Menu



An Emerging World Power (1890-1917)Chapter 9, pg 248 - 279Tennessee StandardsUS.9 Describe the difference between “old” and “new” immigrants and analyze the assimilation process and consequences for the “new” immigrants and their impact on American society, including ethnic clusters, competition for jobs, rise of nativism, the work of Jane Addams, the documentation of living conditions by Jacob Riis, Chinese Exclusion Acts, and the Gentlemen’s Agreement.US.19 Analyze the significant progressive achievements during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt including the Square Deal, “trust-busting,” the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act, the Meat Inspection Act, and support for conservation.US.22 Assess the causes of American imperialism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, including the desire for raw materials and new markets, yellow journalism, and the desire to spread American democratic and moral ideals.US.23 Evaluate the arguments of interventionists and non-interventionists of the period, including Alfred T. Mahan, Senator Albert Beveridge, Mark Twain, and Theodore Roosevelt. US.24 Describe the consequences of American imperialism of the period, including the following events: annexation of Hawaii; Spanish-American War (Teller, Platt, and Foraker Acts); Philippine Insurrection Roosevelt Corollary; Panama CanalUS.25 Draw evidence from informational texts to compare and contrast Theodore Roosevelt’s Big Stick diplomacy, William Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy, and Woodrow Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy.Essential QuestionsHow and why did the United States take a more active role in world affairs?What were the causes and effects of the Spanish-American War?How did the United States extend it’s influence in Asia?What actions did the United States take to achieve its goals in Latin America?For most of its early history, America played a small role in world affairs.With leading spokesmen calling for the United States to join the ranks of world powers, the United States began to acquire influence and territories outside its continental borders.During the Age of Imperialism, from the mid-1800 through the early 1900s powerful nations engaged in a mad dash to extend their influence across mush of the world.Following the success of Europeans during the Age of Exploration, Japan and the United States began to consider the benefits of imperialism.Imperialism: political, military, and economic domination of strong nations over weaker territories.One reason for the rush to grab colonies was the desire for raw materials and natural resources.This was especially true for European nations and Japan.They sought colonies to provide tea, rubber, iron, oil, and other materials for their industries at home.These colonial economies were examples of extractive economies.Extractive economies: economy in a colony where the colonizing country removed raw materials and shipped them back home to benefit its own economy.Possession of colonies gave nations an edge in the competition for global resources.In contrast to other world powers, the United States was resource rich so it had fewer concerns about shortages of raw materials in the nineteenth century.The United States problem was a surplus of goods to sale. The booming US economy of the late 1800s was producing more goods than Americans could consume.To expand and protect their interests around the world, imperialist nations built up their military strength.Alfred T. Mahan, a military historian and an officer in the United States Navy, played a key role in transforming America into a navel power.Mahan urged American leaders to build a stronger navy and to obtain naval bases in Cuba, Hawaii, and the Philippines. He also argued that the United States should build a canal across Central America so its ships could move quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.American leaders eventually adopted all of Mahan’s ideas.By 1900, the United States had the 3rd largest navy in the world.Imperialists around the world used ideas of racial, national, and cultural superiority to justify imperialism.One of these ideas was Social Darwinism.Social Darwinists felt that certain races and nations were superior to others and therefore were destined to rule over inferior peoples and cultures.In The Significance of the Frontier in American History, historian Frederick Jackson Turner noted that the frontier had been closed by gradual settlement in the nineteenth century. Manifest Destiny: the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.Now that the continent was settled, it was natural for Americans to continue to look for areas to settle.In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry sailed a fleet of American warships into present day Tokyo Bay.Prior to Perry’s arrival, Japan had denied the rest of the world access to their ports. The Japanese people had never seen steam ships before, they thought the ships were “giant dragons puffing smoke”.Perry’s journey set the precedent for further expansion across the Pacific Ocean.In 1867, the United States took possession of the Midway Islands. Treaties in 1875 and 1887 increased trade with the Hawaiian Islands and gave the United States the right to build a naval base at Pearl Harbor.In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million. Journalists scoffed at this and referred to the purchase as “Seward Folly” and “Seward Icebox”Seward almost doubled the country’s size, and the “Icebox” to out to be rich in timber, oil, and other natural resources. Today, scholars see Seward’s purchase as a key milestone to America’s road to power.US businessmen saw Latin America as a natural place to expand their trade and investments.Secretary of State James Blaine helped them by sponsoring the First International Pan-American conference in 1889.The conference paved the way for the construction of the Pan-American highway system, which linked the United States to Central and South America.The Hawaiian Islands had been economically linked to the United States for almost a century.Missionary had established Christian churches and schools on the island. Americans also established sugar cane plantations.In the early 1890’s American planters in Hawaii faced two crises. First, a new US tariff law imposed duties on previous duty free sugar. This made Hawaiian sugar more expensive than sugar produced in the United States. Second, in 1891 King Kalakaua died, and his sister Liliuokalani came to power.Queen Liliuokalani resented the increasing power of the white planers who owned much of the Hawaiian land. With the backing of US officials, the American planters overthrew the Queen in 1893.The new government, led by wealthy planter Sanford B Dole, asked president Benjamin Harrison to annex Hawaii into the United States.In 1898 after the outbreak of the Spanish-American war, Congress proclaimed Hawaii as an official US territory.The Spanish American WarAt the end of the 19th century, Spain was an imperial nation in decline. American entrepreneurs had invested 50 million in sugar cane plantations and other ventures in Cuba.In 1895, Cuban patriot Jose Marti launched a war for independence from Spain.Spanish General Valeriano Weyler devised a plan to deprive the rebels off food and recruits. He herded the rural population into reconcentration camps, where tens of thousands died from disease and starvation.Also, the Cubans and Spanish destroyed American property. The brutality of Spanish tactics intensified American affection and sympathy for the rebels. Rival newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst heightened the publics dislike of the Spanish government.Their publications were called Yellow Press because they featured a popular comic strip character called The Yellow Kid.Yellow Press: newspapers that used sensational headlines and exaggerated stories in order to promote readership. Their stories exaggerated Spanish atrocities and compared the Cuban rebels to the patriots of the American Revolution.President McKinley warned the Spanish to quickly establish peace, or the United States would take whatever steps it “should deem necessary to procure this result”.The Spanish recalled General Weyler and offered the Cuban rebels some reforms. But the rebels insisted on independence, which Spain refused to grant.McKinley ordered the battleship Maine to Havana harbor to protect American citizens in Cuba. In 1898, the Journal published a letter written by Spain’s ambassador to Washington.The letter called McKinley a weak and stupid politician.This letter fueled American jingoism.Jingoism: aggressive nationalism.Soon after the Journal published the letter, the Maine exploded in Havana harbor.Of the 350 officers and crew on board at the time, 266 died.The Yellow Press promptly accused Spain of blowing up the battleship. President McKinley did not ask Congress to declare war just yet.Instead, he ordered a special naval board of inquiry to investigate the cause of the explosion.The board concluded that a mine had destroyed the battleship. Years later follow-up investigations raised doubts about the naval board’s findings. War fever gripped the nation.In response to American demands, Spain agreed to abolish the reconcentration camps and make other concessions. It was to little, too late.McKinley asked Congress to give him the authority to use force against Spain.Eight days later Congress passed four resolutions.The fourth one was The Teller Amendment. It stated that the United States had no intention of annexing Cuba.The navy quickly blocked Cuban ports and McKinley called for more than 100,000 volunteers to join the army.In response, Spain declared war.Americans responded enthusiastically to the war. About 200,000 men enlisted in the army.In early May, as the United States army prepared to attack, Americans heard news of a great naval victory. Surprisingly, this was not in Cuba.On May 1st, 1898, Commodore George Dewey steamed his squadron of vessels into Manila Bay, in the Spanish held Philippines. The Americans completely surprised the Spanish fleet. Dewey watched his fleet quickly destroy the Spanish force. No Americans were killed, over 400 Spanish sailors lost their lives.While Dewey was winning over the Spanish navy, Filipino nationalist led by Emilio Aguinaldo were defeating the Spanish army.Like the Cubans, the Filipinos were fighting for independence from Spain.In August 15,000 American troops landed and the Spanish troops surrendered.In June 1898, American troops landed in Cuba.U.S. Marines captured Guantanamo Bay, and a force of 17,000 soldiers under U.S. Army General William Shafter stormed ashore east of Santiago.The troops were poorly trained and supplied. They were issued obsolete weapons and heavy wool uniforms that were unsuitable for Cuba’s tropical climate. They were also provided rotting and contaminated food.The Rough Riders was a cavalry unit that was organized and commanded by future President Theodore Roosevelt.The Rough Riders consisted of rugged westerners and upper-class easterners who relished what TR called the “strenuous life”.The Rough Riders gained fame for the role they played in the battles for Kettle and San Juan Hills outside Santiago.Two days after the battle of San Juan Hill, the Spanish navy made a desperate attempt to escape from Santiago’s harbor.The U.S. forces, which had blockaded the harbor, destroyed the Spanish fleet as it tried to break out.Surrounded, outnumbered, and dispirited, Spanish forces in Santiago surrendered.Although almost 3,000 Americans died, only 380 died in combat.Signed by Spain and the United States in December 1898, the Treaty of Paris officially ended the war.Spain gave up control of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Pacific island of Guam. It also sold the Philippines to the United States for $20 million.The Teller Amendment, passed by Congress, prevented the United States from taking possession of Cuba.President McKinley believed that the United States had a responsibility to the people of the Philippines. He said in a interview in 1899 that American had to “take them all, and to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and civilize….them”.McKinley’s imperialist supporters argued that the United States had a responsibility to govern the Filipinos.They also noted that it was a valuable stepping stone to trade in China. Also that if the United States gave up control some other nation would step in and take control.As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States had an empire and a new stature in world affairs. Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. RuleThe Filipino nationalist leader Emilio Aguinaldo had thought that the United States was an ally in the Filipino struggle for independence.After the United States decided to maintain control of the Philippines, he grew disillusioned with America.Aguinaldo helped to organize an insurrection against United States rule.Insurrection: rebellionOutgunned by American troops, Filipino insurgents relied on guerrilla warfare.Guerrilla warfare: form of non-traditional warfare generally involving hit-and-run attacks by small bands of fighters.The American military used many of the same tactics the Spanish had used to crush the rebellion. In the spring of 1901, the Americans captured Aguinaldo. While his capture did not immediately end the fighting, it did mark the beginning of the end of the insurrection. The fighting in the Philippines took more lives than the Spanish-American War. Nearly 5,000 Americans died and 200,000 Filipinos died in the fighting.In 1901, William Howard Taft became governor of the Philippines.Taft had large ambitions for helping the islands recover from the rebellion.Taft censored the press and placed dissidents in jail to maintain order and to win the support of the Filipino people. He also ordered the construction of schools, roads, and bridges.In 1916, Congress passed the Jones Act, which pledged that the Philippines would ultimately gain their independence. Thirty years later, after United States forces liberated the islands from the Japanese occupation at the end of World War II, the Philippines finally became an independent nation.In 1899, China had fallen into political, economic, and military disarray.Its huge population was a tempting target for other nations’ imported goods.Rather than compete for Chinese trade, Britain, France, Germany, and Russia carved China into distinct spheres of influence.Sphere of Influence: a region dominated and controlled by an outside power.Within its zone, each power had privileged access to Chinese ports and markets.Since the United States did not have a zone, the system of special privileges threatened to limit American trade in China. In order to overcome these barriers, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay issued the first of a series of notes to foreign diplomats in 1899. He notified leaders of imperialist nations that the United States expected “perfect equality of treatment for commerce” in China.In response to the growing influence of outsiders in their country, some Chinese joined secret societies.One society, the Righteous and Harmonious Fists, won the nickname “Boxers” from Europeans because its members trained in martial arts.The secret societies condemned western values and converts to Christianity. In May 1900, the Boxers killed foreign missionaries and besieged the foreign diplomats district in Beijing.A multinational force of American, European, and Japanese troops was sent to the Chinese capital to quash the Boxer Rebellion.Boxer Rebellion: violence started by members of a secret society in China, which prompted the governments of Europe and America to send troops to quash the rebellion.As the Boxer Rebellion engulfed China, Secretary of State Hay reasserted America’s Open Door Policy.Open Door Policy: American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there.In 1905, representatives from Russia and Japan met in Portsmouth, New Hampshire to negotiate an end to the Russo-Japanese War.When the talks stalled, President Roosevelt stepped in and convinced the two sides to sign a peace treaty.For his efforts, Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This prominently displayed America’s growing role in world affairs.Despite Roosevelt’s achievement, America entered troubled waters in its relations with Japan.There was a growing anti-Asian sentiment on the West coast.In the fall of 1906, the San Francisco School Board banned Japanese, Chinese, and Korean children from attending public schools.This incident drew Japan’s immediate wrath.Roosevelt disapproved of the school board’s policy. He understood Japan’s anger with America.To calm tensions, he negotiated a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” with Japan.Gentlemen’s Agreement: a pact with Japan to end the segregation of Asian children in San Francisco public schools. In return, Japan agreed to limit the immigration of its citizens to the United States.While Roosevelt used diplomacy to ease tensions with Japan, he also promoted military preparedness to protect U.S. interests in Asia.Expressing concerns about Japan’s territorial expansion, the President won support for a new force of navy ships known as the Great White Fleet.In 1907, Roosevelt sent this armada of 16 white battleships on a “good will cruise” around the world. This demonstrated America’s increased military power to the world.The United States and Latin AmericaAmerica’s victory over Spain liberated the Puerto Rican and Cuban people from Spanish rule.As the smoke cleared from the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico remained under direct U.S. military rule.In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act.Foraker Act: law establishing a civil government in Puerto Rico.The act authorized the American president to appoint a governor and part of the Puerto Rican legislature. Puerto Rico could still fill the rest of the legislature in a general election.The question of whether Puerto Ricans could enjoy citizenship rights in the United States remained unclear.In a series of court cases it was ruled that the United States could assess taxes, but the Puerto Ricans did not enjoy the same rights as Americans.Although the Treaty of Paris gave Cuba independence, the United States Army did not leave the island until 1902.Before the army left, the United States Congress obliged Cuba to add the Platt Amendment to it’s constitution. Platt Amendment: set the conditions under which Cuba was granted independence in 1902, including restrictions on rights of Cubans and granting the United States the “right to intervene” to preserve order in Cuba.Many Cubans did not like the idea of the Platt Amendment, but they realized that was the only way to get the United States Army to leave. Theodore Roosevelt promoted a new kind of diplomacy based on America's success in the Spanish-American War.Beyond determining what would happen in Puerto Rico and Cuba, Roosevelt developed a broader policy for U.S. action in Latin America.Historians have called this Roosevelt’s “big stick” diplomacy. “big stick” diplomacy: Roosevelts policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America’s goals.Although the plan to dig a canal across Central America did not originate with Roosevelt, he played a key role in it’s history.In the late 1800s, a French company had tried to link the Atlantic to the Pacific across the Isthmus of Panama but failed.In 1903, the United States government bought the route for $40 million.Before the United States could build the canal, it needed to get the consent of the Colombian government. Panama was part of independent Colombia.The negotiations stalled when Colombia demanded more than the United States was willing to pay.So Roosevelt stepped in. The President sent U.S. warships to the water off Panama to support a Panamanian rebellion against Colombia.The appearance of U.S. warships convinced the Colombians not to suppress the rebellion. As a result, Panama soon declared independence from Colombia. The new nation immediately granted the United States control over the “canal zone”.More than 35,000 workers helped dig the Panama Canal, often in very difficult conditions. More than 5,000 workers died from disease or accidents during the construction. Finished in 1914, it cut some 8,000 miles off the trip from the west coast to the east coast of the United States. a principle of US policy, originated by President James Monroe in 1823, that any intervention by external powers in the politics of the Americas is a potentially hostile act against the US.In the early 1900s, the inability of Latin American nations to pay their debts to foreign investors raised the possibility of European intervention.The President’s Roosevelt Corollary updated the Monroe Doctrine for an age of economic imperialism.Roosevelt Corollary: President Roosevelt’s reassertion of the Monroe Doctrine to keep the Western Hemisphere free from intervention by foreign powers.The United States would step in and assume the role of police power, restoring order in the case of any “chronic wrongdoing” by a Latin American nation.Many Latin American nations resented America’s role as the hemisphere’s police force, they believed they could handle the problems on their own. Roosevelt handpicked William Howard Taft to succeed him in 1908Taft shared Roosevelt’s basic foreign policy objectives.Taft hoped to achieve these goals relying less on “big stick” diplomacy and more on “dollar diplomacy”.Dollar diplomacy: President Taft’s policy of expanding American investments abroad.Taft said that he looked to substitute dollars for bullets.This encouraged American businesses to invest money in Latin American countries.Wilson Pursues Moral DiplomacyDuring the 1912 election presidential election campaign, Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson criticized for foreign policies of Roosevelt and Taft. After his successful election, Wilson appointed anti-imperialist William Jennings Bryan as Secretary of State, which sent a strong message to the American people.The new president was going to take the U.S. foreign policy in a new direction.Wilson promised that the United States would “never again seek one additional foot of territory by conquest” but would instead work to promote ”human rights, national integrity, and opportunity”.Wilson called this “moral diplomacy”Moral Diplomacy: Wilson’s statement that the U.S. would not use force to assert influence in the world, but would instead work to promote human rights.In spite of his “moral diplomacy” Wilson used the military on a number of occasions to guide Latin Americans in the direction the he thought proper.In 1914, Wilson used the Mexican arrest of American sailors as an opportunity to help Venustiano Carranza to attain power in Mexico.The new government in Mexico was slow to bring about reforms and soon saw the rise of rebels under the leadership of Francisco Poncho Villa.For a while, President Wilson courted Villa, but after America pulled support Villa crossed into New Mexico and attacked the city of Columbus. The raid killed 18 American,President Wilson responded by sending General John J Pershing and more than 10,000 troops to hunt Villa down.Pershing chased him for several months but failed to capture the rebel leader. Wilson withdrew U.S. forces from Mexico because of concerns about World War I that was raging across Europe. ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download