The U.S. Navy in the World (1970-1980): Context for U.S ...
The U.S. Navy in the World (1970-1980):
Context for U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts Peter M. Swartz
with Karin Duggan
MISC D0026418.A1/Final December 2011
CNA is a not-for-profit organization whose professional staff of over 700 provides in-depth analysis and results-oriented solutions to help government leaders choose the best courses of action. Founded in 1942, CNA operates the Institute for Public Research and the Center for Naval Analyses, the federally funded research and development center (FFRDC) of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.
CNA Strategic Studies (CSS), created in 2000, conducts high-quality research on and analysis of issues of strategic, regional, and policy importance. CSS' analyses are based on objective, rigorous examination and do not simply echo conventional wisdom. CSS provides analytic support to U.S. Government organizations and the governments of partner countries. CSS also maintains notable foundationsponsored and self-initiated research programs. CSS includes a Strategic Initiatives Group, an International Affairs Group, and a Center for Stability and Development.
The Strategic Initiatives Group (SIG) looks at issues of U.S. national security, and military strategy, policy and operations, with a particular focus on maritime and naval aspects. SIG employs experts in historical analyses, futures planning, and long-term trend analysis based on scenario planning, to help key decision makers plan for the future. SIG specialties also include issues related to regional and global proliferation, deterrence theory, threat mitigation, and strategic planning for combating threats from weapons of mass destruction.
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The principal author of this study thanks especially Karin Duggan for graphic assistance; Loretta Ebner for administrative assistance; Gregory Kaminski, Laurie Ann Lakatosh, and Rhea Stone for library assistance; and Dana Smith and Anwar Fry for production assistance. A full listing of substantive contributors can be found in Peter M. Swartz and Karin Duggan, U.S. Navy Capstone Strategies and Concepts: Introduction and Background: Volume I, (D0026421.A1, December 2011). A full listing of all volumes in the CNA Navy Strategy series can be found on the inside back cover of this document.
Approved for distribution:
December 2011
Dr. W. Eugene Cobble, Jr. Director, Strategic Initiatives Group
This document represents the best opinion of the author at the time of issue. It does not necessarily represent the opinion of the Department of the Navy.
Approved for public release. Distribution unlimited. Copies of this document can be obtained through the Defense Technical Information Center at dtic.mil or contact CNA Document Control and Distribution Section at 703-824-2123.
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Contents
Global trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The world . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The nation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 US national security policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19 US combatant & component commands . . . . . . . . 28 US national security & defense directives . . . . . . . 29 USN dollars, numbers, capabilities, goals . . . . . . . 31 USN deployments, operations & exercises . . . . . . 33 State of the Navy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Navy strategy leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Naval policy & strategy literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Public USN intelligence documents . . . . . . . . . . . .53 1
US Navy basing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 US military sealift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 US-flag merchant marine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 US shipbuilding industrial base . . . . . . . . . . . . . .63 US military department & service comparisons . 66 US Navy-US Marine Corps relations . . . . . . . . . .67 US Navy-US Coast Guard relations . . . . . . . . . . 76 US Navy-US Air Force relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 US Navy-US Army relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 US Navy-foreign navy relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 End of the 1970s: State of the Navy . . . . . . . . . . 99
2
1
US Navy capstone documents of the 1970s
1970 1974 1975 1977 1978
1978 1979
Project SIXTY Missions of the U.S. Navy Strategic Concept for the U.S. Navy NWP 1: Strategic Concepts of the U.S. Navy NWP 1: Strategic Concepts of the U.S. Navy (Rev. A) Sea Plan 2000 CNO Strategic Concepts & The Future of U.S. Sea Power
3
1970s: The world, the nation & the Navy
World Events Year Administration SECNAV
Soviet Okean 70 1970
NPT treaty
Seabed Treaty 1971
India-Pakistan War
Pres. Nixon to China 1972
INCSEA/ABM Treaty
US Vietnam Pullout 1973 USN-Soviet Navy Med
Confrontation India nuclear test
1974
South Vietnam 1975
falls
USSR-Egypt Treaty cancelled
1976
Nixon Laird
Chafee
Richardson Warner
Schlesinger
Ford
Middendorf
Rumsfeld
Panama Canal Treaty 1977 Carter Brown Claytor
Deng leads China Camp David Accords
1978
Shah of Iran falls Taiwan Relations Act 1979
Soviets Invade
Afghanistan 1980
Desert One debacle
Mariel (Cuba) boatlift
Hidalgo
CNO Capstone Document Zumwalt Project SIXTY
Missions of the U.S. Navy Holloway
Strategic Concept for the U.S. Navy (S)
NWP 1 NWP 1 Strategic
Concepts (Rev. A) Sea Plan 2000 (S)
Hayward CNO Strategic Concepts & Future of U.S. Sea Power
4
2
Comparing national economic power (1970-1980)
5
Growth of world maritime trade (1970-1980)
6
3
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