Commack Schools
AP Human GeographyChapter 3: MigrationKey Issue #2 – Where do people migrate within a country?Opening of American WestColonial SettlementConcentrated on Atlantic coast – depended on shipping links with Europe to receive products and export raw materialsIntervening Obstacle – Appalachian Mts – steep slopes, thick forests & few gaps & hostile indigenous “IndiansEarly Settlement in the InteriorTransportation improvements like canals opened interior in early 1800sErie Canal – enabled people to travel inexpensively by boat between US and Great Lakes1840 – US had 3326 miles of canals – center of population moved West VirginiaMigration to California1890 – shift to Greensburg, IndianaPrincipal pull was Gold Rush 1840sPassed over Great Plains because of tough physical environmentExplorers like Zeblon Pike noted the Great Plains was “Great American Desert” Settlement of Great PlainsSlowed in late 19th- early 20th centuryCenter still in Indiana 1940Advances in technology helped develop Great Plains – barbed wire, steel plow, windmills, well drilling, expansion of railroadRecent Growth of the SouthLate 20th century – center moved west (& southward) to central MissouriPrimarily south for job opportunities and economic conditions“Sunbelt” – more temperate climateMidwest = “Rustbelt” due to dependency on declining manufacturingGrowth of south has aggravated interregional antagonismUS Immigration PatternsUS = world’s third most populous countryInhabited overwhelmingly by direct descendants of immigrants75 million migrated to US between 1820-2010 – including 40 million alive in 2010Three main eras of immigrationInitial settlement of coloniesMainly the English or African slavesMid 19th century – early 20th centuryNearly all European1970s to today75% Latin American and AsianReasons for migrating essentially the sameRapid population growth limited prospects for economic advancement at homeEuropeans left when countries entered stage 2 of demographic transition in 19th centuryEra #1 - Colonial Immigration from England & AfricaForced migration = African slavesVoluntary migration = EuropeansPrior to independence – c. 1 million Europeans cameLate 1700s-1840 – 1 million Europeans came90% of European immigrants to US prior to 1840 came from Great Britain18th century – 400,000 Africans shipped as slaves to 13 colonies, primarily by Britain1st half of 19th century – another 250,000 Africans were brought to USEra #2 - 19th Century Immigration from EuropeLast 500+ years – 65 million Europeans have migrated to other continentsAmong Europeans, Germany has sent largest number of immigrants (7.2 million) to USItaly 5.4 millionUnited Kingdom 5.3 millionIreland 4.8 millionRussia/former Soviet Union 4.1 million 25% of Americans trace ancestry to German immigrants1/8 each to Ireland and EnglandChanging map can interfere with exact numbersEx. Poles – Poland did not exist for awhile so counted in German, Russia or Austrian numbersPeaks of European Immigration1840s-1850s annual immigration increased 20,000 to 200,000 (75% German/Irish)1870s – resumed after decline during Civil War (1861-65)1880s – increase to ? million a year; increase in Scandinavians due to Industrial Revolution & population increase1900-1914 – increase to c. 1 million/year; 2/3 southern and eastern Europe especially Italy, Russia, & Austria-HungaryEra #3 – 1970s to TodayMore than ? of recent US immigrants originate in 2 regions1. Asia – esp China, India and Philippines2. Latin America – ? million annuallyU.S. Immigration & Latin AmericaOfficially in 2006 Mexico passed Germany as country that has sent most immigrants to US (probably happened in 1980s with illegal immigrants)1986 – Immigration Reform & Control Act (IRCA) – issued visas to many undocumented people – gave amnesty & residency to 2.6 million immigrants (many moved to Great Plains, Midwest, South)Impact of Immigration on USLegacy of European MigrationEurope’s demographic transition fueled emigration (increased public health, medicine, food – led to CDR pushed much of Europe into Stage 2 – led to population and migration to US (safety valve for Europe)Today many Europeans are to Stage 4 (low or negative NIR) and are capable of taking care of their populationDiffusion of European cultureIndo-European languages are spoken by ? world’s populationChristianity – largest world religionEuropean art, music, literature, philosophy & ethics have diffusedNorth America & Australia have become closely integrated into Europe’s cultural traditionsDistinctive European political and economic systemSowed seeds of conflict in Africa and AsiaLittle regard for local traditions ................
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