106 AVIATION ORDNANCE FUNDAMENTALS
106. AVIATION ORDNANCE FUNDAMENTALS
References:
[a] NAVSEA OP 5, Seventh Revision, Shore Facilities
[b] NAVSEA OP 4, Sixth Revision, Ammunition Afloat
[c] OPNAVINST 8000.16A, Naval Ordnance Maintenance Management Program
(NOMMP), Vol. 2
[d] NAVEDTRA 14313, Aviation Ordnanceman
[e] NAVAIR 00-80R-14, NATOPS U.S. Navy Aircraft Firefighting and Rescue Manual
[f] OPNAVINST 8000.16A, Naval Ordnance Maintenance Management Program
(NOMMP), Vol. 1
.1 Discuss the different classes of explosives. [ref. a]
* Read 6 type of Class 1
Hazard Classes, Divisions and Associated Hazards
DIVISION DESIGNATOR TYPE OF HAZARD
Class 1. Ammunition and Explosives, DOT Classes A, B and C; Blasting Agents.
1 Mass detonating
2 Non-mass detonating - fragment producing
3 Mass fire, minor blast or fragment
4 Moderate fire, no significant blast or hazard
5 Very insensitive substance (with a mass explosion hazard)
6 Extremely insensitive detonating article
Class 2. * Compressed Gases, Flammable and Nonflammable; Poison Gases (Poison A)
1 Flammable gas
2 Non-flammable, non-poisonous compressed gas
3 Poisonous gas
Class 3. Flammable and Combustible Materials.
Class 4. Flammable Solids or Substances
1 Flammable Solid
2 Spontaneously combustible material
3 Dangerous when wet material
Class 5. Oxidizing Materials
1 Oxidizer
2 Organic peroxide
Class 6. Poisonous Substances(Poison B);Irritating Materials;Etiological Agents
1 Poisonous materials
2 Infectious substances
Class 7. Radioactive Materials.
Class 8. Corrosive Materials.
Class 9. Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials.
.2 Discuss ammunition compatibility as it pertains to ordnance stowage. [ref. b, ch. 3]
* Stowage compatibility groups are defined in 49 CFR 173.52 and NAVSEA SW020-AC-SAF-010, and are summarized as follows:
a. Group A. Primary explosive substance. Examples are lead azide, lead styphnate, mercury fulminate, tetracene, dry RDX, and dry PETN.
NOTE: Group A materiels are prohibited aboard combatant ships.
b. Group B. Article containing a primary explosive substance and not containing two or more effective protective features. Some articles, such as detonators for blasting, detonator assemblies for blasting and primers, cap-type, are included, even though they do not contain primary explosives. Examples are detonators, blasting caps, small arms primers, and fuzes without two or more safety features.
c. Group C. Propellant explosive substance or other deflagrating explosive substance or article containing such explosive substance. Example are single-, double-, triple-based and composite propellants, rocket motors (solid propellant), and ammunition with inert projectiles.
d. Group D. Secondary detonating explosive substance or black powder or article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance, in each case without means of initiation and without a propelling charge, or article containing a primary explosive substance and containing two or more effective protective features. Examples are bulk TNT, Composition B, wet RDX, bombs, projectiles, warheads, or fuzes with two or more safety features.
NOTE: Where sufficient stowage space is available, it is desirable to store bulk high explosives (HE) separately from ammunition containing HE even though they are both in the same compatibility group.
e. Group E. Article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance, without means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid gel or hypergolic liquid). Examples are artillery ammunition, rockets, or guided missiles.
f. Group F. Article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance with its means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid gel or hypergolic liquid) or without a propelling charge. An example is a grenade.
g. Group G. Pyrotechnic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic substance, or article containing both an explosive substance and an illuminating, incendiary, tear-producing or smokeproducing substance (other than a water-activated article or one containing white phosphorus (WP), phosphide or flammable liquid or gel or hypergolic liquid). Examples are flares, signals, incendiary or illuminating ammunition, and other smoke and tear producing devices.
h. Group H. Article containing both an explosive substance and WP.
i. Group J. Article containing both an explosive substance and a flammable liquid or gel. Examples are liquid or gel filled incendiary ammunition, fuel-air explosive (FAE) devices, and flammable liquid fueled missiles.
j. Group K. Article containing both an explosive substance and a toxic chemical agent. Examples are artillery or mortar ammunition, fuzed or unfuzed grenades, and rockets or bombs filled with a lethal or incapacitating chemical agent.
k. Group L. Explosive substance or article containing an explosive substance and presenting a special risk needing isolation of each type. Examples are prepackaged hypergolic liquid-fueled rocket engines, triethyl pyrophoric aluminum (TPA) [thickened triethyl aluminum (TEA)], and damaged or suspect ammunition of any group
l. Group N. Articles containing only extremely insensitive detonating substances. Examples are bombs and warheads.
m. Group S. Substance or article so packed or designed that any hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning are confined within the package. That is unless the package has been degraded by fire, in which case all blast or projection effects are limited to the extent that they do not significantly hinder or prohibit firefighting or other emergency response efforts in the immediate vicinity of the package. Examples are explosive switches or valves.
* CRITERIA FOR COMPATIBILITY: NOSSA (N7) is responsible for designating the stowage compatibility of ammunition and explosives. Compatibility requirements are divided into three categories: combatant ships, CLF and cargo ships, and AW ships. Compatibility for each category is based on different stowage criteria.
* Ammunition and Explosives Stowage Compatibility Chart for Combatant Ships: Table 3-1 details the specific permissible ammunition stowage compatibility aboard combatant ships. For the purpose of this table, all hazard class 1.4 items of any compatibility group can be considered as compatibility group S item. Ordnance items of hazard classes 2 through 9 having a stowage compatibility group may also be stowed as a compatibility group S item. This table uses the ammunition compatibility groups. Table 3-1. Ammunition and Explosives Stowage Compatibility Chart for Combatant Ships (An “X” indicates permissible stowage. A number indicates permissible stowage with some restrictions, shown in notes below.)
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NOTES:
1. Explosives in Compatibility Group L may only be stowed in the same compartment or magazine with identical explosives within Compatibility Group L.
2. Compatibility Group J missile systems or rocket motors only. Compatibility Group J incendiary weapons are prohibited.
3. Commercial fireworks are forbidden aboard Naval ships. Thermite (TH) ammunition shall be stowed in top-side jettisonable lockers or other ready-service lockers overhanging the ship where direct burn-through will impact the water. Explosive articles in compatibility group G, other than commercial fireworks and those requiring special stowage, may be stowed with articles of compatibility Groups C,D, E, N, and S.
.3 Describe the functions of the divisions within the weapons department. [ref. c, ch. 6]
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* Review Div O’s responsibilities.
1 WeaponsOfficer: The weapons officer is responsible to the commanding officer for the supervision, direction, proper requisitioning, safe procurement, handling, stowage, inventory accuracy, and issue of all ordnance and ammunition.
2. Ordnance Handling Officer(G-5 Division Officer): See next section.
3. G-1 Division Officer (Air Gunner): Is responsible to the ordnance handling officer for the safe and efficient issue of ordnance and ammunition on the flight deck to embarked air wing ordnance personnel. The air gunner assists the CV ordnance officer to ensure the safe arming and dearming of embarked aircraft. Other duties of the air gunner are to:
a. Be responsible for the stowage and issue of pyrotechnics and ordnance and ammunition in all ready service lockers and staging areas. The air gunner will coordinate with the ordnance handling officer on the timely delivery of aviation ordnance to the embarked air wing in accordance with the ordnance load plan.
b. Ensure the security of assigned spaces.
c. Provides safety oversight for arming and dearming of embarked aircraft. Provide interface between the weapons department, air department, and air wing personnel.
d. Be responsible for posting cookoff times and observance of applicable safety precautions, operating instructions, and casualty procedures in assigned spaces.
e. Keep the ordnance handling officer informed of any conditions which might affect the safe and efficient operation of the department.
f. Ensure a dynamic, continuous aviation ordnance training program is in effect.
g. Ensure that an active ToolControl Program is in effect and that all equipment calibration and weight testing are accomplished.
h. Ensure accomplishment of the planned maintenance system.
i. Perform such other duties as may be assigned.
4. G-2 Division Officer (Ship’s Gunner): The ship’s gunner is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the magazines, magazine sprinkler systems, weapons elevators, and the ship’s small arms. The ship’s gunner will ensure periodic testing of magazine and weapons elevator sprinkler systems. The ship’s gunner is responsible for stowing and safeguarding all assigned munitions, inspecting magazines, and maintaining proper logs.
5. G-3 Division Officer: Is responsible for the stowage, breakout, assembly, and delivery to the hangar deck and is responsible for the movement, safe handling, and storage of all conventional ordnance, including air launched missiles, on the hangar deck. The G-3 division officer reports directly to the ordnance handling officer, and supervises the organizational maintenance on all munitions handling equipment, including electric forklifts. The G-3 division officer ensures all necessary intermediate maintenance (afloat) is performed on air launched missiles prior to packaging in containers. The responsibility of hangar deck ordnance movements and Armament Weapons
Support Equipment Program (AWSEP) maintenance maybe assigned to G-1 division at the discretion of the weapons officer. Ensure that an active Tool Control Program is in effect and that all equipment calibration and weight testing are accomplished. Ensure accomplishment of the planned maintenance system.
6 G-4 Division Officer: Is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the ship’s weapons elevators and the training and licensing of the elevator operators; pneumatic, electric, and manual overhead hoists. Ensure that an active Tool Control Program is in effect and all equipment calibration and weight testing are accomplished. Ensure accomplishment of the planned maintenance system
.4 Discuss the duties of the Ordnance Handling Officer. [ref. c, ch. 6]
* The ordnance handling officer is responsible for ensuring the efficient operation and maintenance of all magazines, sprinkler systems, bomb elevators, and associated handling equipment. Additionally, the ordnance handling officer is responsible for proper requisitioning, stowage, safe handling, assembly and disassembly, and issue of all conventional ordnance and explosives. The ordnance handling officer will normally:
a. Exercise operational control of all divisions within the weapons department through their respective division officers.
b. Coordinate and direct the movement of all ordnance in the ship including special weapons and bomb dearming units.
c. Ensure proper operating procedures and safety precautions are strictly followed in the assembly and movement of all conventional ordnance, including the arming and dearming of embarked aircraft.
d. Oversee the aviation ordnance divisions in the maintenance and security of magazines and ready service lockers.
e. Maintain liaison with the strike operations officer and the embarked airwing ordnance officer to ensure proper types and quantities of ordnance are available.
f. Ensure availability of training ordnance for shipboard and embarked airwing rearming drills.
g. Provide assistance, as may be required by the EOD officer, for rendering safe recovery and disposal of explosive ordnance which has been fired, dropped, or launched in such a manner as to constitute a hazard to operations, installations, personnel, or material.
h. Monitor the training program.
i. Exercise overall supervision of ammunition working parties and ensure all personnel have been instructed in pertinent safety precautions prior to conducting such evolutions.
j. Supervise the training of selected personnel to man the aviation weapons movement control station.
k. Notify the weapons officer of any ordnance casualty or other equipment failures which may reduce the department’s effectiveness
l. Frequently inspect assigned equipment to ensure compliance with operational, maintenance, and repair instructions. Review operational casualty reports.
m. Direct the requisitioning, safe handling, stowage, assembly, disassembly, maintenance, and issue of all conventional ordnance and components and ensure the proper records and reports are prepared, submitted, and maintained.
n. Ensure the Non nuclear Explosive Ordnance Qualification and Certification Program is adhered to.
.5 Discuss the different types of ammunition magazines. [ref. d, ch. 11]
* Ships have several different types of magazines. Each magazine is designed for a specific type of ammunition. The magazine types include primary, missile, ready-service, lockers, and chemical.
1. Primary Magazines: Are stowage spaces that are usually located below deck and, if possible, below the waterline. They are adequately equipped with thermal insulation, temperature control, and ventilation. Primary magazines are equipped with adequate sprinkler systems, and they are closed and locked when unattended.
2. Missile Magazines: Because of the nature of guided missiles, requirements for their stowage aboard ship differ from those of conventional ammunition. Air-launched missile magazines in aircraft carriers are usually located below the waterline and within the armor box. Air-launched missile ready-service magazines may be located either above the waterline or within the armor box. Missile magazines contain electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic power-operated handling equipment. A restraining gear prevents movement of an accidentally ignited motor. You must take special care of the ventilation system of missile magazines to ensure pressures don't build up to a dangerous level if a missile motor is ignited.
3. Ready-Service Magazines: Are designated spaces located near the weapon or area to be served. Normally, they are equipped with thermal insulation, ventilation, and a sprinkling system. They are securely locked. Certain magazines located within the armor box of aircraft carriers and used for stowage of completely assembled rounds of weapons and deployable targets are also ready-service magazines.
4. Lockers: Certain compartments or lockers are used to stow special types of ammunition and ammunition components, such as detonators, pyrotechnics, and chemicals. They are frequently located on the weather deck. They are located as conveniently to the weapon or space to be served as possible. They may not be equipped with sprinklers, but they do have locking devices. Special flare ready-service lockers are located at outboard locations on aircraft carriers for short-term stowage of aircraft parachute flares. These flares have either been removed from the primary pyrotechnics magazines or prepared for launching or they have been returned intact after a mission. If necessary, these lockers are manually jettisoned. A label is installed on the locker identifying the type of explosives that are stowed within each locker. Where stowage for ammunition is provided by lockers, chests, or racks that are permanently secured to the ship's structure, don't change their location without prior approval of NAVSEASYSCOM.
5. Chemical Magazines: Chemical ammunition classified as lethal or incapacitating isn't carried aboard ships unless specifically authorized by NAVSEASYSCOM or higher authority. If authorized, specific stowage instructions are issued by NAVSEASYSCOM, and personnel involved in handling procedures must receive appropriate training. Specific spaces aboard ship may be designated as chemical magazines by NAVSEASYSCOM. The decks and bulkheads of a chemical magazine are coated with an impermeable material, and the magazine contains a provision for sampling its internal atmosphere from an adjacent compartment. Facilities for personnel and gross decontamination are located near the magazine.
.6 Discuss the different types of magazine sprinkler systems. [ref. d, ch. 11]
* Primary and missile magazines, ammunition handling rooms and most ready-service magazines are fitted with sprinkler systems. Sprinkler systems consist of spray heads or sprinkler-head valves arranged to dash water directly on the munitions and completely cover the magazine's interior. Sprinkler systems for spaces located below the damage control deck (second deck on aircraft carriers) are arranged for local control at the valve and for remote control from the damage control deck. On aircraft carriers, the remote controls are normally divided into two groups—forward sprinkler control board and aft sprinkler control board. The forward magazine group and the aft magazine group sprinklers can be remotely activated from the two control boards. Sprinkler systems for spaces located on and above the damage control deck are arranged for local control only from a position outside the access entrance to the space.
NOTE: Some magazines are designed without sprinkler systems so water-activated ammunition can be stowed in them. For example, Mk 58 marine location markers cannot be stowed in magazines that can be flooded. Also, weather-deck lockers and 20-mm and 40-mm ready-service rooms do not require sprinkler systems.
* Sprinkler Systems: Are classified by the type or location of the control exercised over the valves that restrain the flow of water. These valves may be operated manually or by remote control (manually or automatically). There are three types of remote operation:
1. Manual, by operating gears
2. Hydraulic, by means of control cocks and water from the fire system or control cocks and oil pressure supplied by hand pumps
3. Automatic, by means of a rate of rise or combined rate of rise and fixed temperature thermo-pneumatic control system.
The rate of rise is indicated in a magazine when the temperature increases rapidly (such as from a fire). The rapid temperature increase activates the sprinkler-alarm device (FH circuit), which, in turn, automatically activates the sprinkler system control valve.
106.7 Discuss the major classifications of weapons elevators. [ref. d, ch. 11]
* Weapons Elevators: There are currently more than 150 weapons elevators, involving over 55 different designs, installed on aircraft carriers. The size, type, and location of these weapons elevators will vary among the different classes of aircraft carriers. The two major classifications (lower-stage and upper-stage) of weapons elevators. Regardless of the type of installation, a weapons elevator provides a safe and efficient means for you to handle weapons and weapons components among the magazines and the various assemblies, staging, and arming areas within the ship.
* LOWER-STAGE WEAPONS ELEVATORS(5,500 POUNDS):
The 5,500-pound, lower-stage, weapons elevator services magazines and ammunition handling areas from the 7th-deck level up to and including the 2nd-deck level. The components of the elevator include an electrically powered, multiple-drum winch, an elevator platform, and an enclosed, watertight, vertical trunk with doors located at the levels and stations serviced, and a semiautomatic control system.
Ramps are used to bridge the gaps in the door opening between the elevator platform and the deck. These allow you to load or unload the elevator platform by using forklift trucks or wheeled skids.
Each lower-stage elevator is equipped with a broken-rope safety device, an over speed governor device, and slack cable-sensing devices. The broken-rope safety device is mounted on the elevator platform assembly. If any one of the platform suspensions ropes break, a roller-wedging mechanism automatically operates to lock the platform to the guide rails.
A counterweight-type governor device for limiting speed of elevator down travel is located in the upper end of the elevator trunk. The governor is operated by a wire rope connected to a lever of the broken-rope safety device on the elevator platform. Then, the rope is passed over the governor sheave and attached to the governor spooling drum on the hoisting winch. Excessive down speeds causes the governor limits switch to shutoff the power to the hoist motor and electric brake. Loss of electric power causes the brake to automatically stop the elevator. If the brake fails to stop the elevator, the governor sheave grips the governor rope, causing the broken-rope safety device to stop the elevator.
A slack, cable sensing, safety device is provided for each suspension rope and the governor rope. Located in the area between the winch drums and the overhead sheaves, these devices function by applying a spring-loaded follower roller to the wire rope. Rope slack causes a proximity switch to shutoff electrical power to the hoisting winch motor and brake, which stops the elevator.
If the elevator over travels upward beyond the maximum up stop position, an over travel limit switch is actuated. This stops the elevator by shutting off power to the hoisting winch motor and brake. If the elevator over travels downward beyond the hold deck loading station level, spring bumpers in the bottom of the elevator trunk stop the platform. The slack-cable switches are actuated to cut off power to the hoisting winch motor and brake.
An operator-attended control panel is located next to all elevator doors. All operator control panels have a display of selector switches, push buttons, and indicator lamps suited for the control functions required at the station served. All control panels have an emergency stop-run switch from which all operations of the elevator can be stopped.
The main operator control panel and electrical power switch are located at the 2nd deck-level station. An elevator can be dispatched to another level from any operator control panel. The lower-stage elevator control system can dispatch the elevator to another level. However, it can't retrieve the elevator from another level.
* IMPROVED WEAPONS HANDLING SYSTEM (IWHS) LOWER-STAGE WEAPONS
ELEVATORS: The IWHS lower-stage weapons elevator services magazines and ammunition handling areas from the 7th deck level up to and including the main deck (hangar deck). The IWHS is a highly sophisticated system controlled by a PDP-14 programmable controller that continually tracks the location of the platform to within one-twelfth of an inch. Because of the complexity of the IWHS, elevator operators and maintenance personnel are extensively trained in hydraulics, electricity, and electronics.
* UPPER-STAGE HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS: Are used to transport weapons between the second deck and the main deck only. The major components of each elevator are an enclosed, watertight, vertical trunk, an elevator platform assembly, a hydraulic power plant system, and a semiautomatic elevator control system. If an excessive elevator down speed occurs, an over speed valve closes and stops the elevator. The over speed valve is mounted on the lower end of the lifting ram hydraulic cylinder assembly.
* UPPER-STAGE WIRE-ROPE ELEVATORS: Are the only weapons elevators in the system that provide weapons transportation to the flight deck. The
2nd deck is the lowest level served by the upper-stage elevators. The equipment of upper-stage, wire-rope elevators are either similar or identical to those of lower-stage, wire-rope elevators. The following discussion describes the difference between upper- and lower-stage, wire-rope elevators. The elevator trunk enclosure extends from the 3rd deck to the underside of the flight deck. Power-operated ballistic hatches in the main deck, 02 level, and flight deck allow passage of the elevator platform, and they maintain ballistic integrity within the trunk. There are power-operated doors in the trunk for elevator loading and unloading.
So the elevator platform can be raised flush with the flight deck, the wire-rope attachment points are on extensions of the platform structure, placing them below the main hoisting sheaves. An arrangement of hoisting and idler sheaves in the upper end of the elevator trunk allows the platform to be raised flush with the flight deck. Safety devices of upper-stage elevators are essentially identical to those for lower-stage elevators. Control equipment for upper-stage elevators are essentially identical to those for lower-stage elevators. Operator control panels are located at each station served.
.8 Define the term weapons cookoff times. [ref. d, ch. 1; ref. e]
* Any reaction of ammunition caused by the absorption of heat from its environment. In loaded guns, it consists of the accidental and spontaneous discharge of, or explosion in, the gun caused by an overheated chamber or barrel igniting a fuze, propellant charge, or bursting charge. Cook off may also occur in explosive loaded components when they are exposed to excessive heat or flame wash from any source, such as live steam, fire, rocket or gas turbine exhaust.
.9 Discuss the following terms: [ref. b, app. A; ref. d]
a. Deflagration: A rapid chemical reaction in which the output of heat is sufficient to enable the reaction to proceed and be accelerated without input of heat from another source. Deflagration is a surface phenomenon with the reaction products flowing away from the unreacted material along the surface at subsonic velocity. The effect of a true deflagration under confinement is an explosion; confinement of the reaction increases pressure, rate of reaction and temperature, and may cause transition into a detonation.
b. Explosion: A violent chemical reaction within a chemical compound or mixture or mechanical mixture evolving heat and pressure. An explosion is a reaction that proceeds through the reacted material toward the unreacted material at sonic velocity (by a shock wave process). The result of the chemical reaction is exertion of high pressure on the surrounding medium, forming a propagating shock wave. Ignition and rapid reaction of the confined energetic material builds up high local pressures leading to violent pressure rupturing of the confined structure. Metal cases are fragmented (brittle fracture) into large pieces that are often thrown long distances. Unreacted and/or burning energetic material is also thrown about. Fire and smoke hazards will exist. Air shocks are produced that can cause damage to nearby structures. The blast and high velocity fragments can cause minor ground craters and damage (breakup, tearing, gouging) to adjacent metal plates. Blast pressures are lower than that of a detonation.
c. Explosives: The term “explosive” or “explosives” includes any chemical compound or mechanical mixture which, when subjected to heat, impact, friction, detonation or other suitable initiation, undergoes a very rapid chemical change with the evolution of large volumes of highly heated gases which exert pressures in the surrounding medium. The term applies to materials that either detonate or deflagrate.
.10 Explain the functions of the following: [ref. d, chs. 1 thru 6, 10]
a. Gun system (M6lAl): Gun systems installed in high-speed aircraft must meet demanding performance requirements and provide firepower. The General Electric M61A1 20-mm automatic gun system, installed in the F-14 and F/A-18 aircraft, meets these requirements.
The M61A1 (fig. 6-1) is a six-barrel, rotary-action, automatic gun based on the machine-gun design of Richard J. Gatling. The gun consists of a revolving cluster of barrels. Each barrel is fired once per revolution. The M61A1 automatic gun is hydraulically driven, electrically controlled, and can fire M50 and PGU-series ammunition at 4,000 to 7,200 rounds per minute. As installed in Navy aircraft, the gun has a pilot selectable firing rate of either 4,000 (GUN LOW) or 6,000 (GUN HIGH) rounds per minute. It is designed for either air-to-ground or air-to-air gunnery missions.
Ammunition is supplied to the M61A1 gun by an ammunition handling and storage system that functions within a specific aircraft. The system uses an endless conveyor that transports 20-mm ammunition from the ammunition drum to the gun. The conveyor then returns the expended cases and unfired rounds to the ammunition drum. Although the physical location of components varies between different aircraft gun installations, the function and description of the components are essentially the same.
The primary parts of the gun are the barrels, housing assembly, and rotor assembly. The following paragraphs contain a description of each gun component and an explanation of how each component works. Figure 6-2 shows an exploded view of the gun components, and figure 6-3 shows the gun component locations. As each component is discussed, you should look at these figures.
b. Rockets: A weapon propelled by the sustained reaction of a discharging jet of gas against the container of gas. There are two rockets currently used by the Navy. The first is the 2.75-inch, folding-fin aircraft rocket (FFAR) known as the Mighty Mouse. The second, a 5.0-inch, folding-fin rocket known as the Zuni.
c. Bombs: must be manufactured to withstand reasonable heat and be insensitive to the shock of ordinary handling. They must also be capable of being dropped from an aircraft in a safe condition when in-flight emergencies occur. Bomb detonation is controlled by the action of a fuze. A fuze is a device that causes the detonation of an explosive charge at the proper time after certain conditions are met. A bomb fuze is a mechanical or an electrical device. It has the sensitive explosive elements (the primer and detonator) and the necessary mechanical/electrical action to detonate the main burster charge. A mechanical action or an electrical impulse, which causes the detonator to explode, fires the primer. The primer-detonator explosion is relayed to the main charge by a booster charge. This completes the explosive train.
d. Laser guided bombs
e. Pyrotechnics: Are items that produce their effect by burning, and are consumed in the process. Pyrotechnics, as used in the military, are items that produce a bright light for illumination or colored lights or smoke for signaling. All Navy pyrotechnic devices contain combustible chemicals. When ignited, these chemicals generate a flame, flash, infrared radiation, smoke, sound display, or combinations of these effects for many purposes.
Some of these effects are visual and audible signaling, area and target illumination, reference point marking, indication of practice weapon impact or fuze action, tracking, decoying, simulating, and smoke-screen generation.
Dye-marking devices are pyrotechnics and screening devices, even though their display is not the product of combustion. They are classed as pyrotechnic or screening devices because their end purposes are quite similar to those of the true pyrotechnic. Dye-marking devices are used to establish reference points on the surface of the water. In some cases, the dye is spread on the surface by explosive means.
Pyrotechnics generally function by means of an ignition train, similar to the explosive train of high-explosive ammunition. For further information on pyrotechnics, you should refer to Pyrotechnic, Screening, Marking, and Countermeasure Devices, NAVSEA SW050-ABMMA-
010/NAVAIR 11-15-7.
f. Missiles: Guided missiles are self-propelled objects. After launching, they automatically alter their direction of flight in response to signals received from outside sources. They usually carry high-explosive charges and are equipped with a means to explode them at or near a target. The majority of guided missiles used in the Navy are essentially rockets that are maneuvered while in flight.
The purpose of a guided missile is to reach and destroy or damage its target. The type of target involved influences the characteristics of the missile; however, each missile meets the following basic requirements:
* It must have sufficient speed to intercept or catch its target.
* It must be maneuverable in flight to correct its flight path as required to intercept the target.
* It must be capable of inflicting a satisfactory degree of damage to the target on intercept.
* It must have an acceptable operating envelope (range/altitude) within which it is effective.
* It must be capable of launching when required and at a satisfactory rate.
* The missile and its components must be safe to handle, store, and use.
In general, a typical guided missile has a long, cylindrical shape, with an oval or a hemispherical shaped nose. It is fitted with a series of stabilizing or maneuvering fins, wings, or canards around its outer surface.
* MISSILE CLASSIFICATION: missiles are classified according to their range, speed, and launch environment, mission, and vehicle type.
1. Range: Long-range guided missiles are usually capable of traveling a distance of at least 100 miles. Short-range guided missiles often do not exceed the range capabilities of long-range guns. The Navy has air-launched guided missiles that function within these ranges; they are medium-range or extended-range missiles.
2. Speed: The speed capability of guided missiles is expressed in Mach numbers. A Mach number is the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the medium through which the object is moving. Under standard atmospheric conditions, sonic speed is about 766 miles per hour (Mach 1.0). Guided missiles are classified according to their speed as shown below:
1 Subsonic—Up to Mach 0.8
2 Transonic—Mach 0.8 to Mach 1.2
3 Supersonic—Mach 1.2 to Mach 5.0
4 Hypersonic—Above Mach 5.0
When considering the speed of an air-launched guided missile, the speed of the launching aircraft is added to the speed of the missile. For example, if a missile's speed is Mach 2.5 and the aircraft's speed, at the time of missile launch, is Mach 2.0, the missile's speed is Mach 4.5.
g. Mines: Naval mines are used in offensive or defensive mining operations. The primary objective is to effectively defend or control vital straits, port approaches, convoy anchorage’s, and seaward coastal barriers. Aircraft mine delivery is the principal method of making large-scale mining attacks on enemy coastal and port areas. Aircraft-laid mines are usually carried and dropped in the same way as bombs, but they have different ballistic flight paths. Air-laid mines usually require parachutes that are released from the mine on water entry.
* Mines are classified by intended use, method of delivery, position assumed when laid method of actuation, or weight. Mines classified by their intended use are further classified as service, exercise (recoverable), and training mines. Service mines are fully explosive-loaded mines assembled with service components for use in wartime. Exercise (recoverable) and training mines are inert loaded to service weight. They have many uses, such as assembly and laying in fleet exercises. After exercise completion, they are recovered, analyzed, and overhauled for reuse. When assembled, exercise and/or training mines may contain minor explosive components.
Mines classified by method of delivery are submarine-laid, surface-laid, or air-laid. The classification depends on the laying vehicle. Mines classified by the position they take in the water after being laid are moored or bottom mines. Bottom mines rest on the bottom of the sea. Their effective depth is controlled by the amount of charge they contain relative to the depth of the area in which they are planted. Their design includes sufficient negative buoyancy to provide good stability on the bottom of the sea. Moored mines are buoyant mines. They are connected by cable to an anchor resting on the bottom. There are two important considerations in laying moored mines—stability and moored depth. An anchor achieves mine stability with sufficient negative buoyancy to retain the mine in its position (without moving) on the bottom of the sea.
Mines are classified by the methods used to activate them. Methods of activation are contact and influence, or a combination of both methods. Influence-actuated mines are the only mines used tactically in an air-laid operation. Influence-actuated mines are further classified as magnetic, acoustic, or pressure mines. These classifications are generally combined to describe a given mine; for example, an air-laid, pressure-fired, bottom mine or an air-laid, magnetic-fired, moored mine. Table 5-1 provides a list of the air-laid mines currently in use.
h. Torpedoes: The Mk 46 and Mods torpedo is the primary weapon used in antisubmarine warfare (ASW).
MK 46 TORPEDO CONFIGURATIONS: The Mk 46 Mods torpedo can be assembled into one warshot (tactical) and three REXTORP (recoverable exercise torpedo) configurations
Mk 50 Torpedo: The Mk 50 (fig. 5-3) is a lightweight, high-speed, antisubmarine torpedo that is compatible with all airborne ASW platforms. It has improved design features to ensure greater reliability and increased capabilities over previous torpedoes. The three major sections of the torpedo are nose, head, and after body. The nose contains the transmitter and receiver. The after body provides propulsion and control. The exercise head provides buoyancy for the torpedo. The warshot head contains an explosive charge. An orange nose and after body identify the exercise torpedo with a 6-inch blue strip around the circumference of the ballast assembly. For further information on the torpedoes, you should refer to United States Ammunition Historical and Functional Data, NAVSEA SW010-AB-GTP-010.
i. CAD
.11 State the purpose of the following missiles: [ref. c, ch. 1]
a. Sparrow (AIM-7 series): Is a medium-range, all-weather, supersonic, air-to-air guided missile. The AIM/RIM-7R is most recent configuration and adds a dual mode radio frequency/infrared (RF/IR) seeker capability. Each new version has resulted in substantial improvement in missile performance. The AIM/RIM-7E reduced minimum range restrictions and provided dogfight capabilities. The RIM-7H incorporates rapid run-up capabilities, providing improvements over previous versions. The AIM-7F incorporates solid state circuitry and modular design, an improved warhead, and a boost-sustain rocket motor. The RIM-7M guidance and control section is common with the AIM-7M. When used in the surface launched RIM configuration, folding wings, clipped fins, and a remotely armable rocket motor are used. The AIM/RIM-7M utilizes a missile borne computer (MBC), an active fuze system, motorized seeker head tracking, and improved maintainability and produceability.
The AIM/RIM-7P missile has undergone two block modifications. The AIM/RIM-7P Block I provides low altitude guidance and fuzing capability. The AIM/RIM-7P Block II provides increased memory and throughput to the MBC, enhanced production software reprogrammable capability, and mid-course uplink improvements to the rear receiver. The AIM/RIM-7P Block II is the base line for the AIM/RIM-7R missile. The AIM/RIM-7 series is a semi active, air-to-air, boost-glide missile, designed to be either rail or ejection launched. Semi active, continuous wave, homing radar, and hydraulically-operated control surfaces direct and stabilize the missile on a proportional navigational course to the target. Propulsion for the missile is provided by a solid propellant rocket motor.
SPARROW is capable of being launched by all U.S. Navy fighter aircraft and provides ship defense against enemy aircraft and cruise missiles when employed as a Basic Point Defense Surface Missile System. Missile-to-aircraft electrical and mechanical interface is provided by the launchers listed as follows for the applicable aircraft:
F-4 (AERO-7 ejection)
F-4 (LAU-17 rail)
F-14 (LAU-92 ejection)
F-15 (LAU-106 ejection)
F-16 (LAU-106 ejection)
F-18 (LAU-115 rail)
F-18 (LAU-116 ejection)
b. AMRAAM (AIM-120): The AIM-120 Advanced Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile (AMRAAM) is an all-weather, radar guided, missile designed as the next generation, medium range air-to-air missile replacing the AIM-7 SPARROW. AMRAAM was developed to significantly improve operational capabilities and reliability while reducing operational cost. AMRAAM is delivered and supported as an all-up-round(AUR), requiring only the installation of a buffer connector and flight control surfaces in the fleet. The missile is 144 inches long, 7 inches in diameter and weights a maximum of 348 pounds. The wing span forAIM-120A and B models is 25 inches and was reduced to 19 inches for the AIM-120C to accommodate internal carriage on the F-22 aircraft. Three series of the AMRAAM are currently in the Navy inventory. The AIM-120A baseline version, the AIM-120B that added software reprogramming capability, and the AIM-120C, which features smaller flight control surfaces. A block number included in the missile Type Model Series (TMS) designator identifies hardware improvements to the AIM-120C. All Navy inventory AMRAAM missiles are equipped with a Thermally Initiated Venting System (TIVS) to meet Navy Insensitive Munitions (IM) requirements aboard ship. The TIVS is contained within the missile wiring harness that also includes an indicator showing whether the system is either enabled or disabled. AMRAAM does not require external arming or dearming. An indicator for the rocket motor arm-fire device is provided.
The AMRAAMmissile system has been integrated with the F/A-18 and Air Force F-15 and F-16 aircraft. Missile launchers applicable to the AMRAAM with F/A-18 are the LAU-127 (rail) (TheLAU-127 launcher will also be capable of carrying and launching theAIM-9L/M/XSIDEWINDER missile) and LAU-116 (eject). Missile testing on the aircraft is accomplished by initiating the missile Built-In-Test (BIT) capability. Warhead replacement telemetry units are used to convert tactical versions of the AMRAAM for test and fleet firings. These missile configurations are identified as JATM-120A/B/C missiles. AMRAAM is shipped and stored in a reusable container that can accommodate from one to four missiles with buffer connectors and flight control surfaces.
c. Sidewinder (AIM-9 series): Was developed as a short-range, supersonic, air-to-air missile. It employs a passive infrared target acquisition system, proportional navigational guidance, a torque-balance control system, and a target detector. The missile is propelled by a solid propellant rocket motor. The development process has produced increased capabilities with each missile modification. The AIM-9G provided the capability to lock on and launch against a target offset from the axis of the launch aircraft. With theAIM-9Hconfiguration, solid-state modules replace vacuum tubes, and a thermal battery replaces the turbo-alternator. Improvements in heat sensor and control systems have provided the AIM-9L missile with an all-aspect attack capability and improved guidance characteristics.
The AIM-9M missile utilizes a guidance control section with counter-countermeasures and improved maintainability and producibility. The AIM-9X missile is the most recent configuration and consists of four external sections: a Guidance Unit (GU), a Target Detector (TD) fuze, a Annular Blast Fragmentation (ABF) warhead controlled by an Electronic Safe/Arm Device (ESAD), and a Propulsion/ Steering Section (PSS). The PSS contains a modified MK36 Mod 11 rocket motor, which incorporates a manual SAFE ARM selector handle, the Fin Actuator Unit (FAU), the Jet Vane Control (JVC), and the Control Actuation System (CAS) electronics. The AIM-9X four forward mounted fixed wings provide aerodynamic lift and stability. Aerodynamic control is provided by four control fins directly coupled to four jet vanes mounted in line with the fixed wings. Thrust from the rocket motor passes through the JVC and is deflected according to fin/jet vane position. TheAIM-9X, when operating in the digital mode, interfaces with the aircraft via the legacy AIM-9L/M forward umbilical and the AMRAAM mid-body umbilical (LAU-127 launcher). The AIM-9X also supports the legacy AIM-9L/M aircraft to missile analog interface. To operate the AIM-9X in analog mode, only the legacy AIM-9L/M umbilical is utilized, the launcher mid body umbilical is not installed. The AIM-9Xmissile has three basic phases of operation: captive flight, launch, and free flight. The AIM-9X SIDEWINDER missile provides a capability for day/night engagements and improved performance against highly maneuverable targets in an IR countermeasures environment. The following are the significant differences between the AIM-9X and AIM-9L/M:
(1) Increased maximum range and increased maneuverability is provided by a modified low drag airframe, fixed forward wings and a combined vectored thrust/tail fin control system.
(2) Increased acquisition ranges and off-bore sight acquisitions are provided by a new GU incorporating an imaging Focal Plane Array (FPA) IR sensor with improved IRCCM capability.
(3) Unlimited seeker cooling is provided by an internal cryoengine that replaces theAIM-9L/Mcryogenicgas bottle system.
(4) Enhanced aircraft/missiles communication via the (AIM-120) mid-body MIL-STD-1553 data interface.
(5) Improved warhead arming with a new Electronic Safe Arm Device (ESAD).
(6) Field reprogramming of the missile’s GU software provides the capability to rapidly enhance missile capabilities in response to changing threat IRCM capabilities. AIM-9X is Built in Test (BIT) capable on the aircraft or while off the aircraft, the missile can be tested or reprogrammed using a Common Munitions BIT Reprogramming Equipment (CMBRE), AN-GYQ-79, and an AIM-9Xpeculiar Test Program Set (TPS), TTU-574/E24A, interface.
(7) The missile has a 2000 hour/10 year warranty through the prime contractor, Raytheon Company, who is responsible for all depot functions. For the U.S. Navy, AIM-9X uses a modified LAU-7 launcher (LAU-7D/A) for F/A-18C/D aircraft on stations 1 and 9 (wing-tips). When integrated on the F/A-18E/F aircraft, the LAU-127 launcher will be used for all stations (including wing-tips).
The AIM-9H was configured with a continuous-rod bundle warhead and AIM-9L/M/X with an annular blast fragmentation warhead. The guided missile launcher LAU-7A (series) is a reusable single rail launcher which provides the mechanical and electrical interface between the missile and the launch aircraft. It houses the nitrogen receiver assembly used to cool the missile guidance system’s infrared detector.
d. Phoenix (AIM-54 series): The AIM-54 PHOENIX series missile was developed as the principal long-range, air-to-air defense armament of the F-14 aircraft. The weapon system consists of an AIM-54 guided missile, interface system, and a launch aircraft with an AN/AWG-9 weapon control system. The total weapon system has the capability to launch as many as six AIM-54 missiles simultaneously from the F-14 aircraft against an equal number of targets. The AIM-54 is a radar guided, air-to-air, long-range missile consisting of a guidance, armament, propulsion, and control section, interconnecting cables, wings and fins. The AIM-54A was the original version to become operational. The AIM-54C (ECCM/Sealed) missile is the most recent version and contains improved electronic counter-countermeasure capabilities and does not require coolant conditioning during captive flight. The AIM-54C and AIM-54C (ECCM/Sealed) contains built-in self test and additional missile on-aircraft test capability. The AIM-54C missile has also been designed for greater reliability, longer serviceable in-service time, and a 15 percent reduction in parts. The missile interface system consists of launchers, weapons rails, multi-purpose adapter pylons, and PHOENIX adapter assemblies. The LAU-93/A launcher is used to carry and launch the missile from F-14A/B aircraft. The LAU-132 series launcher is used for the F-14D aircraft and AIM-54C ECCM/Sealed missile. For fuselage stations, the launcher is mated to a weapons rail; for wing stations, it is mated to a multipurpose adapter pylon.
e. HARM (AGM-88 series): The AGM-88B/C High Speed Anti-Radiation Missile (HARM) is an evolution of past anti-radiation missile weapon systems: SHRIKE and STANDARD ARM.
HARM incorporates the more desirable features of each while providing additional capabilities that enhance operational effectiveness. The system consists of the guided missile, LAU-118(V)1/A launcher, launch aircraft, and HARM peculiar avionics. The weapon system has the capability of detecting, acquiring, displaying, and selecting a radiating threat and launching a missile or missiles. The HARM missile has a terminal homing capability that provides a launch and leave capability for the launch aircraft. The HARM AGM-88 is a supersonic, air-to-ground, rail-launched guided missile. Guidance is provided through reception of signals emitted from a ground-based threat radar. It has the capability of discriminating a single target from a number of emitters in the environment. The C version has an improved guidance section which incorporates improved tactical software and an electronically reprogrammable memory. The missile has four major sections: guidance, control, warhead, and rocket motor, which can separate at section joints to facilitate maintenance. The Navy LAU-118(V)1/Alauncher provides the mechanical and electrical interface between the missile and aircraft. It is a single rail launcher modified from theAERO-5B-1 series. A unique mechanical configuration prohibits installation of the HARM missile on an unmodified AERO-5 launcher. The Navy LAU-118(V) 1/A is electrically different than the Air Force LAU-118(V)2/A launcher and is not interchangeable.
f. Maverick (AGM-65 series): The AGM-65 series MAVERICK is an air-to-surface, rocket propelled, guided missile that can be configured with either a laser or infrared seeker. The MAVERICK weapon system consists of the MAVERICK guided missile with a laser or infrared seeker,
LAU-117/A(V)2/A launcher, and a launch aircraft with MAVERICK-peculiar avionics incorporated. The weapon system was designed primarily for the destruction of hard point targets such as tanks and bunkers. It employs the capability for day or night operations, sufficient standoff range to permit avoidance of enemy defenses, and terminal homing guidance for a launch-and-leave capability. The AGM-65F employs an infrared seeker and the AGM-65E uses a laser seeker. The infrared and laser seeker sections can be interchanged with no other alterations to the missile. The Navy AGM-65E/F differs from previous Air Force MAVERICK missiles by incorporating a heavier warhead, a dual thrust rocket motor, and an infrared or laser seeker. The LAU-117/A(V)2/A is a single rail-guided missile launcher developed for the MAVERICK system. It provides the mechanical and electronic interface between the missile and launch aircraft. The launcher utilizes a mechanical restraint device that was developed to meet both the Navy and Air Force requirements. It provides increased capability over previous MAVERICK launchers by incorporating seeker slaving circuitry which enhances MAVERICK’s target acquisition capability.
g. Harpoon (AGM-84 series): Is an all-weather, anti-ship, subsonic, surface attack guided missile that can be delivered from an aircraft (AGM-84), surface vessel (RGM-84), or submarine (UGM-84). The various launch configurations are obtained with the installation of the applicable launch kits, booster section, canister, or capsule. All configurations are capable of over-the-horizon launch ranges and have built-in self test capability. HARPOON employs a low-level cruise profile, active radar guidance with counter-countermeasures, and terminal maneuvering to assure maximum weapon effectiveness. It consists of four major sections: guidance, warhead, sustainer, and control sections. A booster section is added to the aft end of the missile for surface and subsurface launches. The warhead section is replaced with an exercise section for evaluation and training exercises. An appropriately configured HARPOON can be launched from an BRU-32/A, BRU-15/A, or MAU-12 bomb rack; a MK 13 Mod 4 (TARTAR) or MK 141 Mod 1 (Canister) launcher; or from a submarine’s torpedo tubes.
h. SLAM (AGM-84E-1): The AGM-84E SLAM is an air-to- surface missile with sufficient standoff range to ensure high survivability of launch aircraft in attacks against surface targets. SLAMs primary mission is to strike high value fixed land targets and ships in port. It also has the capability of complementing HARPOON in its role of attacking ships at sea. SLAMis an air-launched missile planned for use on the F/A-18 and P-3C aircraft. SLAM is a four section missile in which three sections are similar to those used on the AGM-84 HARPOON missile. The sustainer and warhead sections have minor internal changes from HARPOON. The control section is the same as HARPOON with the addition of a data link antenna. The guidance section is composed of off-the-shelf equipment from other missile systems.
i. Walleye
.12 Discuss the content and use of the Conventional Ordnance Performance Evaluation. [ref. f, ch. 3]
* Conventional Ordnance Performance Evaluation Program (COPE): The primary COPE objectives are to provide an accurate measure of conventional ordnance performance during live ordnance evolutions and identify hardware deficiencies which degrade the performance of the hardware and weapons systems. Secondary objectives include assisting squadrons during these ordnance evolutions, providing recognition of problems which might otherwise not be subject to reporting requirements, gathering data to provide a historical base for assessment of weapons system performance, and analyzing the data to identify systematic problems within the weapon systems.
* Conventional Ordnance Performance Evaluation(COPE) Program Elements.
1. Conventional Ordnance is any general purpose air to surface weapon that is non-nuclear. Conventional Ordnance Performance Evaluation (COPE) provides the Naval Air Systems Command (COMNAVAIRSYSCOM) with performance on conventional ordnance dropped during fleet live ordnance exercises. The data for this information is gathered by COPE teams, who observe and record the performance data during fleet live ordnance exercises.
2. The intent of these evaluations is to maximize the information available on conventional ordnance performance and to ensure the accurate assessment of hardware and weapon system reliability as a function of fleet usage. These efforts also benefit Navy and Marine Corps squadrons through immediate feedback on problem areas, which in turn enhance the training evolutions for both ordnance, maintenance, and aircrew personnel.
3. COPE Structure: COPE teams are an assemblage of personnel either from Crane Division Naval Surface Warfare Center, Crane, IN, and the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Division Indian Head, MD. These personnel are trained in the operation of the weapon systems they are evaluating and normally are also involved in the evaluation of those weapons and components in the laboratory.
.13 Explain the following terms as they apply to ordnance: [ref. c, ch. 6]
a. Warning: An operating procedure, practice, or condition, etc., which may result in injury or death if not carefully observed or followed.
b. Caution: An operating condition, procedure, practice, etc., which, if not strictly observed, may damage equipment.
c. Note: An operating procedure, practice, condition, etc., which requires emphasis.
d. Shall: Used only when application of a procedure is mandatory.
e. Should: Used only when application of a procedure is recommended.
f. May/need: Used only when application of a procedure is optional.
g. Will: Used only to indicate futurity, never to indicate any degree of requirement for application of a procedure.
.14 Define the following: [ref. d, app. 1]
a. Airborne weapons: All missiles, rockets, bombs, mines, torpedoes, and all similar items intended for carriage by aircraft that are normally separated from the aircraft in flight.
b. Arming: The action that changes ammunition from a safe condition to a state of readiness for initiation.
c. Hung weapons: A weapon that accidentally remains attached to an aircraft after an attempt to release it from the rack.
d. Intent to launch weapon
e. Rearming area: That area where an operation that replenishes the prescribed airborne weapons/ stores, ammunition, bombs, and other armament items for an aircraft is conducted. This operation may include fuzing and any stray voltage checks, as applicable.
f. Unexpended weapons
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