UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF …

Case 1:19-cv-09236-KPF Document 154 Filed 11/05/20 Page 1 of 102

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK

In re Tether and Bitfinex Crypto Asset Litigation

Case No. 19-cv-09236 (KPF)

PLAINTIFFS' CONSOLIDATED MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN OPPOSITION TO THE DEFENDANTS' MOTIONS TO DISMISS

Philippe Z. Selendy Caitlin Halligan Andrew R. Dunlap SELENDY & GAY PLLC 1290 Sixth Avenue New York, NY 10104 pselendy@ challigan@ adunlap@

Todd M. Schneider (pro hac vice) Jason H. Kim (pro hac vice) Matthew S. Weiler (pro hac vice) Kyle G. Bates (pro hac vice) SCHNEIDER WALLACE COTTRELL

KONECKY LLP 2000 Powell Street, Suite 1400 Emeryville, CA 94608 tschneider@ jkim@ mweiler@ kbates@

Kyle W. Roche Edward Normand Velvel Freedman (pro hac vice) Joseph M. Delich ROCHE CYRULNIK FREEDMAN LLP 90 Park Avenue, 19th Floor New York, NY 10016 kyle@ tnormand@ vel@ jdelich@

Interim Lead Counsel and Attorneys for the Plaintiffs and the Proposed Class

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages

PRELIMINARY STATEMENT .....................................................................................................1 BACKGROUND .............................................................................................................................4

A. Defendants Lie To The Markets About USDT........................................................4 1. Expert Analysis Shows That Tether Did Not Issue USDT Only In Response To Legitimate Customer Demand ...............................................5 2. Tether's Banking History Shows That USDT Was Not Fully Backed By U.S. Dollars ...............................................................................7 3. Tether's Strategically Timed "Burning" Of Over A Billion USDT Shows That USDT Was Not Fully Backed By U.S. Dollars .......................8

B. Defendants Use Debased USDT To Manipulate The Crypto-Commodity Market ......................................................................................................................9

ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................................11 I. PLAINTIFFS STATE VIABLE ANTITRUST CLAIMS .................................................12

A. Plaintiffs Have Antitrust Standing Because They Transacted In A Market Subject To Price Manipulation ..............................................................................12

B. Plaintiffs State Viable Section 2 Claims ................................................................14 1. The Bitfinex/Tether Defendants Have Monopoly Power Because They Directly Controlled Crypto-Commodity Prices................................14 2. The Bitfinex/Tether Defendants' Manipulation Of CryptoCommodity Prices Was Anticompetitive...................................................17 3. Defendants Conspired To Monopolize The Crypto-Commodities Market ........................................................................................................18 4. Alternatively, Defendants Attempted To Monopolize The CryptoCommodity Market ....................................................................................19

C. Plaintiffs State Viable Section 1 Claims ................................................................19 1. Defendants Conspired To Inflate Crypto-Commodity Prices....................20 2. Defendants' Conduct Unreasonably Restrained Trade..............................25

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II. PLAINTIFFS STATE VIABLE COMMODITIES EXCHANGE ACT CLAIMS ...........25 A. Plaintiffs Have CEA Standing ...............................................................................25 B. Plaintiffs State A Viable Price Manipulation Claim..............................................28 C. Plaintiffs State A Viable Manipulative Device Claim ...........................................33 D. Plaintiffs State Viable Aiding and Abetting Claims ..............................................35 E. Plaintiffs State Viable Principal/Agent Liability Claims.......................................36 F. Plaintiffs' CEA Claims Against The Exchange Defendants Are Timely ..............38

III. PLAINTIFFS STATE VIABLE RICO CLAIMS..............................................................41 A. The RICO Defendants' Predicate Acts Proximately Caused Plaintiffs' RICO Injury Under ? 1962(c)................................................................................42 1. The RICO Defendants' Sales of Unbacked USDT Injured Plaintiffs Directly By Causing Crypto-Commodity Price Inflation ..........................43 2. The Continued Inflation of Crypto-commodity Prices After The RICO Defendants' USDT Sales was a Direct and Foreseeable Result of The RICO Defendants' Conduct ................................................47 B. If The RICO Defendants Did Not Cause Plaintiffs' Injury in Violating ? 1962(c), Then The Bitfinex/Tether Defendants Necessarily Caused The Injury In Violating ? 1962(a) .................................................................................51 C. Plaintiffs Have Properly Pled The Commission Of Two Or More Predicate Acts Against Each RICO Defendant .....................................................................54 1. Wire Fraud .................................................................................................54 2. Money Laundering.....................................................................................55 3. Operation Of Unlicensed Money Transmitting Businesses.......................57 4. Bank Fraud.................................................................................................59 D. The Complaint Properly Pleads A RICO Claim Against Fowler And Potter........62 E. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege A RICO Conspiracy Against All Defendants .........64

IV. PLAINTIFFS STATE VIABLE STATE-LAW CLAIMS ................................................66 A. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege Common-Law Fraud ...............................................66

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1. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege Reliance.......................................................66 2. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege Causation.....................................................68 3. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege Damages ......................................................69 4. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege Potter's Participation in the Fraud...............69 B. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege A GBL ? 349 Claim ................................................71 1. Plaintiffs Allege Consumer-Oriented Misconduct.....................................71 2. Plaintiffs Adequately Allege Causation Because The Deceptive

Scheme Targeted Consumers.....................................................................73 V. THIS COURT HAS PERSONAL JURISDICTION OVER FOWLER ............................75

A. The Court Has Personal Jurisdiction Over Fowler Under the CEA ......................76 B. The Court Has Personal Jurisdiction Over Fowler Under The RICO

Statute ....................................................................................................................76 C. The Court Has Personal Jurisdiction Over Fowler Under The CPLR ...................78

1. Plaintiffs Allege That Fowler Transacted Business In New York.............78 2. Plaintiffs' Claims Arise From Fowler's Business Activity In New

York ...........................................................................................................81 D. The Court Has Personal Jurisdiction Over Fowler As A Co-Conspirator .............82 E. Personal Jurisdiction Over Fowler Comports With Due Process ..........................83 CONCLUSION ..............................................................................................................................84

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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES

Pages

Cases

7 West 57th Street Realty Company, LLC v. Citigroup, Inc., 771 Fed. App'x 498 (2d Cir. 2019)................................................................................... 45

Abraham v. American Home Mortgage Servicing, Inc., 947 F.Supp.2d 222 (E.D.N.Y. 2013) ................................................................................ 73

AD/SAT, Div. of Skylight, Inc. v. Associated Press, 181 F.3d 216 (2d Cir. 1999)........................................................................................ 16, 19

Al Rushaid v. Pictet & Cie, 28 N.Y.3d 316 (2016) ................................................................................................. 81, 82

Allied Tube & Conduit Corp. v. Indian Head, Inc., 486 U.S. 492 (1988).......................................................................................................... 17

Almanza v. United Airlines, Inc., 851 F.3d 1060 (11th Cir. 2017) ........................................................................................ 64

AmTrust Fin. Servs., Inc. v. Lacchini, 260 F. Supp. 3d 316 (S.D.N.Y. 2017)......................................................................... 75, 76

Anderson News, L.L.C. v. Am. Media, Inc., 680 F.3d 162 (2d Cir. 2012)........................................................................................ 20, 22

Anderson v. Indiana Black Expo, Inc., 81 F. Supp. 2d 494 (S.D.N.Y. 2000)................................................................................. 81

Anza v. Ideal Steel Corporation, 547 U.S. 451 (2006).......................................................................................................... 47

Aquino v. Trupin, 833 F. Supp. 336 (S.D.N.Y. 1993).................................................................................... 61

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009).......................................................................................................... 11

ATSI Commc'ns, Inc. v. Shaar Fund, Ltd., 493 F.3d 87 (2d Cir. 2007)................................................................................................ 33

Bank of China v. NBM LLC, 359 F.3d 171 (2d Cir. 2004).............................................................................................. 61

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