Ultra wideband regulations in the United States



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ULTRA-WIDEBAND REGULATIONS[1]

IN THE UNITED STATES

Presented by Marcus Wolf

Summary

Following in narrative form are the ultra-wideband (UWB) regulations that were adopted in the United States of America in February 2002, and refined in 2003.

Introduction

Following in narrative form are the ultra-wideband (UWB) regulations that were adopted in the United States of America in February 2002, and refined in 2003.

Definitions

(a) UWB Bandwidth. The UWB bandwidth is the frequency band bounded by the points that are 10 dB below the highest radiated emission, as based on the complete transmission system including the antenna. The upper boundary is designated fH and the lower boundary is designated fL. The frequency at which the highest radiated emission occurs is designated fM.

(b) Center frequency. The center frequency, fC, equals (fM + fL)/2.

(c) Fractional bandwidth. The fractional bandwidth equals 2(fM - fL)/ (fM + fL).

(d) Ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitter. An intentional radiator that, at any point in time, has a fractional bandwidth equal to or greater than 0.20 or has a UWB bandwidth equal to or greater than 500 MHz, regardless of the fractional bandwidth.

(e) Imaging system. A general category consisting of ground penetrating radar systems, medical imaging systems, wall imaging systems, through-wall imaging systems and surveillance systems. Imaging systems do not include systems designed to detect the location of tags or systems used to transfer voice or data information.

(f) Ground penetrating radar (GPR) system. A field disturbance sensor that is designed to operate only when in contact with, or within one meter of, the ground for the purpose of detecting or obtaining the images of buried objects or determining the physical properties within the ground. The energy from the GPR is intentionally directed down into the ground for this purpose.

(g) Medical imaging system. A field disturbance sensor that is designed to detect the location or movement of objects within the body of a person or animal.

(h) Wall imaging system. A field disturbance sensor that is designed to detect the location of objects contained within a “wall” or to determine the physical properties within the “wall.” The “wall” is a concrete structure, the side of a bridge, the wall of a mine or another physical structure that is dense enough and thick enough to absorb the majority of the signal transmitted by the imaging system. This category of equipment does not include products such as “stud locators” that are designed to locate objects behind gypsum, plaster or similar walls that are not capable of absorbing the transmitted signal.

(i) Through-wall imaging system. A field disturbance sensor that is designed to detect the location or movement of persons or objects that are located on the other side of an opaque structure such as a wall or a ceiling. This category of equipment may include products such as “stud locators” that are designed to locate objects behind gypsum, plaster or similar walls that are not thick enough or dense enough to absorb the transmitted signal.

(j) Surveillance system. A field disturbance sensor used to establish a stationary RF perimeter field that is used for security purposes to detect the intrusion of persons or objects.

(k) e.i.r.p.. Equivalent isotropically radiated power, i.e., the product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna. The e.i.r.p., in terms of dBm, can be converted to field strength, in dBuV/m at 3 meters, by adding 95.2. E.i.r.p. refers to the highest signal strength measured in any direction and at any frequency from the UWB device.

(l) Law enforcement, fire and emergency rescue organizations. This refers to those parties eligible to obtain a license from the FCC for these purposes.

(m) Hand-held. A hand-held device is a portable device, such as a laptop computer or a personal digital assistant (PDA) that is primarily hand-held while being operated and that does not employ a fixed infrastructure.

Technical requirements applicable to all UWB devices

• UWB devices may not be employed for the operation of toys, or onboard an aircraft, a ship or a satellite.

• Emissions from digital circuitry used to enable the operation of the UWB transmitter shall comply with the radiated emission limits of Table 2 (9 kHz – 960 MHz) and of a field strength of 500 μV/m at a measurement distance of 3 meters (above 960 MHz).

• Radiated emission levels at and below 960 MHz are based on measurements employing a CISPR quasi-peak detector. Radiated emission levels above 960 MHz are based on RMS average measurements using a spectrum analyzer with a resolution bandwidth of 1 MHz and an averaging time of 1 millisecond or less. If pulse gating is employed where the transmitter is quiescent for intervals that are long compared to the nominal pulse repetition interval, measurements shall be made with the pulse train gated on.

• The frequency at which the highest radiated emission occurs, fM, must be contained within the UWB bandwidth.

• When a peak measurement is required, it is acceptable to use a resolution bandwidth other than 50 MHz. This resolution bandwidth shall not be lower than 1 MHz or greater than 50 MHz, and the measurement shall be centered on fM. If a resolution bandwidth other than 50 MHz is employed, the peak e.i.r.p. limit shall be 20 log (RBW/50) dBm where RBW is the resolution bandwidth in megahertz that is employed. This may be converted to a peak field strength level at 3 meters.

Coordination requirements

UWB imaging systems require coordination through spectrum managers before the equipment may be used. The operator shall comply with any constraints on equipment usage resulting from this coordination. The coordination report shall identify those geographical areas within which the operation of an imaging system requires additional coordination or within which the operation of an imaging system is prohibited.

Technical requirements

(NOTES – Unless otherwise specified, frequency is in MHz, and the e.i.r.p. is in dBm.)

A GPR that is designed to be operated while being hand-held and a wall imaging system shall contain a manually operated switch that causes the transmitter to cease operation within 10 seconds of being released by the operator. In lieu of a switch located on the imaging system, it is permissible to operate an imaging system by remote control provided the imaging system ceases transmission within 10 seconds of the remote switch being released by the operator.

For UWB devices where the frequency fM, is above 960 MHz, there is a limit of 0 dBm e.i.r.p. on the peak level of the emissions contained within a 50 MHz bandwidth centered on fM.

|Outdoor, Hand-Held|The UWB bandwidth of an |UWB devices are relatively |Frequency |Frequency |

|Communication |outdoor, hand-held device |small and primarily hand-held|e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

|Systems |must be contained between |while being operated, and do |-75.3 |1164-1240 |

| |3100 MHz and 10600 MHz. |not employ a fixed |-63.3 |-85.3 |

|(FIGURE 8) | |infrastructure. |-61.3 |1559-1610 |

| | | |3100-10600 -41.3 |-85.3 |

| | | |Above 10600 -61.3 | |

|Indoor |The UWB bandwidth of a |Operation is limited to UWB |Frequency |Frequency |

|Communication |indoor UWB system must be |transmitters employed solely |e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

|Systems |contained between 3100 MHz|for indoor operation. |-75.3 |1164-1240 |

| |and 10600 MHz. | |-53.3 |-85.3 |

| | | |-51.3 |1559-1610 |

|(FIGURE 7) | | |3100-10600 -41.3 |-85.3 |

| | | |Above 10600 -51.3 | |

|Vehicular Radar |The UWB bandwidth shall be|Operation is limited to UWB |Frequency |Frequency |

|Systems |contained between 22 GHz |field disturbance sensors |e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

| |and 29 GHz. The center |mounted in terrestrial |-75.3 |1164-1240 |

| |frequency and the |transportation vehicles. |1610-22000 -61.3|-85.3 |

| |frequency at which the |These devices shall operate |22000-29000 -41.3|1559-1610 |

|(FIGURE 6) |highest level emission |only when the vehicle engine |29000-31000 -51.3|-85.3 |

| |occurs must be greater |is running. |Above 31000 -61.3| |

| |than 24.075 GHz. | | | |

|Medical Imaging |The UWB bandwidth of a |Operation is limited to |Frequency |Frequency |

|Systems |medical imaging system |medical imaging systems used |e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

| |must be contained between |at the direction of, or under|-65.3 |1164-1240 |

| |3100 MHz and 10600 MHz. |the supervision of, a |-53.3 |-75.3 |

| | |licensed health care |-51.3 |1559-1610 |

|(FIGURE 5) | |practitioner. The operation |3100-10600 -41.3|-75.3 |

| | |of medical imaging systems |Above 10600 -51.3| |

| | |requires coordination. | | |

|Surveillance |The UWB bandwidth of a |Operation is limited to fixed|Frequency |Frequency |

|Systems |surveillance imaging |surveillance systems operated|e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

| |system must be contained |by law enforcement, fire or |960-1610 |1164-1240 |

| |between 1990 MHz and 10600|emergency rescue |-53.3 |-63.3 |

| |MHz. |organizations or by |1610-1990 |1559-1610 |

|(FIGURE 4) | |manufacturer licensees, |-51.3 |-63.3 |

| | |petroleum licensees or power |1990-10600 | |

| | |licensees. |-41.3 | |

| | | |Above 10600 | |

| | | |-51.3 | |

|Through-Wall |For equipment operating |This equipment may be |Frequency |Frequency |

|Imaging Systems |with center frequency, fc,|operated only for law |e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

|(2) |and fm between 1990 MHz |enforcement applications, |960-1610 -46.3 |1164-1240 |

| |and 10600 MHz. |providing emergency services,|1610-1990 -41.3 |-56.3 |

| | |and necessary training |Above 1990 -51.3 |1559-1610 |

|(FIGURE 3) | |operations. | |-56.3 |

|Through-Wall |Through-wall imaging |Operation is limited to |Frequency |Frequency |

|Imaging Systems |systems with the UWB |through-wall imaging systems |e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

|(1) |bandwidth below 960 MHz. |operated by law enforcement, |960-1610 -65.3|1164-1240 |

| | |emergency rescue or |1610-1990 -53.3|-75.3 |

| | |firefighting organizations |Above 1990 -51.3|1559-1610 |

|(FIGURE 2) | |that are under the authority | |-75.3 |

| | |of a local or state | | |

| | |government. | | |

|Ground Penetrating|The UWB bandwidth of an |Operation is limited to |Frequency |Frequency |

|Radars (GPR) and |imaging system must be |purposes associated with law |e.i.r.p. |e.i.r.p. |

|Wall Imaging |below 10.6 GHz. |enforcement, fire fighting, |960-1610 |1164-1240 |

|Systems * | |emergency rescue, scientific |-65.3 |-75.3 |

|(FIGURE 1) | |research, commercial mining, |1610-1990 |1559-1610 |

| | |or construction. |-53.3 |-75.3 |

| | | |1990-3100 | |

| | | |-51.3 | |

| | | |3100-10600 | |

| | | |-41.3 | |

| | | |Above 10600 -51.3| |

| |Operating Bands |Limitations of Service |Radiated Emission |Limits for |

| | | |Limits of |Resolution |

| | | |Resolution |Bandwidth of no|

| | | |Bandwidth of 1 MHz |less than 1 kHz|

|Measurement |300 |30 |30 |3 |3 |3 |

|Distance | | | | | | |

|(m) | | | | | | |

|Field |2400 |24000|30 |100 |150 |200 |

|Strength |/ F |/ F | | | | |

|(μV/m) |(kHz)|(kHz)| | | | |

|Frequency |0.009|0.490|1.705|30.00|88.00|216.0|

|(MHz) |-0.49|-1.70|-30.0|0-88.|0-216|00-96|

| |0 |5 |00 |000 |.000 |0.000|

GPR & WALL IMAGING SYSTEMS*

[pic]

*OPERATION IS LIMITED TO LAW ENFORCEMENT, FIRE AND RESCUE ORGANIZATIONS, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, COMMERCIAL MINING COMPANIES, AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES.

FIGURE 1

THROUGH-WALL IMAGING SYSTEMS (1)*

[pic]

*OPERATION IS LIMITED TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND FIRE AND RESCUE ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF A LOCAL OR STATE GOVERNMENT.

FIGURE 2

THROUGH-WALL IMAGING SYSTEMS (2)*

[pic]

*OPERATION IS LIMITED TO LAW ENFORCEMENT AND FIRE AND RESCUE ORGANIZATIONS THAT ARE UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF A LOCAL OR STATE GOVERNMENT.

FIGURE 3

SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS*

[pic]

*SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS MAY BE OPERATED BY LAW ENFORCEMENT, FIRE OR EMERGENCY RESCUE ORGANIZATIONS OR BY MANUFACTURERS LICENSEES, PERTROLEUM LICENSEES OR POWER LICENSEES.

FIGURE 4

MEDICAL IMAGING SYSTEMS*

[pic]

*OPERATION IS LIMITED TO LAW ENFORCEMENT, FIRE AND RESCUE ORGANIZATIONS, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS, COMMERCIAL MINING COMPANIES, LICENSED HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS, AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES.

FIGURE 5

VEHICULAR RADAR SYSTEMS

[pic]

FIGURE 6

INDOOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS*

[pic]

*EQUIPMENT MUST BE DESIGNED TO ENSURE THAT OPERATION CAN ONLY OCCUR INDOORS OR IT MUST CONSIST OF HAND-HELD DEVICES THAT MAY BE EMPLOYED FOR SUCH ACTIVITIES AS PEER-TO-PEER OPERATION.

FIGURE 7

OUTDOOR, HAND-HELD COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS*

[pic][pic][pic]

*EQUIPMENT MUST BE HAND-HELD.

FIGURE 8

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[1] Title 47 United States Code – Telecommunications, Part 15, Subpart F – Ultra-Wideband Operation



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International Civil Aviation Organization

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Bangkok, Thailand, 21-25 February 2005.

RPG/ACP/NSP WP-07

*See Table 2 for emission limits applicable to UWB Ground-Penetrating Radar and Wall-Imaging Systems in the frequency range 9 kHz – 960 MHz.

UWB TECHNICAL SUMMARY TABLE

TABLE 1.

EMISSION LIMITS APPLICABLE TO UWB GROUND-PENETRATING RADAR AND WALL-IMAGING RADAR (BASED ON CISPR QUASI-PEAK-DETECTION) FROM 9 KHZ TO 960 MHZ.

TABLE 2.

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