Commack Schools



AP Human GeographyMrs. Bellisari Chapter 8Rise of SupranationalismPre WWII – Multi-polar worldPost WWII – Bipolar world USA vs. U.S.S.R.NATO vs. Warsaw Pact (supranational military orgs)Spread of Soviet culture Forces language on peopleSuppresses religious expressionKorean War (‘50-’53) & Vietnam War (‘65-’75)1979 – Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (U.S. supports Bin Laden and future “Taliban”)1991 – Collapse of the U.S.S.R.Creates uni-polar world (U.S. dominant)Leads to the creation of more supranational organizations to balance the power. Supranational Organizations = “New World Order” - organizations of more than 2 states, 60+ exist todayPurpose of Supranational OrganizationsEconomic cooperationMilitary defenseInternational stabilityWhy join a supranational organization?More funding Economic CooperationReduce trade restrictions everyone can benefitJoin forces (OPEC) to become more powerful economicallyMaintain peace makes unilateral decisions less likelyUnited NationsPurpose:Preserve International Peace and Security (15 current)Originally focused on international disputesMore and more trying to prevent internal conflicts (Kosovo, Ethiopia/Eritrea, East Timor, DRC, Sierra LeoneEconomic and Social DevelopmentLowering IMRDisease prevention (AIDS, malaria, etc.)Improve access to maternal carePromote universal educationGender equityEliminate world hunger/povertyProtect the environmentProtect Human RightsProvide Humanitarian relief for natural disastersInternational LawsReduce drug trafficking Migrant laborFighting terrorismProtecting the environmentInternational Court of Justice (The Hague, Netherlands)Criticism of the United Nations Inability to act at times (Rwanda, Sudan (Darfur), Iran’s nuclear program)Inability to enforce decisions relies on member state to enforce decisions or economic sanctionsSecurity Council - Veto powers of 5 permanent membersAnti-Palestinian bias ICJ – International Court of Justice - Only in rare cases can its decisions be binding, VERY limited jurisdiction, 5 permanent members can veto their rulings (what sense does that make??!?!?!?!?)Other Supranational OrganizationsOPEC – Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries42% of the world’s oil production67% of the world’s oil reservesPurpose:To coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of Member Countries To ensure the stabilization of oil markets in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumersTo ensure steady income to producers and a fair return on investments (From )They regulate the SUPPLY of oil NOT the price – that’s determined by demand… North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)Remove TariffsAgree to respect intellectual property rights (patents, copyrights, trademarks)North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)Common defense = attack one, attack against allCommon interests discussedIntervene in trouble spots i.e. Kosovo, Afghanistan, Bosnia, etc.EU(European Union)PurposeTrade and economic matters, including economic and monetary union into a single currency and creation of the European Central Bank (Britain and Sweden still refuse to give up the national currencies) Justice and home affairs – policy regarding asylum, border crossing, immigration, and judicial cooperation on crime and terrorismCommon foreign and security policy23 official languagesChallenges of the EU Organizational issuesMany of later members were former communist countries who had weaker economiesNational sovereignty – attempts to pass a European constitution voted down in popular referenda in 2005 France and Netherlands African Union (AU or OAU)Trying to end minority-led gov’ts in AfricaHelp decolonization & end apartheidPromote development throughout the continentArab LeagueOriginal goals:Win independence for all Arabs still under alien rulePrevent Jewish minority in Palestine (then governed by the British) from creating a Jewish state.Gave Egypt the boot after treaty w/ Israel (since got back in)Goals now:Economic development & cooperationCultural changes i.e. education programs & gender equityName:AP Human Geography Directions: Answer the following questions based on your knowledge of AP Human Geography. Make sure to include specific details. Would an economic recession encourage supranationalism or would it be a devolutionary force? Explain your answer. Will supranational organizations eliminate the “state” as we know it? Explain your answer. What is Geopolitics?Study of relationships between political power and space (or geography) as it applies to the state (or country)Multipolar vs. Bipolar vs. Uni-polar worldUnilateralism vs. MultilateralismHuge impact on how politicians actBasis for the Core-Periphery Model – Wallerstein’s Theory GEOPOLITICAL THEORIESOrganic Theory – created by Friedrich Ratzel – argued that states are living organisms and states require nourishment (territory) to gain political power. - “if you are not growing you are dying”States need territory to survive (just as organisms need food to survive)Expansion feeds growth of state powerNo expansion = stagnation Example-Imperialism, USA’s Manifest Destiny, Nazi Germany (Lebensraum) , U.S.S.R.VERY environmental determinist Heartland Theory – created by Halford MackinderDefinition - In 1904, Sir Halford Mackinder published the Heartland theory. The theory proposed that whoever controls Eastern Europe controls the Heartland. It also supported the concept of world dominance.Explanation - A more revised version explains that whoever controls the heartland, controls the world island. Whoever controls the World Island, will soon rule the world. In other words, the group or nation who dominates the heartland, can then extend its domination over a far wider area. The heartland has primarily been Central Asia, the high seas, and Eurasia.Example - The Nazi party was in favor of the concept during World War II. The idea was very popular with the party, and they sought to achieve it. Also, the theory was accepted by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Each nation made great territorial strides toward the heartland, but to no avail.Pivot area = Eastern Europe/Central AsiaIf you control the pivot area you control EurasiaIf you control Eurasia you control the world!Resources and Roads (Especially RR)Focused on one super powerful ARMY12191994889400Rimland Theory – created by Nicholas Spyman – used by Imperial Japan, British empire, maybe USA Definition - In 1942, Nichols Spyman created a theory which countered Mackinder’s Heartland theory. Spyman stated that Eurasia’s rimland, the coastal areas, is the key to controlling the World Island.Explanation - The rimland contains the Heartland. Whoever would control the rimland, would eventually control the World Island. Whoever would control the World Island would soon control the world.Example - His theory was influential mainly during the Cold War. The Soviet Union desired to control the rimland around them. If accomplished, the Soviet Union would control the heartland, rimland, and the World Island.Ports are importantControl the oceansControl tradeConquer territoryAssumed a Multipolar world4140835166306500Mahan's Sea Power TheoryDefinition - Alfred Thayer Mahan believed that domination and power was associated with the sea, with its usage for trade and its control in war. He soon published his theory in his book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, which discussed the factors needed to support and achieve sea power.Explanation - Mahan argued that sea power was crucial in determining national supremacy. In other words, if you controlled the sea, you would control the whole world.Example - The British Empire first adopted Mahan’s theory and used the strategy to win many decisive battles. The United States also accepted Mahan’s theory and used it tactically in several battles as well. Today, the United States has naval fleets stationed at sea, which also supports the theory.Forces of Change in the Contemporary World Democratization- Samuel Huntington talks about three waves of democratization- the transition to a more democratic regime.1st wave – gradually developed over time2nd wave – occurred after Allied victory in WWII characterized by de-colonization around the world3rd wave – now – since 1970s – characterized by defeat of dictatorial or totalitarian rulers from South America to Eastern Europe to some parts of Africa. Reasons for democractization:Loss of legitimacy of right and left wing authoritarian governmentsExpansion of urban middle class in developing countriesNew empahis on “human rights” by US and EU“snowball effect” – like Poland and Eastern Europe in the 1980s Problems with Democractization:Old command economies are fading and the issue is what kind of market economy will be most successful – mixed economy or pure market economyFragmentation – divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity has resurfacedPoliticization of religion – the use of religious principles to promote political ends and vice versa have dominated 21st century world politicsSamuel Huntington argues that future conflicts will be based on clash of civilizations not on socioeconomic or ideological differences. He divides the world into different cultural areas that may be posed to threaten world peace: The West, the Orthodox World (Russia), Latin America, Africa, the Hindu world, the Confucian world, the Buddhist world, Japan. ................
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