setups/SeaguardRCM/ |
| | | | | |default.aspx |
|Partner 12 (UGOT) |
|Swedish Fjords /|Per Hall & |1930 -2010 |oxygen, |discrete sites,|. |
|Koljoe Fjord / |Phillip Axe / | |salinity, |vertical |pangaea.de/ |
|diverse local |UGOT & SMHI / | |temperature, |profiles, |hypox/index.php?ptype= |
|vessels |perhall@ | |nutrients / |discrete time |data&formtype=simple& |
| |chem.gu.se & Phillip.Axe| |CTD |points |q_=smhi |
| |@SMHI.se | | | | |
|Swedish Fjords /|Per Hall & Madeleine |06.2010 |benthic fluxes of |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Koljoe Fjord / |Nilsson & Mikhail |& |oxygen, DIC and |discrete time | |
|R/V SKAGERAK |Kononets / |10.2010 |nutrients / |points | |
| |UGOT / | |benthic chamber | | |
| |perhall@ | |lander | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | | | | |
| |madnil@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | | | | |
| |m.kononets@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se | | | | |
|Swedish Fjords /|Per Hall & Madeleine |06.2009, |oxygen, salinity, |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Koljoe Fjord / |Nilsson & Mikhail |08.2009, |temperature, |vertical | |
|R/V SKAGERAK |Kononets / |10.2009 |pressure, methane / |profiles, | |
| |UGOT / |04.2010 |CTD |discrete time | |
| |perhall@ |06.2010 | |points | |
| |chem.gu.se & |& | | | |
| |madnil@ |10. 2010 | | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | | | | |
| |m.kononets@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Per Hall & Madeleine |08.09.09 |benthic fluxes of |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Gotland Basin / |Nilsson & Mikhail |-06.10.09 |oxygen, DIC, iron, |discrete time | |
|R/V ALKOR |Kononets / | |manganese, and |points | |
| |UGOT / | |nutrients / | | |
| |perhall@ | |benthic chamber | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | |lander | | |
| |madnil@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | | | | |
| |m.kononets@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se | | | | |
|Baltic Sea / |Per Hall & Madeleine |08.2010 |benthic fluxes of |discrete sites,|data not delivered to the portal yet |
|Gotland Basin / |Nilsson & Mikhail | |oxygen, DIC, iron, |discrete time | |
|R/V SKAGERAK |Kononets / | |manganese, and |points | |
| |UGOT / | |nutrients / | | |
| |perhall@ | |benthic chamber | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | |lander | | |
| |madnil@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se & | | | | |
| |m.kononets@ | | | | |
| |chem.gu.se | | | | |
|Partner 14 (GKSS) |
|Black Sea / |Emil Stanev, Antje |Since 07.05.10 /|oxygen, |drifting, time |PANGAEA Archive / |
|Crimean Shelf / |Boetius, & Felix Janssen|one profile per |salinity, |series, |Metadata and exemplary data set: |
|R/V M.S.MERIAN |/ |float every |temperature / |vertical |$ add URL once available |
| |GKSS & MPG-MPIMM / |5 days |NEMO float #145 & |profiles | |
| |emil.stanev@ | |#144 | | |
| |gkss.de & | | | | |
| |aboetius@mpi-bremen.de &| | | | |
| |fjanssen@mpi-bremen.de | | | | |
|Partner 15 (GeoEcoMar) |
|Black Sea/ |Dan |19.05.09 |pressure, depth, |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Romanian shelf/ |Secrieru / |-28.05.09 |temperature, |vertical | |
|R/V |GeoEcoMar / | |sigma-theta, |profiles, |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|MARE NIGRUM |d.secrieru@ | |salinity, |discrete time |745280 |
| | | |conductivity, |points | |
| | | |oxygen, Chla | | |
| | | |fluorescence, beam | | |
| | | |attenuation, | | |
| | | |beam transmission, | | |
| | | |turbidity, | | |
| | | |pH / | | |
| | | |CTD | | |
|Black Sea/ |Dan |19.05.09 | |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive/ |
|Romanian shelf/ |Secrieru / |-28.05.09 |conductivity, |discrete time | |
|R/V |GeoEcoMar / | |salinity, pH, RedOx |points |10.1594/PANGAEA |
|MARE NIGRUM |d.secrieru@ | |potential, oxygen, | |730111 |
| | | |temperature, | | |
| | | |sulfide, phosphate, | | |
| | | |silicate, | | |
| | | |nitrite, nitrate / | | |
| | | |Multiple Corer | | |
| | | |bottom water samples| | |
|Black Sea/ |Dan |14.05.10-26.05.1|pressure, depth, |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Romanian shelf/ |Secrieru / |0 |temperature, |vertical | |
|R/V |GeoEcoMar / | |sigma-theta, |profiles, |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|MARE NIGRUM |d.secrieru@ | |salinity, |discrete time |745279 |
| | | |conductivity, |points | |
| | | |oxygen, Chla | | |
| | | |fluorescence, beam | | |
| | | |attenuation, | | |
| | | |beam transmission, | | |
| | | |turbidity, | | |
| | | |pH / | | |
| | | |CTD | | |
|Black Sea/ |Dan |22.07.10 - |pressure, depth, |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Romanian shelf/ |Secrieru / |26.07.10 |temperature, |vertical | |
|R/V |GeoEcoMar / | |sigma-theta, |profiles, |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|MARE NIGRUM |d.secrieru@ | |salinity, |discrete time |745405 |
| | | |conductivity, |points | |
| | | |oxygen, Chla | | |
| | | |fluorescence, beam | | |
| | | |attenuation, | | |
| | | |beam transmission, | | |
| | | |turbidity, | | |
| | | |pH / | | |
| | | |CTD | | |
|Black Sea/ |Dan |05.09.10 - |pressure, depth, |discrete sites,|PANGAEA Archive / |
|Romanian shelf/ |Secrieru / |09.09.10 |temperature, |vertical | |
|R/V |GeoEcoMar / | |sigma-theta, |profiles, |10.1594/PANGAEA. |
|MARE NIGRUM |d.secrieru@ | |salinity, |discrete time |746168 |
| | | |conductivity, |points | |
| | | |oxygen, Chla | | |
| | | |fluorescence, beam | | |
| | | |attenuation, | | |
| | | |beam transmission, | | |
| | | |turbidity, | | |
| | | |pH / | | |
| | | |CTD | | |
2.5 PUBLICATIONS, PRESENTATIONS AND CONFERENCES
| |
|Publications |
|Part 1: Publications published and ‘in press’ |
|Partners involved |Authors |Date |Title |Journal / Book |Volume, |HYPOX funds |
| | | | |(Language) |pages |acknowledged |
|1 |Boetius, A. Janssen, |2010 |Oxygen monitoring in aquatic |Earthzine |earthzine.or|Yes |
|(MPG-MPIMM) |F. Waldmann, C. | |ecosystems – EU-Project HYPOX |(Ecosystems, Oceans,|g/2010/05/26/oxy| |
| |(Uni-HB) | | |Water) |gen-monitoring-i| |
| | | | |Online publication |n-aquatic-ecosys| |
| | | | | |tems-eu-project-| |
| | | | | |hypox/ | |
|3 |Rempfer, J., |2010 |The effect of the exceptionally |Limnology and |55(5), 2170-2180|Yes |
|(Eawag) |Livingstone, D. M. | |mild European winter of 2006/2007 |Oceanography | | |
| |Blodau, C. | |on temperature and oxygen profiles |(English) | | |
| |Forster, R. | |in lakes in Switzerland: a | | | |
| |Niederhauser, P. | |foretaste of the future? | | | |
| |Kipfer, R. | | | | | |
|4 |Zaika, V.E. |2009 |The population structure of |Marine Ecological |8 (4), 59-66 |Yes |
|(IBSS) |Sergeeva, N.G. Gulin, | |polychaeta Vigtorniella zaikai |(Russian) | | |
| |M.B. | |(Kisseleva, 1992) in the Black sea | | | |
| | | |and the characteristics of a | | | |
| | | |community in which it is the | | | |
| | | |dominating species | | | |
|4 |Orekhova, N.A. |2009 |Oxygen and sulfide in the bottom |Ecological safety of|18, 48 – 56 |No |
|(IBSS) |Konovalov, S.K. | |sediments of the Sevastopol Bay. |coastal and shelf | | |
| | | | |areas and | | |
| | | | |utilization of shelf| | |
| | | | |resources, | | |
| | | | |Sevastopol (Russian)| | |
|4 |Orekhova, N.A. |2009 |Voltammetric studies of the bottom |MHI Journ. |18, 48 – 56 |No |
|(IBSS) |Konovalov, S.K. | |sediments of the Sevastopol Bay |(Russian) | | |
|4 |Konovalov, S. |2009 |Monitoring of Oceanographic |MHI Journ. |11pp. |Yes |
|(IBSS) |Romanov, A. | |Conditions in the Sevastopol Bay |(English) | | |
| |Ovsyany, E. | |(Crimea) Over the Decade of | | | |
| |Kondratyev, S. | |1998-2008 | | | |
| |Moiseenko, O. | | | | | |
| |Orekhova, N. | | | | | |
|4 |Konovalov, S.K. |2009 |Monitoring of the Black sea |MHI Journ. |32pp. |Yes |
|(IBSS) |Eremeev, V.N. | |Biogeochemical properties: major |(English) | | |
| | | |features and changes | | | |
|4 |Orekhova, N.A. |2009 |Voltammetric studies of the bottom |MHI Journ. |18, 48 – 56 |No |
|(IBSS) |Konovalov, S.K. | |sediments of the Sevastopol Bay |(Russian) | | |
|4 |Gulin, M.B. |2010 |Variability of oxic/anoxic |Marine Ecological |9 (1) |No |
|(IBSS) |Stokozov, N.A. | |conditions over the fields of |(English) | | |
| | | |methane seeps at the NW Black Sea | | | |
| | | |shelf slope | | | |
|4 |Kolesnikova, E.A. |2010 |On finding Archesola typhlops |Marine Ecological |9 (1) |Yes |
|(IBSS) | | |(Sars, 1920), the harpacticoid new |(English) | | |
| | | |for the Black Sea, at depths | | | |
| | | |greater than 100m. | | | |
|4 |Svichev, S.V. |2009 |Seasonal changes in the oxygen |Ecological safety of|In press |Yes |
|(IBSS) | | |distribution in the Sevastopol Bay.|coastal and shelf | | |
| | | | |areas and | | |
| | | | |utilization of shelf| | |
| | | | |resources, | | |
| | | | |Sevastopol (Russian)| | |
|4 |Orekhova, N.A. |2010 |Hypoxia and anoxia in bottom |Theoretical and |In press |Yes |
|(IBSS) | | |sediments of the Crimean Penensula.|applied edition | | |
| | | | |“Geography and | | |
| | | | |tourism”, Vol. 4 | | |
| | | | |(Russian) | | |
|4 |Sergeeva N.G., Zaika |2010 |The lowest zoobenthos border in the|Marine Ecological |In press |Yes |
|(IBSS) |V.E., Bondarev I.P. | |Black Sea Near-Bosporus region. |Jour. | | |
|4 |Zaika V.E |2010 |Distribution of the macrobenthos in|Marine Ecological |9 (3), |No |
|(IBSS) | | |phaseolina silt zone of the Black |Jour. |35 – 42 | |
| | | |sea. |(Russian) | | |
|4 |Zaika V.E |2010 |On the apрroaches to evaluation of |Marine Ecological |9 (3), |No |
|(IBSS) | | |the macrofauna near the Black Sea |Jour. |29 – 39 (in | |
| | | |aerobic benthal lower boundary. |(Russian) |Russian). | |
|4 |Zaika V.E., Bonadarev |2010. |The bottom hypoxia on the shelf and|Mar. Ecol. Jour. |9 (2) |No |
|(IBSS) |I. P. | |anoxia of the Black Sea deep water |(Russian) |58 – 61 | |
| | | |benthic zone. | | | |
|11 |Shapiro, G.I. |2010 |Long term trends in the sea surface|Ocean Science |7, 91-119 |Yes |
|(SAMS) |Aleynik, D.L. | |temperature of the Black Sea |Discussions | | |
| |Mee, L.D. | | | | | |
|13 |Ferentinos, G. |2010 |Fjord water circulation patterns |Estuarine, Coastal |88:473-481 |Yes |
|(UPAT) |Papatheodorou, G. | |and dysoxia/anoxia related |and Shelf Sciences | | |
| |Geraga, M. | |processes in a Mediterranean | | | |
| |Iatrou, M. | |embayment, Amvrakikos Gulf, Greece.| | | |
| |Fakiris, E. | | | | | |
| |Christodoulou, D. | | | | | |
| |Koutsikopoulos,C. | | | | | |
| |Dimitriou, E. | | | | | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Duliu, O., Cristache, |2009 |ENAA studies of pollution in anoxic|Marine Pollution |58 (827 – 831) |Yes |
| |C., | |Black Sea sediments |Bulletin | | |
| |Oaie, Gh., | | | | | |
| |Culicov, O., | | | | | |
| |Frontasyeva, M., Toma,| | | | | |
| |M. | | | | | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Begun, T., Teaca, A., |2010 |Ecological state of macrobenthic |Geo-Eco-Marina |16 (12 pp.) |No |
| |Gomoiu, M.-T. | |populations within Modiolus | | | |
| | | |phaseolinus biocoenosis | | | |
| | | |from Romanian Black Sea Continental| | | |
| | | |Shelf | | | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Vasiliu, D., Gomoiu, |2010 |Chlorophyll a distribution in the |Geo-Eco-Marina |16 (13 pp.) |No |
| |M.-T., Boicenco, L., | |Romanian | | | |
| |Lazar, L., Timofte, F.| |Black Sea inner shelf waters in | | | |
| | | |2009 | | | |
|16 |Middelburg, J. J. |2009 |Coastal hypoxia and sediment |Biogeosciences |6, 1273–1293 |Yes |
|(NIOO KNAW) |Levin, L.A. | |biogeochemistry | | | |
|16 |Cox, T. J. S. |2009 |A macro-tidal freshwater ecosystem |Biogeosciences |6, 2935–2948 |Yes |
|(NIOO |Maris, T. | |recovering from | | | |
|KNAW) |Soetaert, K. | |hypereutrophication: the Schelde | | | |
| |Conley, D. J. | |case study. | | | |
| |Van Damme, S. | | | | | |
| |Meire, P. | | | | | |
| |Middelburg, J. J. | | | | | |
| |Vos, M. | | | | | |
| |Struyf, E. | | | | | |
|16 |Meysman F.J.R., |2010 |Oxygen penetration around burrows |Journal of Marine |In press |Yes |
|(NIOO |Galaktionov O., Glud | |and roots in aquatic sediments |Research | | |
|KNAW) |R.N., Middelburg, J. | | | | | |
| |J. | | | | | |
|16 |Zhang, J. Gilbert, D. |2010 |Natural and human-induced hypoxia |Biogeosciences |7, 1443–1467 |Yes |
|(NIOO |Gooday, A. J. Levin, | |and consequences for coastal | | | |
|KNAW) |L. Naqvi, S. W. A. | |areas: synthesis and future | | | |
| |Middelburg, J. J. | |development | | | |
| |Scranton, M. Ekau, W. | | | | | |
| |Pena, A. Dewitte, B. | | | | | |
| |Oguz, T. Monteiro, P. | | | | | |
| |M. S. Urban, E. | | | | | |
| |Rabalais, N. N. | | | | | |
| |Ittekkot, V. Kemp, W. | | | | | |
| |M. Ulloa, O. Elmgren, | | | | | |
| |R. Escobar-Briones E. | | | | | |
| |Van der Plas A. K. | | | | | |
|16 |Cox, T.J.S. Soetaert, |2010 |Modeling photosynthesis-irradiance |Limnology and |8, 424-440 |No |
|(NIOO |K. Vanderborght, J.-P.| |curves: effects of temperature, |Oceanography: | | |
|KNAW) |Kromkamp, J. Meire, P.| |dissolved silica depletion and |Methods | | |
| | | |changing community assemblage on | | | |
| | | |community photosynthesis | | | |
|Part 2: Submitted publications |
|Partners involved |Authors |Date |Title |Journal / Book |Volume, |HYPOX funds |
| | | | |(Language) |pages |acknowledged |
|3 |Rempfer, J., |2009 |The effect of the exceptionally |Limnology and | |Yes |
|(Eawag) |Livingstone, D. M. | |mild European winter of 2006/2007 |Oceanography | | |
| |Blodau, C. | |on temperature and oxygen profiles |(English) | | |
| |Forster, R. | |in lakes in Switzerland: a | | | |
| |Niederhauser, P. | |foretaste of the future? | | | |
| |Kipfer, R. | | | | | |
|4 |Sergeeva, N. G. |2010 |Benthic fauna of the oxic/anoxic |In Book: Anoxia: |20pp. |Yes |
|(IBSS) |Gooday, A. J. | |interface |Paleontological | | |
| |Mazlumyan, S.A. | |in the south-western region of the |Strategies and | | |
| |Kolesnikova E.A. V. | |Black Sea: abundance and taxonomic |Evidence | | |
| |Anikeeva, O. | |composition |for Eukaryote | | |
| | | | |Survival. | | |
| | | | |Springer | | |
|4 |Zaika V.E |2010 |The Black Sea: occasionally |Marine Ecology | |Yes |
|(IBSS) | | |coupling of deep permanent anoxia |Progress Series | | |
| | | |with shelf benthic hypoxia ? | | | |
|11 |Shapiro, G.I. |2010 |Decoupling of physical processes |Geophysical Research| |Yes |
|(SAMS) |Aleynik, D.L. | |between the shelf and deep Black |Abstracts, EGU | | |
| | | |Sea |General Assembly | | |
|11 |Stahl, H. |2010 |A combined sensor for simultaneous |Limnol. & Oceanogr. |Submitted |Yes |
|(SAMS) |Glud, R.N. | |high resolution 2-D imaging of |Methods | | |
| |Davison, W. | |oxygen and trace metals dynamics. | | | |
| |Warnken, K.W. | | | | | |
| |Sochaczewski , L. | | | | | |
| |Zhang, H. | | | | | |
|11 |Inoue, T. |2010 |Assessment of shear velocity |Limnol. & |Submitted |Yes |
|(SAMS) |Glud, R.N. | |determinations using in situ |Oceanogr. | | |
| |Stahl, H. | |measurements of turbulence |Fluid & | | |
| |Hume, A. | |characteristics and O2 |Environm. | | |
| | | |microprofiles: A case study from | | | |
| | | |Loch Etive, Scotland | | | |
| |
|Conferences, meetings and workshops |
|Partner |People attending |Period |Title of Conference / Meeting / Workshop |Contribution |
| | | |(Venue) | |
|All partners |Representatives from all |15.-17. 4. |HYPOX kick off meeting |Talks |
| |partner institutions |2009 |(Bremen, Germany) | |
|All partners |Representatives from all |22.-26. 3. |HYPOX 1St Annual Meeting |Talks |
| |partner institutions |2010 |(Istanbul, Turkey) | |
|1 |Wenzhöfer, F. |11.-14.05 |OCEANS ´09 IEEE / Balancing technology with |Attendance |
|(MPG-MPIMM) |Lichtschlag, A. |2009 |future needs (Bremen, Germany) | |
| |Holtappels, M. | | | |
| |Janssen, F. | | | |
|1 |Janssen, F. |4.-5.6. |Data management in ESONET NoE |Attendance |
|(MPG-MPIMM) | |2009 |(Bremen, Germany) | |
|1 |Janssen, F. |20.-21.5. |Ukranian-German Workshop on cooperation in |Talk |
|(MPG-MPIMM) | |2010 |Marine Sciences/ | |
| | | |(Sevastopol, Ukraine) | |
|4 |Sergeeva, N. |22.-31.8. |IGCP 521-INQUA 0501 Fifth Plenary Meeting and |Talk |
|(IBSS) |Gulin, S. |2009 |Field Trip | |
| |Bondarev, I. | |(Istanbul, Izmir, and Çanakkale, Turkey) | |
|4 |Kosheleva, T. Sergeeva, N. |21-24. 9. |VI International Conference on Ecological |Talk |
|(IBSS) | |2009 |Problems of aquatic Ecosystems. “Ponticus | |
| | | |Euxinus-2009” (Sevastopol, Ukraine) | |
|4 |Sergeeva N.G. |20.-21.5. |Ukranian-German Workshop on cooperation in |Talk |
|(IBSS) | |2010 |Marine Sciences/ | |
| | | |(Sevastopol, Ukraine) | |
|4 |Sergeeva N.G., Kolesnikova |19.-22.5 2010 |Intern. theoretical and practical Conf. |Talk |
|(IBSS) |E.A.,Mazlumyan S.A. | |Biodiversity and Sustainable Development, | |
| | | |Simpheropol, Crimea,Ukraine | |
|4 |Orekhova N.A., Sergeeva |27.9.-5.10. 2010 |Events of hypoxia and anoxia in the Crimean |Poster |
|(IBSS) |N.G., Gulin M.B., Konovalov | |coastal waters | |
| |S.K. | |INQUA 501-IGCP 521 | |
|4 |Konovalov S.K. |6.-11.09. 2010 |Operation and evolution of the Black and Azov |Oral |
|(IBSS) | | |Sea ecosystem under global climate change. | |
| | | |Katsiveli, 06-11.09.2010 | |
|4 |Orekhova N.A. |6.-11.09. 2010 |Hypoxia in the bottom sediments of the Crimean |Poster |
|(IBSS) | | |coast | |
| | | |Katsiveli, 06-11.09.2010 | |
|4 |Gulin, M. |13.-17.09. |International scientific and technical workshop|Talk |
|(IBSS) |Timofeev, V. |2010 |“Systems for environmental monitoring” | |
| |Bondarenko, L. | |(Sevastopol, AR Crimea, Ukraine) | |
|4 |Sergeeva N.G., Mazlumyan |27.9-5.10. 2010 |Events of hypoxia and anoxia in the Crimean |Poster |
|(IBSS) |S.A., Konovalov S.K. | |coastal waters | |
| | | |INQUA 501-IGCP 521 | |
|4 |Mazlumyan S.A. |27.9-5.10. 2010 |Events of hypoxia and anoxia in the Crimean |Poster |
|(IBSS) | | |coastal waters | |
| | | |INQUA 501-IGCP 521 | |
|5 |Schorp, T. |28.9.-2.10. |Workshosp: Biogeochemical modeling in aquatic |Attendance |
|(IFM-GEOMAR) | |2009 |environments: using R as a simulation | |
| | | |environment (Netherlands institute of Ecology, | |
| | | |Centre for Marine and Estuarine Ecology, | |
| | | |Yerseke, The Netherlands) | |
|5 |Dale, A. |19.-21.1. 2010 |BONUS ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2010, Vilnius, |Attendance |
|(IFM-GEOMAR) |Mattsdotter, M. | |19. – 21. Jan. 2010 |Attendance |
|5 |Pfannkuche, O. |22.-25.3. 2010 |HYPOX first annual meeting, (Istanbul Technical|Talk |
|(IFM-GEOMAR) |Dale, A. | |University, Turkey) |Talk |
|5 |Dale, A. |25.3. 2010 |Workshop: Modeling hypoxia and related |Organization and talk |
|(IFM-GEOMAR) | | |processes in aquatic environments (Istanbul | |
| | | |Technical University, Turkey) | |
|8 |Prien, R. |17.-21.8. |7th Baltic Sea Science Congress |Poster |
|(IOW) | |2009 |(Tallinn, Estonia) | |
|9 |Çağatay, M. N. |6.-10.10. |2. International Symposium on the Geology of |Session convener and |
|(ITU-EMCOL) | |2009 |Black Sea Regions. Geology and Geophysics |chairman |
| | | |session, Ankara, Turkey | |
|10 |Waldmann, C. |11.-14.5 |OCEANS ´09 IEEE / Balancing technology with |Conference chair |
|(Uni-HB) | |2009 |future needs (Bremen, Germany) | |
|10 |Waldmann, C. |27.-28.7. |kick off meeting of GEO task ST-09-02 (Rome, |Attendance |
|(Uni-HB) | |2009 |Italy) | |
|10 |Huber, R. |9.-10.11. |LifeWatch WP3 Data Providers Platform - second |Attendance |
|(Uni-HB) | |2009 |Zandvoort workshop | |
|11 |Jackson, K. |31.3-2.4. |Ocean Business 2009 |Attendance |
|(SAMS) | |2009 |(Southampton, UK) | |
|11 |Stahl, H. |1.-3.6. 2009 |Annual Science Meeting in Liverpool, UK |Talks, |
|(SAMS) | | | |Attendance |
|11 |Stahl, H. |6.-8.6. 2010 |Invited seminar at AADI workshop on ocean |Talk |
|(SAMS) | | |observatories in Bergen, Norway |Attendance |
|12 |Hall, P. |18.9-6.10 2009 |HYPOX Baltic data workshops on-board Alkor |Talks, discussions |
|(UGOT) |Viktorsson, L. Kononets, M. | |during cruise in the Gotland Basin | |
| |Ekeroth, N. | | | |
| |Cuellar, E. | | | |
| |de Brabandere, L. | | | |
|12 |Hall, P. |9.12.2009 |Seminar on the Gotland Basin and the Koljoe |Invited talk |
|(UGOT) | | |Fjord at Southern Denmark University, Odense | |
|12 |Hall, P. |21.-26.2. 2010 |Ocean Sciences Meeting in Portland, USA |Invited talk |
|(UGOT) | | | | |
|12 |Hall, P. |3.3.2010 |Seminar series at MBARI, Moss Landing, USA |Invited talk |
|(UGOT) | | | | |
|13 |Papatheodorou, |13.9.2009 |Daily meeting organised by the Amvrakikos |Talks, discussions |
|(UPAT) |G. Ferentinos, G. | |Fishermen’s Association (Centre of | |
| | | |Environmental Education of Arachthos, | |
| | | |Amvrakikos Gulf) | |
|13 |Papaefthymiou H., |18.-23.4. 2010 |16th Radiochemical Conference, Marianske |Poster |
|(UPAT) |Athanassopoulos, D, | |Lazne, Czech Republic | |
| |Papatheodorou G., Iatrou M.,| | | |
| |Geraga M., Christodoulou D.,| | | |
| |Fakiris E. | | | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Melinte, M. Oaie, G. |7.-8.5. |2nd yearly scientific meeting of GeoEcoMar |Talk |
| | |2009 | |(CD, p. 95-107) |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu, M.-T. |17.-21.8 |SEFS6 - The 6th Symposium for European |Attendance and Poster |
| | |2009 |Freshwater Sciences Sinaia, Romania “Challenges|presentation |
| | | |and opportunities for freshwater sciences in a | |
| | | |changing climate” | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Teaca, A. |22.-31.8. |IGCP 521-INQUA 0501 5th Plenary Meeting and |Attendance and Poster |
| | |2009 |Field Trip (Istanbul, Izmir, and Çanakkale, | |
| | | |Turkey) | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Begun, T. |22.-31.8. |IGCP 521-INQUA 0501 5th Plenary Meeting and |Attendance and Poster |
| | |2009 |Field Trip (Istanbul, Izmir, and Çanakkale, | |
| | | |Turkey) | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Opreanu, P. |22.-31.8. |IGCP 521-INQUA 0501 5th Plenary Meeting and |Attendance and Poster |
| | |2009 |Field Trip (Istanbul, Izmir, and Çanakkale, | |
| | | |Turkey) | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu, M.-T. |22.-31.8. |IGCP 521-INQUA 0501 5th Plenary Meeting and |Poster |
| | |2009 |Field Trip (Istanbul, Izmir, and Çanakkale, | |
| | | |Turkey) | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Briceag, A. Oaie, G. |22.-31.8. |IGCP 521, Izmir |Poster - Extended |
| |Stoica M. |2009 | |abstract volume, p. 36|
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu, M.-T. |22.-24.10. |Romanian National Conference of Ecology, |Plenary Presentation |
| | |2009 |Galati: “Ecology and Evolution: Origins, | |
| | | |Development and Perspectives” The conference is| |
| | | |dedicated to the bicentennial celebration born | |
| | | |British scientist Charles Darwin - the founder | |
| | | |of species evolution by natural selection. | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu, M.-T. |30.-31.10. |International Black Sea Action Day & 1St Marine|Attendance for |
| | |2009 |Environment Workshop and Activities, Samsun, |receiving the Black |
| | | |Turkey |Sea medal award 2009 |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu, M.-T. |8.-11.10. 2009 |2nd International Conference on Aquatic |Plenary oral |
| | | |Biodiversity, Sibiu, Romania |presentation |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu, M.-T. |19.-24.11 |European Geosciences Union - General Assembly |Poster |
| | |2009 |2009 - Vienna, Austria, “EGU-2009” ; Session HS| |
| | | |9.2 Lakes and enclosed Seas. | |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Begun, T. Teaca, A. Gomoiu, |10.-14.05. 2010 |38th CIESM Congress, Venice, Italia |Poster - Extended |
| |M.-T. Muresan M. | | |abstract |
| | | | |Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. |
| | | | |Medit. Vol. 39, page |
| | | | |443 |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Teaca, A. Begun, T. Gomoiu, |10.-14.05. 2010 |38th CIESM Congress, Venice, Italia |Poster - Extended |
| |M.-T. Surugiu V. | | |abstract |
| | | | |Rapp. Comm. Int. Mer. |
| | | | |Medit. Vol. 39, page |
| | | | |676 |
|16 |Middelburg, J. |Jul. 2009 |Cioppino symposium, Urbino, Italy. |Invited |
|(NIOO | | | |Talk |
|KNAW) | | | | |
|16 |Meysman, F. |Apr. 2010 |EGU, Vienna, Austria. |Invited |
|(NIOO | | | |Talk |
|KNAW) | | | | |
|16 |Cox, T.J.S |18.9.2009 |Necov Summersymposium |Invited Talk |
|(NIOO | | |Delft | |
|KNAW) | | | | |
|17 (INGV) |Etiope G. |19.-26.6. 2009 |Goldschmidt conference |Attendance |
2.6 MEDIA CONTACT/PUBLIC OUTREACH ACTIVITIES
Media contact/public outreach activities in the first 18 months of the project
|Partners |People involved |Date of publication / |Content / subject |Dissemination means: e.g., web |
|involved | |broadcasting | |page url, title of newspaper, |
| | | | |broadcast company, program |
|1 |Janssen, F. |08.06.09 |Project start and kick off meeting|Press release through institutes |
|(MPG-MPIMM) |Schlösser, M. | | |homepage; |
| |Borgwardt, S. | | |mpi-bremen.de |
|4 (IBSS) |Gulin M.B. |03.09.10 |Deep-sea research expedition |Sevastopol news paper “Truzhenik |
| | | | |moray” |
|5 |Pfannkuche, O. |16.09.09 |Start of expedition to eastern |Press release through institute |
|(IFM-GEOMAR) | | |Gotland Basin with R/V Alkor |homepage; |
| | | | |ifm-geomar.de |
|9 |Çağatay, N. |23.11.09 |Infirmation on the Bosporus Cruise|Half page article in the Turkish |
|(ITU-EMCOL) |Ulgen, U. | |in Nov. 2009 with R/V “Arar” in |Newspaper “Milliyet” |
|1 |Holtappels, M. | |Turkish daily newspaper “Milliyet”|.tr |
|(MPG-MPIMM) |Lichtschlag,A. | | | |
|4 |Mazlumyan,S. | | | |
|(IBSS) |Bondarev, I. | | | |
|13 |Papatheodorou, G. |Oct. 2009 |Amvrakikos S.O.S Artapress, vol. |Freepress magazine |
|(UPAT) |Ferentinos, G. | |45, p.6-8. (greek) |artapress.gr |
| |Koutsikopoulos, C. | | | |
|13 |Laboratory of Marine |31.01.10 |Amvrakikos Gulf – “Dead” Sea |Real News (national distributed |
|(UPAT) |geology and Physical | | |weekly newspaper – section Real |
| |Oceanography, UPAT | | |Planet) |
| | | | |realnews.gr |
|13 |Papatheodorou, G. |04.02.10 |Hypoxia in Amvrakikos Gulf, brief |Comment-discussion on daily |
|(UPAT) | | |presentation of HYPOX. |informative TV program (“It |
| | | | |happens now”: “Simvainei tora”) of|
| | | | |Greek National Channel (NET). |
|7 |INGV and UPAT teams |22.09.10 |GMM deployment in Katakolo area |Articles in local newspapers |
|(INGV) | | | |(“Patris” and “Proti”) (in greek) |
|13 | | | |patrisnews.gr, |
|(UPAT) | | | |protinews.gr |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Oaie, G. |03.11.09 |Oxic/anoxic limit in the Black Sea|Romania Cultural Broadcasting |
|15 (GeoEcoMar) |Gomoiu M.-T. |22.09.10 |Hypoxia and hypoxic events at the |Romania Cultural Broadcasting – |
| | | |Romanian Coast |“ProNatura” |
|16. |Cox, T. |15.12.09 |Selected results from publication |Press release distributed by |
|(NIOO |Middelburg, J. | |“A macro-tidal freshwater |e-mail and published on internet: |
|KNAW) | | |ecosystem recovering from |ua.ac.be/main. |
| | | |hypereutrophication: the Schelde |as. px?c=*NEWS&n |
| | | |case study” |=71502&ct=67682 |
| | | | |&e=218227 |
| | | | |Media examples based on the above |
| | | | |press release: |
| | | | |On-line media: |
| | | | |deredactie.be |
| | | | |demorgen.be |
| | | | |knack.be |
| | | | |Printed media: |
| | | | |Metro |
| | | | |Het Laatste Nieuws |
| | | | |Blogosphere: |
| | | | | |
| | | | |denbrabo/artikels/ |
| | | | |milieu.htm |
2.7 STAFF AND STUDENTS WORKING ON THE PROJECT
| |
|Part 1: HYPOX staff |
|Name |Position |Perm/Temp |Male/ |
| | | |Female |
| |
|Partner 1 (MPG-MPIMM) |
|Prof. Antje Boetius |Workgroup leader |Perm |Female |
|Dr. Frank Wenzhöfer |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Felix Janssen |Research associate |Temp |Male |
|Dr. Moritz Holtappels |PostDoc |Temp |Male |
|Dr. Jan Fischer |PostDoc |Temp |Male |
|(1.05.2009 – 31.10.2009) | | | |
|Dr. Anna Lichtschlag |PosDoc |Temp |Female |
|(since 1.08.2009) | | | |
| |
|Partner 2 (AWI) |
|Dr. Thomas Soltwedel |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Jana Friedrich |Senior Scientist |Perm |Female |
|Burkhard Sablotny |Engineer |Perm |Male |
| |Junior sci. |Perm |Female |
|Partner 3 (Eawag) | | | |
|Dr. Carsten J. Schubert |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Rolf Kipfer |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. David Livingstone |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
| |
|Partner 4 (IBSS) |
|Prof. Sergeeva N.G. |Head of Department, Dr.Sci. |Perm |Female |
|Prof. Zaika V.E. |Principal sci., Dr.Sci., Prof. |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Gulin M.B. |Senjor sci., PhD |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Kolesnikiva E. A. |Leading sci., PhD |Perm |Female |
|Dr. Konovalov S.K. |Head of Department, Dr.Sci. |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Mazlyumyan S.A. |Senjor sci., PhD |Perm |Female |
|Dr. Bondarev I.P. |Senjor sci., PhD |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Romanov |Senjor sci., PhD |Perm |Male |
|Anikyeyeva O.V. |Junior sci. |Perm |Female |
|Timofeev V.A. |Junior sci. |Perm |Male |
|Chekalov V.P. |Junior sci. |Perm |Male |
|Bondarenko L.V. |Junior sci. |Perm |Female |
|Lukyanova L.F. |Leading engineer |Perm |Female |
|Anninskaya I.N. |Leading engineer |Perm |Female |
| |
|Partner 5 (IFM-GEOMAR) |
|Dr. Andy Dale |Research Scientist |Temp |Male |
|Dr. Olaf Pfannkuche |Principal Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Stefan Sommer |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Prof. Klaus Wallmann |Head of department |Perm |Male |
|Sonja Kriwanek |Technician |Perm |Female |
|Maike Dibbern |Technician |Perm |Female |
|Bernhard Bannert |Technician |Perm |Male |
|Asmus Petersen |Technician |Perm |Male |
|Wolfgang Queisser |Technician |Perm |Male |
|Mathias Türk |Engineer |Perm |Male |
|Hans Cordt |Technician |Temp |Male |
| |
|Partner 6 (Ifremer) |
|Dr. Gilles Lericolais |Researcher |Perm |Male |
|Jean-François Rolin |Research engineer |Perm |Male |
|Serge Le Reste |Research engineer |Perm |Male |
|Laurent Delauney |Research engineer |Perm |Male |
| | | | |
|Partner 7 (INGV) | | | |
|Dr. Giuseppe Etiope |Senior Researcher |Perm |Male |
|Giuditta Marinaro |Technologist |Temp |Female |
|Nadia Lobue |Researcher |Temp |Female |
|Paolo Favali |Research Director |Perm |Male |
| |
|Partner 8 (IOW) |
|Prof. Gregor Rehder |Principal Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Ralf Prien |Researcher |Perm |Male |
|Siegfried Krueger |Engineer |Perm |Male |
|Prof. Detlef Schulz-Bull |Researcher |Perm |Male |
|Heiko Witt |Engineer (since Apr. 2010) |Temp |Male |
| |
|Partner 9 (ITU-EMCOL) |
|Prof. M.N. Çağatay |Principal Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Prof.Temel Oğuz |Professor |Perm. |Male |
| | |(at METU-IMS) | |
|Dursun Acar |Engineer |Temp |Male |
| |
|Partner 10 (Uni-HB) |
|Dr. Christoph Waldmann |Senior Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Robert Huber |Postdoc |Temp |Male |
|Uwe Schindler |Graduate |Temp |Male |
| |
|Partner 11 (SAMS) |
|Prof. Ronnie Glud |Professor |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Henrik Stahl |Lecturer |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Mark Inall |Senior Lecturer |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Dmitry Aleynik |HYPOX Post Doc |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Keith Jackson |Senior Lecturer |Perm |Male |
| |
|Partner 12 (UGOT) |
|Prof. Per Hall |Professor |Perm |Male |
|Prof. Anders Stigebrandt |Professor emeritus |Temp |Male |
|Assoc. Prof. Anders Tengberg |1St research engineer |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Daniel Hansson |Postdoc |Temp |Male |
|Dr. Bengt Liljebladh |Researcher |Perm |Male |
| |
|Partner 13 (UPAT) |
|Prof. George Papatheodorou |Professor |Perm |Male |
|Prof. George Ferentinos |Professor |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Maria Geraga |Lecturer |Perm |Female |
| |
|Partner 14 (GKSS) |
|Prof. Emil Stanev |Professor |Perm |Male |
| |
|Partner 15 (GeoEcoMar) |
|Prof. Marian-Traian Gomoiu |Professor |Perm |Male |
|Dan Secrieru |Senior scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Gheorghe Oaie |Senior scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Adrian Teaca |Senior scientist |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Tatiana Begun |Senior scientist |Perm |Female |
|Dr. Priscila Opreanu |Senior scientist |Perm |Female |
|Mihaela Muresan |Research scientist |Perm |Female |
|Sorin Balan |Senior scientist |Perm |Male |
|Caraus Ioan |Senior scientist |Temp |Male |
|Cristina Voicaru |Technician |Perm |Female |
|Partner 16 (NIOO KNAW) |
|Prof. Jack Middelburg |Professor/Senior scientist |Permanent |Male |
|Dr. Filip Meysman |Senior scientist |Permanent |Male |
|Dr. Tom Cox |Postdoc |Temp |Male |
| | | | |
|New member since Oct. 2010: | | | |
|Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning (NIVA) | | | |
|Dr. Evgeny Yakushev |Reseacher, Dr.Sc. |Perm |Male |
|Andre Staalstrøm |Researcher |Perm |Male |
|Anna Birgitta Ledang |Research Assistant |Perm |Female |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010: |
|Museum of Natural History / Leibniz Institute for research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin (MfN) |
|Dr. Ulrich Struck |Scientist |Perm |Male |
|Ewgenija Kuhl |Laboratory Technician |Perm |Female |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010: |
|Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement at the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (UMR |
|CEA-CNRS-UVSQ) |
|Dr. Christophe Rabouille |Senior scientist, head of group |Perm |Male |
|Bruno Bombled |Technician |Perm |Male |
|Dr. Nadine Tisnerat-Laborde |Senior scientist |Perm |Female |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010: |
|Interfacultary Center for Marine Research at Liège University (MARE-ULg) |
|Dr. Marilaure Gregoire | | |Female |
| |
|Part 2: HYPOX students |
|Name |Level (PhD, MSc |Supervisor |Research topic |Male/ |
| |etc) | | |Female |
| |
|Partner 1 (MPG-MPIMM) |
|Gerdhard Jessen |PhD-student |A. Boetius & A. Ramette |The influence of oxygen levels on |Male |
|(since Apr. 2010) | | |microbial community diversity and | |
| | | |composition | |
| |
|Partner 2 (AWI) |
|No students involved at AWI |
| |
|Partner 3 (Eawag) |
|Sebastian Naeher |PhD-student |C.J. Schubert |Paleooxygen indicators (biomarkers, |Male |
|(since 1.8.2009) | |R. Kipfer |noble gases) in Lake Zurich, Lake | |
| | | |Rotsee | |
|Ryan North |PhD-student |D. M. Livingstone |Oxygen time series analysis in Swiss |Male |
|(since 1.9.2009) | |R. Kipfer |lakes | |
|Mathias Kirf |PhD-student |C.J. Schubert |Trace level oxygen measurements in |Male |
| | | |lake water columns | |
| |
|Partner 4 (IBSS) |
|Kosheleva Tetiana |PhD student, |N.G. Sergeeva |The structure of deep-water |Female |
| |leader engineer | |free-living Nematodes communities at | |
| | | |boundary of interaction the oxic- | |
| | | |anoxic water masses (Black Sea) | |
|Natalia Orekhova |PhD student |S.K. Konovalov |Voltammetry of the sea bottom |Female |
| | | |sediments. | |
|Sergey Svishev |PhD student |S.K. Konovalov |The oxygen budget of the Sevastopol |Male |
| | | |Bay. | |
| |
|Partner 5 (IFM-GEOMAR) |
|Tanja Schorp |PhD-student |Dale/Wallmann |Benthic modeling |Female |
|My Mattsdotter |PhD-student |Sommer/Pfannkuche |Benthic boundary layer |Female |
|(1.7.09 - 30.4.10) | | |biogeochemistry focus nitrogen cycle | |
| |
|Partner 6 (Ifremer) |
|No students involved at Ifremer |
| |
|Partner 7 (INGV) |
|Ludovica Sartini |PhD-student |G. Etiope |Evaluation and quality checks of |Female |
| | | |submarine environmental sensors | |
| |
|Partner 8 (IOW) |
|David Meyer |PhD |G. Rehder |Oxydation/reduction processes at the |Male |
|(since 1.3.2010) | | |Gotland Deep redoxcline | |
| |
|Partner 9 (ITU-EMCOL) |
|Zeynep Erdem |MSc |M.N. Çağatay (ITU-EMCOL) |Sedimentary record of anoxia in the |Female |
| | | |Black Sea | |
|Ümmühan Sancar |PhD |M.N. Çağatay (ITU-EMCOL) |Plaeocenaographic and |Female |
| | | |paleoclimatological records in the | |
| | | |Black Sea and Sea of Marmara over the| |
| | | |last 20 ka | |
|Umut Barış Ulgen |PhD |M.N. Çağatay (ITU-EMCOL) |Environmental changes in the Iznik |Male |
| | | |Lake | |
| |
|Partner 10 (Uni-HB) |
|Vitaly Schkel |Student |Robert Huber |Web development |Male |
| |
|Partner 11 (SAMS) |
|No students involved at SAMS |
| |
|Partner 12 (UGOT) |
|Madeleine Nilsson |PhD |Per Hall and Anders Stigebrandt |Benthic carbon cycling in |Female |
| | | |oxic-hypoxic-anoxic marine systems | |
|Mikhail Kononets |PhD |Per Hall and Anders Tengberg |Benthic oxygen dynamics in |Male |
| | | |oxic-hypoxic marine systems | |
|Lena Viktorsson |PhD |Anders Stigebrandt and Per Hall |Benthic phosphorus cycling in |Female |
| | | |oxic-hypoxic-anoxic marine systems | |
|Dariia Atamanchuk |PhD |Per Hall and Anders Tengberg |Silicate sensing in |Female |
| | | |oxic-hypoxic-anoxic marine systems | |
| |
|Partner 13 (UPAT) |
|Dimitris Christodoulou |PhD |G. Papatheodorou |Study of seabed fluid flows (SFF) |Male |
| | | |using geophysical, geochemical and | |
| | | |sedimentological techniques | |
|Margarita Iatrou |PhD |G. Papatheodorou |Anthropogenic Turbidity Current |Female |
| | | |Deposits (Bauxite red mud slurry) in | |
| | | |a seismically active graben, (Gulf Of| |
| | | |Corinth) | |
|Elias Fakiris |PhD |G. Papatheodorou |Development of a seafloor |Male |
| | | |classification system (Case studies | |
| | | |from Ionian and Aegean Seas) | |
|Stavroula Kordela |PhD |G. Papatheodorou |Physical and chemical parameters of |Female |
| | | |water column and sediments | |
|Michalis Prevenios |MSc |G. Papatheodorou |Processing of geophysical data |Male |
| |
|Partner 14 (GKSS) |
|Yunchang He |PhD |Emil Stanev |Modeling of Black Sea oceanography |Male |
| | | |and biogeochemistry | |
| |
|Partner 15 (GeoEcoMar) |
|Cocioarta Ana Bianca |MSc Student |Marian-Traian Gomoiu |invertebrate populations from the |Female |
| | | |sedimentary bottoms of the Romanian | |
| | | |Black Sea Coast | |
|Lazar Luminita |PhD |Marian-Traian Gomoiu |Chemical oceanography |Female |
|Vasiliu Dan |PhD |Marian-Traian Gomoiu |spatial-temporal distribution of |Male |
| | | |chlorophyll a in the Romanian inner | |
| | | |shelf waters as an indicator of | |
| | | |phytoplankton community response to | |
| | | |variability of environmental | |
| | | |conditions | |
|Timofte Florin |PhD |Marian-Traian Gomoiu |Ecological state of zooplankton |Male |
| | | |populations from the Romanian Black | |
| | | |Sea waters | |
|Tabarcea Cristina |Phd |Marian-Traian Gomoiu |Microdistribution of Zooplanktonic |Female |
| | | |populations on the Romanian Black Sea| |
| | | |shelf. | |
| |
|Partner 16 (NIOO KNAW) |
|Lorenz Meire |MSc |Filip Meysman |Modeling of the relative importance |Male |
| | | |of physical processes, sediment | |
| | | |biogeochemistry, and human impacts on| |
| | | |hypoxia development in coastal | |
| | | |systems. | |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010: |
|Norsk Institutt for Vannforskning (NIVA) |
|No students involved at NIVA |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010:: |
|Museum of Natural History / Leibniz Institute for research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin (MfN) |
|No students involved at MfN |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010:: |
|Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement at the Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (UMR |
|CEA-CNRS-UVSQ) |
|Flora Toussaint |Ph.D. Student |C. Rabouille, N. Tisnerat |Recycling of organic matter and |Female |
| | | |oxygen consumption in sediments from | |
| | | |river deltas | |
| |
|New member since Oct. 2010: |
|Interfacultary Center for Marine Research at Liège University (MARE-ULg) |
|Arthur Capet |PhD | | |Male |
|Pascal Joassin |PhD | | |Male |
|3. Deliverables and Milestones |
3.1 DELIVERABLES TABLE
|Del. number |Deliverable Title, |Delivery |Status |
| |work package number, |date | |
| |Leading Partner, | | |
| |Nature / Dissem. Level* | | |
| |
|Part 1: Project Deliverables |
|D 5.1 |HYPOX data management plan |M6 |Preparation date 26.10.2009 |
| |and policy and catalogue of |30.09.2009 |submitted together with first interim report (18.2.2010) |
| |relevant legacy data sets | |Report on HYPOX data management plan and policy and catalogue of |
| |WP 5 | |relevant legacy data sets (deliverable 5.1) is finalized (attached to |
| |Lead: Partner 10 / Uni-HB | |this report). The legacy data set catalogue was collected |
| |Report / PU | |electronically by Uni-HB with input from all partners through a web |
| | | |tool (panMetaWorks) and is after revision by Uni-HB now available |
| | | |through the HYPOX web page and successively uploaded to the HYPOX data|
| | | |archive. |
|D 8.1 a & b |Preparation of HYPOX |M6 |Project brochure delivered. Online since 20.01.2010, hardcopy |
| |information brochures and |30.09.2009 |available since mid Feb. 2010 |
| |downloadable films for the |& |The production of the first brochure took longer than expected. The |
| |public, the EC and for |M18 |delay turned out to be beneficial for the brochure content as more |
| |informed users. For internal|30.09.2010 |specific information was available by then. Hardcopies sent to |
| |use: preparation of | |partners, related projects, potential end users, and GEO task |
| |knowledge management plan, | |representatives. The brochure may also serve as educational material –|
| |mentoring of students, etc; | |additional educational material and translations will follow in the |
| |preparation of educational | |second half of HYPOX when more specific knowledge on hypoxia at target|
| |materials and translation to| |sites is available. |
| |partner languages. | |Additional information on HYPOX was also distributed in early summer |
| |WP 8 | |through articles in “International Innovation Journal” and |
| |Lead: Partner 1 / | |“Earthzine”. Brochure and publications cover the recent project status|
| |MPG-MPIMM | |and assure visibility of HYPOX. Another stand alone brochure focusing |
| |Report / PU / PP | |on projects results will follow in the second half of the project. |
| | | |General information on the project (posters, factsheet) made available|
| | | |through the HYPOX web portal (since project month 3, continuously |
| | | |updated): |
| | | |front_content.php?idcat=399& |
| | | |idlang=19. |
| | | |Project news and events are disseminated through a news blog that is |
| | | |administered by MPG-MPIMM & Uni-HB and integrated in the HYPOX web |
| | | |portal: . |
| | | |First video delivered 14.08.2009 |
| | | |First video footage produced and disseminated through the HYPOX web |
| | | |portal’s news section (e.g., |
| | | |benthic-chamber-testing-in-loch-etive.html). |
| | | |Additional videos and photographs are provided through web 2.0 |
| | | |services (YouTube, Picasa) and integrated in the HYPOX web portal |
| | | |(front_content.php?idcat=528 |
| | | |&idlang=19). More video footage and photos will follow in the second |
| | | |half of the project. |
| | | |Knowledge data base collected and disseminated through HYPOX web |
| | | |portal (relaunch online since Jun. 2009) |
| | | |Information on the coworkers at the respective partner institute |
| | | |(contact information, expertise, function in HYPOX) was collected and |
| | | |is disseminated through the web portal to facilitate access to the |
| | | |knowledge available in the HYPOX consortium |
| | | |(front_content.php?idart=540). |
| | | |Similar information, along with personal statements on the motivation |
| | | |is also presented in the HYPOX brochure. Information on upcoming |
| | | |conferences and meetings has been collected and passed on to partners.|
| | | |Information on partners contributions to such events was collected and|
| | | |in some cases disseminated via the HYPOX news section (e.g., |
| | | | |
| | | |off-meeting-of-geo-task-st-09-02.html) |
|D 8.2 a & b |Scientific and management |M9 / |Month 9 interim report submitted via eMail on 18.02.2010 |
| |reports after the first and |31.12.2009 |Month 18 periodic report submitted online on $ MPG-MPIMM: add date! |
| |second half of the project |M18 / | |
| |(D8.2b&d), short status |30.09.2010 | |
| |reports every nine months | | |
| |(D8.2a&c) | | |
| |WP 8 | | |
| |Lead: Partner 1 / | | |
| |MPG-MPIMM | | |
| |Report / PU / PP | | |
|D 1.1 |Report on recommendations |M 12 / |Preparation date 13.09.2010 |
| |for the operation of the |31.03.2010 |submitted together M18 periodic report |
| |individual observatory | |Input was provided by all parters involved in monitoring activities |
| |systems and how the data | |and compiled into a comprehensive report by Uni-HB with strong support|
| |should be made available | |by INGV. |
| |WP 1 | |The delay in report delivery that was needed in order to wait for the |
| |Lead: partner 10 / Uni-HB | |parters to finalize observatory installations was announced to the EC |
| |Report / PU | |in Apr. 2010. |
|D 3.1 |Report on drivers / |M18 / |The report is delayed. Submission planned for Oct. 2010 |
| |mechanisms of hypoxia / |30.09.2010 |The preparation of the Report is underway. Partner input was collected|
| |anoxia and their spatial and| |via discussion groups in a WP 3 workshop at the first annual |
| |temporal occurrence | |scientific meeting in Istanbul by AWI with support from MPG-MPIMM and |
| |WP 3 | |UGOT, and compiled by AWI. UGOT is currently writing the report based |
| |Lead: partner 12 / UGOT | |on this compilation. |
| |Report / PU | | |
| |
|Part 2: Internal Deliverables |
|D 1.2 |Report on scientific |M6 / |Preparation date 20.10.2009 |
| |requirements and technical |30.09.2009 |submitted together with first interim report (18.2.2010) |
| |specification of a | |The starting point of the deliverable preparation was a working group |
| |multiparameter and long-term| |on observatory design and implementation at the kick off meeting. All |
| |oxygen depletion observation| |partners involved in monitoring activities contributed text describing|
| |system | |sites and instruments to this deliverable. Partner input was collected|
| |WP 1 | |by INGV and assembled as a comprehensive document. |
| |Lead: Partner 7 / INGV | | |
| |Report / PU | | |
|D 2.2 a & b |Training and discussion |M 3 / |Workshops held during kick off and first annual meeting. Minutes |
| |workshops on state of the |30.06.2009 |prepared, made available to project members and the EC |
| |art of | |First workshop, organized and led by NIOO |
| |physical-biogeochemical | |KNAW was held during the kick off meeting (16.04.2009). Workshop |
| |modeling of oxygen depletion| |minutes were circulated among WP2 members. |
| |to be held during or after | |Second workshop, organized and led by IFM-GEOMAR was held at the 1St |
| |the Kick off meeting and the| |annual meeting in Istanbul (25.03.2010). Workshop minutes prepared and|
| |first annual meeting | |circulated among HYPOX members. |
| |WP 2 | | |
| |Lead: Partner 1 / | | |
| |MPG-MPIMM) | | |
| |Other / PP | | |
|D 3.3 |Compilation of existing data|M 6 / |Preparation date 07.01.2010 |
| |on effects of hypoxia on |30.09.2009 |submitted together with first interim report (18.2.2010) |
| |ecosystems at target sites | |Partner input was collected by AWI and MPG-MPIMM and assembled as a |
| |WP 3 | |comprehensive document. Preparation was delayed as the process of data|
| |Lead: Partner 1 / MPG-MPIMM | |collection from partners took longer than expected. It was decided to |
| |& 2 / AWI | |rather accept a delay than to finalize a superficial report timely. |
| |Report / PU | | |
|D 4.2 |Report on available |M 6 / |Preparation date 12.10.2009 |
| |knowledge about past oxygen |30.09.2009 |submitted together with first interim report (18.2.2010) |
| |regimes and benthic | |Input was provided by all partners of the WP. The input was collected |
| |indicator species at | |by IBSS and assembled as a comprehensive document. With support by |
| |selected target sites | |Uni-HB, selected legacy data were uploaded to the data portal as an |
| |WP 4 | |input to D 5.1 and D 5.2. |
| |Lead: Partner 4 / IBSS | | |
| |Report / PU | | |
|D 4.3 |Report on coring, marine |M 12 / |Preparation date 20.05.2010 |
| |geological and geophysical |31.03.2010 |submitted together with periodic report |
| |surveys | |Input on the different sites was provided by all partners of the WP. |
| |WP 4 | |ITU-EMCOL collected the information and compiled it into a |
| |Lead: Partner 9 / ITU | |comprehensive report. The report finalization was delayed by 6 weeks |
| |Report / PU | |as some of the partner’s contributions were not received in time. |
|D 5.2 |First version of HYPOX data |M 6 / |First version online since 15.07.2010 |
| |portal |30.09.2009 |HYPOX Data portal online since Jul. 2009 (deliverable 5.2; |
| |WP5 | | > data portal). Legacy data are found in the data portal|
| |Lead: Partner 10 / Uni-HB | |as well as project data from several HYPOX cruises and observatory |
| |Other / PU | |deployments (a table with an overview of the project data delivered so|
| | | |fas is part of the M18 periodic report). |
|D 6.2 |Report on linking of |M 6 / |Preparation date 19.09.2009 |
| |existing data bases with |30.09.2009 |submitted together with first interim report (18.2.2010) |
| |relevance to oxygen | |Existing oceanographic data for the target sites in the Black Sea, |
| |depletion to HYPOX data base| |Baltic Sea, and Fram Strait were provided by MPG-MPIMM, AWI, IBSS, |
| |WP 6 | |IFM-GEOMAR, Ifremer, INGV, IOW, ITU-EMCOL, Uni-HB, UGOT, and |
| |Lead: Partner 6 / Ifremer | |GeoEcoMar. Based on the assembled data Ifremer compiled the report. |
| |Report / PU | |With support by Uni-HB, selected legacy data were uploaded to the data|
| | | |portal as an input to D 5.1 and D 5.2. |
|D 7.2 |Compilation report on |M 6 / |The report is delayed. Submission planned for Oct. 2010. |
| |existing information and |30.09.2009 |Existing oceanographic data for the target sites in the Black Sea, |
| |data bases relevant for the | |Baltic Sea, and Fram Strait were provided by all partners of the WP. |
| |project | |Based on the assembled data SAMS is currently compiling the report |
| |WP 7 | |that will be delivered in conjuction with the M18 report. The delay |
| |Lead: Partner 11 / SAMS | |was due to a misunderstanding on the nature and format of this report.|
| |Report / PU | |Nevertheless, a large share of the information is already available as|
| | | |it is to a large extent also covered by reports of other WPs that are |
| | | |already available (deliverables 1.2, 3.3 and 5.1). |
|D 8.3 |HYPOX website with open and |M1 |Online since 25.2.2010; internal area added 15.05.2009 |
| |internal access provided |30.04.2009 |The first version of the HYPOX web portal () was put |
| |WP 8 | |online by Uni-HB already end or Feb. 2009 (relaunch with design |
| |Lead: partner 1 / | |improved in Jun. 09). A password protected internal area was added in |
| |MPG-MPIMM | |May 09 and is used for mailing lists, internal documents, meeting |
| |Other / PU / PP | |talks etc. |
|D 8.4 a & b |Kick off meeting and |M 3 / |Kick off meeting and first annual meeting held in Bremen and Istanbul,|
| |subsequent annual meetings |30.06.2009 |respectively |
| |(with special students’ |& |Kick off meeting held in Bremen (15.-17.4.2009, hosted by MPG-MPIMM). |
| |workshops included) |M 12 / |Information on the meeting (meeting program, partner institute |
| |WP 8 |31.03.2009 |introductions, Target site- & Work Package introductions, topical |
| |Lead: partner 1 / MPG-MPIMM | |talks) made available through the project web page: |
| |& 10 / Uni-HB | |front_content.php?idcat=399& |
| |Other / PU | |idlang=19 |
| | | |First annual meeting held in Istanbul (22.-25.3.2010, hosted by |
| | | |ITU-EMCOL). |
| | | |Information on the meeting (meeting program, Work Package status talks|
| | | |etc.) made available through the project web page: |
| | | |front_content.php?idcat=399& |
| | | |idlang=19 |
*) Dissemination levels
PU = Public
PP = Restricted to other programme participants (including the Commission Services).
RE = Restricted to a group specified by the consortium (including the Commission Services).
CO = Confidential, only for members of the consortium (including the Commission Services).
3.2 MILESTONES TABLE
|Work Package |Milestone |Month / |Status |
| |(Number and title, |delivery |(actual / forcasted delivery date, |
| |leading partner) |date |comments) |
|WP8 together |Milestone 1 |3 / |Achieved in time / 17.04.2010 |
|with all other |Kick off meeting, discussion of work plan, |30.06.2009 |The Kick off meeting was held in Bremen (15.-17.4.2009, |
|WPs |implications from previous knowledge and | |hosted by MPG-MPIMM). Discussions on work plan, scientific |
| |structuring of HYPOX observatory network | |and technical issues took place in the plenary sessions as |
| |Lead: partner 1 / | |well as during additional topical break out sessions |
| |MPG-MPIMM | |(sensors, observatories, sites [Gotland Basin, Black Sea], |
| | | |scientific focus [past Hypoxia, benthic fluxes and gases]) |
| | | |Information on the meeting made available through the |
| | | |project web page () |
| | | |public area: meeting program, partner institute |
| | | |introductions |
| | | |partner area: Site-& Work Package introductions, topical |
| | | |talks, breakout group protocols? |
|3,1,6,7 |Milestone 2 |3 / |Achieved in time / 30.06.2009 |
| |Planning of activities and development of |30.06.2009 |WP3 worked on planning of the activities during a WP3 |
| |concepts | |workshop back-to-back with the kick off meeting. The DPSIR |
| |Lead: partner 2 / AWI | |assessment framework will be applied to analyze the causal |
| | | |chain from oxygen depletion to impact on ecosystems and |
| | | |their services for humans. A report on existing data and |
| | | |information on effects of hypoxia on ecosystems at target |
| | | |sites has been compiled with the input from the partners as|
| | | |a guideline for monitoring and data analysis efforts in |
| | | |HYPOX. |
| | | |WP1 collected the information by partners involved in the |
| | | |monitoring activities (see report deliverable 1.2). The |
| | | |scientific requirements of each site are described in the |
| | | |document in order to give indications on monitoring |
| | | |strategies to apply in field campaigns and observatory |
| | | |deployments. |
| | | |WP6: based on the WP1 requirements, on recognized gaps in |
| | | |knowledge, and on the specific site characteristics – |
| | | |including logistic aspects - WP6 planning activities aimed |
| | | |to identify the most feasible monitoring approaches for the|
| | | |respective sites. Selected methods / strategies were as |
| | | |diverse as profiling floats / drifting observatories |
| | | |(Bosporus, Crimean Shelf), short term moorings (Crimean |
| | | |Shel), long term moorings (Romanian Shelf and HAUSGARTEN / |
| | | |Fram Strait), and profiling moorings (Gotland Basin). shave|
| | | |been dedicated to the preparation of the scientific |
| | | |requirements for monitoring of the respective WP6 target |
| | | |sites. |
| | | |WP7: based on historical and present data sets (see report |
| | | |deliverable 5.1 for further details) from the respective |
| | | |sites (fjords, Swiss lakes and Greek lagoons), monitoring |
| | | |strategies were established and initial design of new |
| | | |observatories was developed (Loch Etive & Koljoe Fjord). |
| | | |For further details on sampling strategies/concepts and |
| | | |technical descriptions of new/existing observatories from |
| | | |the respective sites see reports deliverable 1.2 & 3.3. |
|1,3,5,6,7 |Milestone 3 |6 / |Achieved in time / 30.09.2009 |
| |Data submission agreements with observatories |30.09.2009 |WP 1 collected and provided detailed data acquisition and |
| |finalized, data flow from existing HYPOX | |submission prerequisites for each HYPOX observatory |
| |observatories to archives started | |(deliverable 1.2). |
| |Lead: partner 10 / Uni-HB | |WP5: HYPOX Data portal online since Jul. 2009 (deliverable |
| | | |5.2; > data portal). Data from several |
| | | |project cruises and observatories are already available. |
| | | |Report on HYPOX data management plan and policy and |
| | | |catalogue of relevant legacy data sets (deliverable 5.1) is|
| | | |finalized. The legacy data set catalogue was collected |
| | | |electronically by Uni-HB with input from all partners |
| | | |through a web tool (panMetaWorks) and is after revision by |
| | | |Uni-HB now available through the HYPOX web page and |
| | | |successively uploaded to the HYPOX data archive. |
| | | |WPs 3, 5, 6, & 7 contributed in synchronizing data |
| | | |collection and submission efforts. All WPs agreed in |
| | | |preferably using panMetaWorks for data submission: |
| | | |WP 3 compiled existing data on effects of hypoxia on |
| | | |ecosystems at target sites and added this information to |
| | | |the HYPOX legacy data catalogue. |
| | | |WP 6 collected existing data bases with relevance to oxygen|
| | | |depletion and provided this information to the HYPOX legacy|
| | | |data catalogue. |
| | | |WP7 collected existing information and data bases relevant |
| | | |for the project and provided this information to the HYPOX |
| | | |legacy data catalogue. |
|1, 3, 5, 6, 7 |Milestone 4 |10 / |Achieved with delay / 13.09.2010 |
| |Technical specifications of all necessary |31.01.2010 |Achievement of milestone 4 was verified by the completion |
| |components available for implementation | |of the deliverables 1.1 and 1.2 that specify the components|
| |concept | |needed for observatory installations. The delay in the |
| |Lead: partner 10 / Uni-HB | |preparation of D 1.1 (that was communicated to the EC) was |
| | | |needed to account for the fact that many partners were |
| | | |still involved in observatory installation by the time the |
| | | |report was due originally (31.03.2010). However, D1.2, |
| | | |delivered on 20.10.2009 already contained a lot of |
| | | |information on the respective observatories and thus |
| | | |represented a major step towards the completion of |
| | | |milestone 4 well ahead of its due date. |
| | | |WP1: collection of technical specifications from WP 6 & 7 |
| | | |partners involved in monitoring activities. Compilation of |
| | | |D 1.1 and 1.2 |
| | | |WP5: providing guidelines and keeping track on appropriate |
| | | |technical specification in terms of state of the art |
| | | |quality control and conformity with GEOSS standards |
| | | |WP3: definition of monitoring requirements for the |
| | | |respective monitoring sites based on legacy data and |
| | | |identified gaps in knowledge |
| | | |WP6 & 7: definition of monitoring approaches and the |
| | | |specifications of the implemented technologies as an input |
| | | |to WP1 / D1.1 & 1.2 |
|1, 2, 3, 5, 6, |Milestone 5 |12 / |Achieved in time / 31.03.2010 |
|7 |Report on knowledge gaps and work plan for |31.03.2010 |WP 1, 3, 5, 6, & 7: compilation of site characteristics, |
| |modeling of physical and biogeochemical | |legacy data, and gaps in knowledge (deliverables 1.1, 3.3, |
| |processes affecting oxygen depletion | |5.1, 6.2 and, delayed, 7.2) |
| |Lead: partner 1 / | |WP 2: convening of training and discussion workshops on |
| |MPG-MPIMM | |state of the art of physical-biogeochemical modeling of |
| | | |oxygen depletion held at the kick off and the first annual |
| | | |meeting by NIOO |
| | | |KNAW and IFM-GEOMAR with support by MPG-MPIMM (deliverables|
| | | |2.2a & 2.2b). Respective workshop focus was on knowledge |
| | | |gaps and workplan (kick off) and student education (first |
| | | |annual meeting). |
|1, 5, 6, 7 |Milestone 6 |12 / |WP1 & 5 collected information on site characteristics and |
| |Installation of in situ monitoring platforms |31.03.2010 |existing knowledge as the base of monitoring activities and|
| |and measurements in shelf and open seas, and | |provided recommendations for the different observatories |
| |land-locked water bodies underway | |and monitoring approaches to be implemented at the |
| |Lead: partners 2 / AWI & | |different target sites. |
| |partner 11 / SAMS | |All partners of WP 6 & 7 have obtained, tested and |
| | | |implemented their observatories at their respective target |
| | | |sites. |
| | | |WP 6 members deployed observatories and conducted |
| | | |measuerements at the different coastal and open sea target |
| | | |sites: |
| | | |AWI has successfully deployed and recovered the NW Black |
| | | |Sea shelf observatory and obtained time-series data from |
| | | |21.05. to 29.08.2010. Furthermore AWI has added oxygen |
| | | |optodes to their existing HAUSGARTEN / Fram Strait |
| | | |observatory. Data from both sites have been provided to the|
| | | |data portal. |
| | | |IOW has successfully implemented a novel profiling mooring |
| | | |in order to investigate temporal changes in the Gotland |
| | | |Basin Chemokline. Short term deployments have been |
| | | |successful and data have been delivered to the data portal.|
| | | |Ifremer has launched a drifting observatory (PROVOR-DO) in |
| | | |the Bosporus outlet region following a measuerement |
| | | |strategy that was decided upon in cooperation with |
| | | |ITU-EMCOL and MPG-MPIMM and taking into account feedback |
| | | |from WP1. |
| | | |MPG-MPIMM deployed short term moored observatories on the |
| | | |Crimean Shelf based on oxygen surveys conducted in |
| | | |cooperation with INGV and IFM-GEOMAR. In cooperation with |
| | | |GKSS drifting observatories were launched in the same area |
| | | |for long term observations of oxykline oscillations. |
| | | |WP 7 members deployed observatories and conducted |
| | | |measuerements at the different coastal and open sea target |
| | | |sites: |
| | | |Eawag collected and continues to collect data obtained in |
| | | |the Swiss lakes by various organizations in Switzerland. |
| | | |Furthermore, an in-situ measurement system for short |
| | | |spatial and temporal high resolution measurement of low |
| | | |oxygen concentrations has been developed and deployed in |
| | | |the Swiss lakes. |
| | | |SAMS has deployed and runs the Loch Etive Cabled Observatoy|
| | | |(LECO) since Nov. 2009 |
| | | |MPG-MPIMM has successfully developed the sulphide Eddy |
| | | |system together with SAMS |
| | | |UGOT has deployed and run both short and long term moorings|
| | | |and deployed benthic landers during field campaigns in both|
| | | |Havstens Fjord and Koljoe Fjord since autumn 2009. |
| | | |UPAT and INGV have conducted field campaigns and made both |
| | | |short term as well as long term deplyoments with the GMM |
| | | |and MEDUSA observatories in the Greek lagoons. |
|2, 3, 4, 5, 6, |Milestone 7 |12 / |Achieved with slight delay / 20.05.2010 |
|7 |Report and interpretations on already |31.03.2010 |(deliverable 4.3 preparation finalized) |
| |available data and data obtained within HYPOX | |WP4 compiled reports on the on available knowledge about |
| |(coring, marine geological and geophysical | |past oxygen regimes and benthic indicator species at |
| |surveys) about previous oxygen regimes and | |selected target sites and coring, marine geological and |
| |benthic communities at target sites submitted.| |geophysical surveys. In more detail this included a |
| |Lead: partners 4 / IBSS & | |compilation of existing data on effects of hypoxia on |
| |partner 9 / ITU | |modern benthic ecosystems in the Black Sea (IBSS, |
| | | |ITU,GeoEcoMar), information on surveys of the sediment |
| | | |cores along a depth transect in the Black Sea, Baltic Sea, |
| | | |Rotsee and Lago di Lugano in order to reconstruct past |
| | | |changes in the redox-cline (ITU, Ifremer, IBSS, Eawag, |
| | | |GeoEcoMar, IOW) and new insights into time-scales of |
| | | |hypoxic events and the response of benthic fauna. The |
| | | |gained information was passed on to HYPOX members by means |
| | | |of talks during the general assemblies (kick off and first |
| | | |annual meeting) as well as through deliverables 4.2 and |
| | | |4.3. By these means, feedback was provided to WP1, |
| | | |dedicated to suggesting and documentaion of monitoring |
| | | |approaches and technologies, to WP5, in charge of archiving|
| | | |and distribution of legacy as well as project data, to as |
| | | |well as to WP2 and 3, established to improve our |
| | | |understanding of hypoxia formation and its consequences at |
| | | |the different target sites and to WP6 and 7 dedicated to |
| | | |monitoring of the present-day hypoxia contitions. |
|4. EXPLANATION OF THE USE OF THE RESOURCES |
|Work Package |Item description |Amount |Explanations |
| | |(€ with 2 decimals) | |
| |
|Partner 1 (MPG-MPIMM) |
|Mainly |Personnel direct costs |268,374.02 |Salaries of: |
|3, 6, 8 | | |4 postdoctoral students (for 6, 10, 12, and 18 months, |
| | | |respectively) and |
| | | |3 PhD students (for 4, 5, and 6 months respectively) |
|6 |Equipment |8,790.98 |Depreciation of oxygen sensors and recording current meter |
|6 |Consumables |39,024.77 |Consumables needed for (1) the lab-work and instrument |
| | | |deployments during field trips and (2) for laboratory |
| | | |experiments and sample analyses at the institute |
|6, 8 |Travel costs |12,922.26 |Travel of scientists and transport of equipment to a HYPOX |
| | | |field trip (R/V ARAR, Black Sea, Nov.2009), travel of |
| | | |Scientists to the first annual meeting of HYPOX and to the |
| | | |Annual Scientific Forum of the Benguela Curent Commission |
| | | |(Nov. 2009, Swakopmund, Namibia) |
|8 |Subcontracting |9,922.50 |Public outreach products: design of the project Logo, design |
| | | |and printing of the HYPOX brochure, fee for HYPOX article in |
| | | |International Innovation Report |
| |Meetings (kick off and first general |11,148.37 |For the both meetings we got a partial reimbursement of the |
| |meeting) / | |partners which we booked as income to the project about 9.235 |
| |Income |-9,235.00 |Euro. The remaining costs for the meetings after balance with |
| | | |the income is 1.913,37 Euro. |
| |Interests of prefinancing |-1.172,76 |The prefinancing of the EU generated interests about 1.172,76 |
| | | |Euro which has been declared in Form C accordingly. |
| |
|Partner 2 (AWI) |
|6 |Personnel |9,380.78 |2,5 PM technical support for expediton 40 Hours for |
| | | |calibration work |
|6 |Travel |4,782.19 |Soltwedel , kick off meeting, , annual meeting, Friedrich, |
| | | |Kick off meeting, Annual meeting, expedition, S. Näher |
| | | |expedition, Mrs Cathalot and Rabouille invited scientist at |
| | | |Bremerhaven |
|6 |Consumables |2,327.69 |Small materials and lab materials , maintenance of lab |
| | | |materials |
|6 |Equipment |8,169.39 |Depreciation costs for recording current meter and Benthos |
| | | |shallow water Transponder |
|6 |Subcontracting |32.90 |Manufacturing costs for cordage |
|6 |Other costs |2,203.10 | Transport of expedition material from Bremerhaven to |
| | | |Constanta and back and to Longyearbyen., and Video accessories|
| |
|Partner 3 (Eawag) |
|mainly 3,4,6,8 |Personnel direct costs |92,367.24 |Salaries of: |
| | | |2 PhD students (for 13 and 14 months respectively) |
|6 |Consumables |4,627.09 |Consumables needed for lab-work and sending of |
| | | |equipment/customs/agents |
|6, 8 |Travel costs |4,945.50 |Travel of scientists and transport of equipment to a HYPOX |
| | | |field trip Black Sea, Spring/Summer 2010, 3 Scientists), |
| | | |travel of Scientists to the Kick-off (1 Scientist) and first |
| | | |annual meeting of HYPOX (4 Scientists) |
| |
|Partner 4 (IBSS) |
|Mainly |Personnel direct costs |39,050.57 |Salaries of: 2 PhD students, 3 Prof., |
|3,4,6 | | |6 Dr. Senior Sci. and 4 Junior Sci., 2 engineers |
|3,4,6 |Consumables |2,042.08 |Consumables needed for (1) the lab-work and instrument |
| | | |deployments during field trips and (2) for laboratory |
| | | |experiments and sample analyses at the institute |
|3,4 |Travel costs |13,746.64 |Travel of scientists and transport of equipment to a HYPOX |
| | | |field trips (R/V ARAR, Black Sea, Nov.2009 and R/V MARIA S. |
| | | |MERIAN, Black Sea, Apr.-May 2010, R/V Professor Vodyanotskyi, |
| | | |Black Sea, Jun. / Jul. 2010), travel of Scientists to the |
| | | |kick-off meeting of Hypox and to the first annual meeting of |
| | | |HYPOX and to other International Conferences. |
|3,4 |Equipment |9,557.96 |Light microscop Olympus Х41 with digital camera, PC for |
| | | |Oxymeter, Underwater video equipment with accessories |
| |
|Partner 5 (IFM-GEOMAR) |
| 2, 3,6 |Personnel direct costs |61,726.18 |Salaries of: |
| | | |Daniel Lippke (student) |
| | | |My Mattsdotter, Tanja Schorp, |
| | | |Hans Cordt (project collaborators) |
|2, 3,6 |Major cost items Consumables |1,046.80 |Consumables like pipes, glassware and hose |
|2, 3,6 |Major cost item Travels |2,242.43 |Travel-/ Flight expenses to Istanbul 21.-27.03.10 and |
| | | |Switzerland 20.-27.06.10 |
|2, 3,6 |Additional other direct costs |9,493.36 |Cost for Satellite transmission and transport of samples |
| |
|Partner 6 (Ifremer) |
|Mainly 1,4,6 |Personnel costs |61,467.82 |Salaries of: |
| | | |Jean-Fracois Rolin, Laurent Delauney, Serge Le Reste, Gilles |
| | | |Lericolais and other technicians |
|1, 6 |Travel costs |9,503.55 |travel of scientists and transport of equipment to the HYPOX |
| | | |survey (RV MERIAM, Black Sea, 2010), travel of Scientists to |
| | | |the Kick off meeting and to the first annual meeting of HYPOX |
|1, 6 |Consumables and other costs |1,846.94 |Freight and consummables for the PROVOR floats |
| |
|Partner 7 (INGV) |
|1,3,6,7 |Personnel direct costs |114,583.88 |Salary of 1 researcher for 18 months |
| | | |6.5 months of senior researcher |
| | | |4.5 months of technician |
|6,7 |Consumables |38,636.03 |Consumables needed for (1) tests, lab-work, components and |
| | | |consumable instruments for MEDUSA and GMM |
|6,7,8 |Travel costs |20,554.02 |Travel of scientists to annual meetings, one conference, test |
| | | |facilities and Black Sea field trip |
|7 |Subcontracting |20,000.00 |Set-up mechanics and electronics of GMM observatory |
|6 |Other costs |14,000.00 |Assistance of Tecnomare engineer during MEDUSA survey on Black|
| | | |Sea |
| |
|Partner 8 (IOW) |
|6 |Personnel |82,003.00 |Salary of 1 technician, 6 months; Salaries of 2 researcher for|
| | | |12,5 month |
|8, 6, |Travel |3,388.00 |Travel costs for attending HYPOX meetings and expedition costs|
| |
|Partner 9 (ITU-EMCOL) |
|mainly 4 and some |Personnel direct costs |12,912.00 |Salary of one engineer needed for 10 M for core recovery, core|
|in 6, 8 | | |handling and lab analysis |
|mainly 4 |Consumables |$ add costs |Material needed for |
| | | |(1) cruise (core liners, corer parts, tapes, chemical, food) |
| | | |(2) lab-work (chemicals and instrument parts |
|mainly 4 |Ship costs |$ add costs |ship fuel, ship charter |
|mainly 4 |Travel costs |$ add costs |$ please specify: where did you go? With how many people? |
|4 |Subcontracting |7,500.00 |Core scanner maintenance |
| |
|Partner 10 (Uni-HB) |
|mainly 5 and some |Personnel direct costs |54,268.66 |Salaries for |
|in 1, 6, 8 | | |- 3 month senior scientist |
| | | |- 6.6 month scientist |
|mainly 5 and some |Travel |10,230.56 |Participation of scientists at project meetings and meetings |
|in 1, 6, 8 | | |related to the project |
|mainly 1 and some |Consumables |2,528.03 |Office items needed for data processing |
|in 1, 6, 8 | | | |
|mainly 1 and some |Equipment |1,528.44 |Hard- and Software, EDV-Equipment (online-tool) for the |
|in 1, 6, 8 | | |creation of Website |
|mainly 1 and some |Computing |6,916.04 |Mailinglists, media convertor, EDV-cables, rigging, storage |
|in 1, 6, 8 | | |module |
| |
|Partner 11 (SAMS) |
|Mainly 2, some 7 |Personel direct costs |41,076.80 |Main cost is for salary for one postdoctoral scientist (D. |
| | | |Aleynik), and minor expenses for PI salaries |
|7 |Equipment |86,395.61 |Loch Etive Cabled Observatory and base station |
|2,7 |Travel |4,240.02 |Travel for lead PI and Postdoc to kick-off meeting in Bremen |
| | | |and first annual meeting in Istanbul |
|7 |Consumables |7,891.49 |consumables associated with deployment of observatory |
|7 |Ship costs |12,785.85 |Charter for the observatory deployment and additional field |
| | | |campaigns |
| |
|Partner 12 (UGOT) |
|Mainly 2, 6, 7 |Personnel direct costs |31,889.94 |1 PhD student 8 months |
| | | |1 professor 1,5 months |
|6, 7 |Consumables |33,914.41 |Chemicals, laboratory materials, costs for UGOT’s research |
| | | |vessel |
|6, 7 |Equipment |9,814.10 |Conductivity Sensor, Seaguard Current Meter |
|2, 6, 7 |Travel costs |8,042.98 |Kick-off HYPOX, Expedition Baltic Sea, |
| | | |first annual Meeting, Istanbul |
|6, 7 |Subcontracting |976.32 |1 technician from Chalmers University for technology for 15 |
| | | |hours |
| |
|Partner 13 (UPAT) |
|mainly 7, |Personnel direct costs |8,600.00 |Salaries of: |
|1, 4 | | |1 postdoctoral student (for 9 months) |
| | | |2 PhD students (for 6 and 2 months respectively), and |
| | | |1 MSc student (for 2 months) |
|mainly 7 |Consumables |184.65 | |
|mainly 7, |Travel costs |15,925.35 |Travel of scientists for the two HYPOX meetings (Bremen and |
|8 | | |Instanbul) |
| | | |Travels of personnel to the fieldtrips |
| | | |Tansport of equipment to HYPOX field trips |
|mainly 7 |Equipment |27,490.00 |Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) |
|mainly 7 |Ship costs |4,942.34 |Rent of local vessels for the research cruises |
| |
|Partner 14 (GKSS) |
|1, 2 |Personnel costs |34,235.25 |Direct personnel costs for a PhD student for 16 months |
|1, 5, 8 |Travel costs |3,552.37 |Travel of 2 scientists to the kick off meeting and first |
| | | |annual meeting |
|2 |Consumables |19,288,80 |Floats and concerning data services |
| |
|Partner 15 (GeoEcoMar) |
|1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 |Personnel direct costs |23,770.90 |Salaries of : |
| | | |7 senior scientist (for 4, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1 and 0.5 months, |
| | | |respectively) |
| | | |1 research scientist (for 2 months) |
| | | |1 tehnician (for 0.5 months) |
|3, 8 |Travel expenses |3,000.00 |Travel, accommodation and daily allowances for 2 Scientists |
| | | |for the Kick off Meeting and the First Annual Meeting in |
| | | |Bremen and Istanbul |
|3, 4, 6 |Ship costs |50,000.00 |3 MARE NIGRUM Cruises – 11 days |
| |
|Partner 16 (NIOO-KNAW) |
|2,3 |Personnel direct costs |21,117.34 |Part-time salary of 1 permanent staff member (J. Middelburg),|
| | | | |
| | |59,391.63 |Salary of 1 postdoc (T. Cox; 14.4 months) |
|2,3,4 |Travel costs |2,516.21 |Travel of Scientists to the first annual meeting of HYPOX and |
| | | |additional minor travel expenses |
|5. Appendices |
5.1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ADV Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (current meter)
AODC acridine orange direct count (of microorganisms)
AWI HYPOX partner, Alfred-Wegener-Institut fuer Polar- und Meeresforschung
BBL Benthic Boundary Layer
BIGO BIoGeochemical Observatory of partner IFM-GEOMAR
BOD biological oxygen demand
C-MOVE benthic crawler of partner Uni-HB
CTD instrument including sensors for Conductivity, Temperature and Depth of seawater
D deliverable
DIC dissolved inorganic carbon
DNRA dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium
DOM dissolved organic matter
DOS Deep-Sea Observation System of partner IFM-GEOMAR
DoW description of work
DPSIR Driving forces, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses
Eawag HYPOX partner, Eidgenössische Anstalt für Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und Gewässerschutz
EC European Commission
EGU European Geosciences Union
existDB open source database management system entirely built on XML technology
FVCOM The Unstructured Grid Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model
GEO Group on Earth Observations
GeoEcoMar HYPOX partner, National Institute of Marine Geology and Geoecology
GEOSS Global Earth Observation System of Systems
GETM General Estuarine Ocean Model
GKSS HYPOX partner, Forschungszentrum Geesthacht GmbH
GML Geography Markup Language is the XML grammar defined by the OGC to express geographical features.
GMM Gas Monitoring Module of partner INGV
GODDESS GOtland Deep Environmental Sampling Station, IOW Baltic observatory
GOTM General Ocean Turbulence Model
HELCOM The Helsinki Commission / Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission
HYPOX project acronym, In situ monitoring of oxygen depletion in hypoxic ecosystems of coastal and open seas, and land-locked water bodies
IBSS HYPOX partner, A.O. Kovalevskiy Institute of Biology of Southern Seas
IFM-GEOMAR HYPOX partner, Leibniz Institut fuer Meereswissenschaften an der Universitaet Kiel
Ifremer HYPOX partner, Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitattion de la Mer
INGV HYPOX partner, Istituto Nazionale de Geofisica e Vulcanologia
IOW HYPOX partner, Institut fuer Ostseeforschung Warnemuende an der Universitaet Rostock
IPT Isotope Pairing Technique, stable isotope approach to study nitrogen transformation in water or sediments
ISO 19139 XML is a component of the series of ISO 191xx standards for Geospatial metadata that defines how to use XML to describe geographical information and associated services
ITU-EMCOL HYPOX partner, Eastern Mediterranean Centre for Oceanography and Limnology / Technical University of Istanbul
JCOMM Joint Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology
LECO Loch Etive Cabled Observatory of partner SAMS
MARNET Marine Environmental Monitoring Network in the North Sea and Baltic Sea which presently comprises ten automated measuring stations operated by the German Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency
MEDATLAS a collection of data on the Mediterranean and Black Sea
MEDUSA towed observatory of partner INGV
METS methane sensors
MPG-MPIMM HYPOX partner, Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science / Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology
MS mile stone
MSCL Multi-Sensor Core Logger
MSM German Research Vessel "MARIA S. MERIAN"
MuFO Multi Fiber Optode
NAO North Atlantic Oscillation - important driver of climate fluctuations around the North Atlantic
NEMO Nucleus of European Modeling model of the Ocean
NIOO KNAW HYPOX partner, Netherlands Institute of Ecology / Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen
O&M Observations and Measurements Encoding Standard
OAI-PMH Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting in an archive
OceanSites worldwide system of long-term, deepwater observatories
ODIN Oceanographic Database research with Interactive Navigation
OFOS Ocean Floor Observation System of partner IFM-GEOMAR
OGC CS-W Catalog Service for the Web defines common interfaces to discover, browse, and query metadata about data, services, and other potential resources.
OGC Open Geospatial Consortium, international organization defining standards for geospatial content and services, GIS data processing and data sharing.
OGC SOS see SOS
ORP oxidation reduction potential (also: redox potential)
PANGAEA Publishing Network for Geoscientific and Environmental Data
POLCOMS Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modeling System
PROVOR Argo-type profiling oceanographic float of partner Ifremer – suffix “DO” indicates that an oxygen sensor was added
ROLM RedOx Layer Model
ROV remotely operated (underwater) vehicle
RSS, RSS feed Really Simple Syndication is a family of web feed formats used to publish frequently updated news
SAMS HYPOX partner, The Scottish Association for Marine Science
SDU University of Southern Denmark
SensorML: Sensor Markup Language, OGC standard for describing sensors and measurement processes
SMHI Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
SOS Sensor Observation Service, OGC standard provides an interface for managing deployed sensors and retrieving sensor / observation data
TIC total inorganic carbon
TOC total organic carbon
UGOT HYPOX partner, Goeteborgs Universitet
Uni-HB HYPOX partner, MARUM at Universitaet Bremen
UPAT HYPOX partner, University of Patras
WDC-MARE World Data Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, a long term data archive certified by the International Council for Science.
WP work package
XML Extensible Markup Language, rules for machine readable encoding of documents
XRF Core Scanner Core scanner using X-ray Fluorescence to analyze split sediment cores for major and minor elements
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