Nuclear Physics for Medicine - Europlanet Society

Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee (NuPECC)

Nuclear Physics for Medicine

European Science Foundation (ESF)

The European Science Foundation (ESF) was established in 1974 to provide a common platform for its Member Organisations to advance European research collaboration and explore new directions for research. It is an independent organisation, owned by 66 Member Organisations, which are research funding organisations, research performing organisations and academies from 29 countries. ESF promotes collaboration in research itself, in funding of research and in science policy activities at the European level. Currently ESF is reducing its research programmes while developing new activities to serve the science community, including peer review and evaluation services.



The European Science Foundation hosts six Expert Boards and Committees: ? The European Space Sciences Committee (ESSC) ? The Nuclear Physics European Collaboration

Committee (NuPECC) ? The European Marine Board (EMB) ? The European Polar Board (EPB) ? The Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies

(CRAF) ? The Materials Science and Engineering Expert

Committee (MatSEEC)

In the statutory review of the Expert Boards and Committees conducted in 2011, the Review Panel concluded unanimously that all Boards and Committees provide multidisciplinary scientific services in the European and in some cases global framework that are indispensable for Europe's scientific landscape, and therefore confirmed the need for their continuation. The largely autonomous Expert Boards and Committees are vitally important to provide in-depth and focused scientific expertise, targeted scientific and policy advice, and to initiate strategic developments in areas of research, infrastructure, environment and society in Europe.

Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee (NuPECC)

NuPECC is an Expert Committee of the European Science Foundation. The aim of NuPECC is to strengthen collaboration in nuclear science by promoting nuclear physics, and its trans-disciplinary use and application, in collaborative ventures between European research groups, and particularly those from countries linked to the European Science Foundation (ESF). NuPECC encourages the optimal use of a network of complementary facilities across Europe, provides a forum for discussing the provision of future facilities and instrumentation, and advises and makes recommendations to the ESF and other bodies on the development, organisation, and support of European nuclear research, particularly on new projects. The Committee is supported by its subscribing institutions which are, in general, member organisations of the ESF involved in nuclear science and research or research facilities.



Nuclear Physics for Medicine edited by: Fai?al Azaiez, Angela Bracco, Jan Dobes, Ari Jokinen, Gabriele-Elisabeth K?rner, Adam Maj, Alexander Murphy and Piet Van Duppen

For further information contact:

? Professor Angela Bracco NuPECC Chair Universit? degli Studi di Milano Dipartimento di Fisica and INFN sez. Milano Via Celoria 16 ? 20133 Milano ? Italy Tel: +39 02 50317252 Email: bracco@mi.infn.it

? Dr Gabriele-Elisabeth K?rner NuPECC Scientific Secretary c/o Physik-Department E12 Technische Universit?t M?nchen 85748 Garching ? Germany Tel: +49 172 89 15 011 / +49 89 2891 2293 Email: sissy.koerner@ph.tum.de



Cover pictures: Top: Nuclei consist of protons (red) and neutrons (blue), which are each made up of three elementary quarks held together by gluons. Below: (left) Advanced approaches to high intensity laser-driven ion acceleration, see page 123. (Right) Image of an FDG-injected rat heart obtained in a small PET scanner for molecular imaging, see page 69.

ISBN: 978-2-36873-008-9

Contents

Foreword

3

Introduction

5

Chapter I ? Hadrontherapy

9

1. Introduction

11

2. Facilities in operation and planned

14

3. Accelerators

18

4. Beam delivery

24

5. Dosimetry

27

6. Moving targets

30

7. Radiobiology

33

8. Modelling

37

9. Treatment planning

41

10. Boron neutron capture therapy

46

11. Clinical programme update in particle therapy

53

12. Outlook

56

Chapter II ? Medical Imaging

59

1. Introduction

61

2. From nuclear to molecular imaging

63

3. New challenges

70

4. Interfaces

84

5. Outlook

92

Chapter III ? Radioisotope Production

95

Introduction

97

1. Properties of radioisotopes for nuclear medicine

98

2. Production methods and facilities

111

3. Examples and specific topics

128

Annexes

145

Foreword

lll

Nuclear physics is a coin that has two sides: basic research and applications. Without basic

3

research there would be little to be applied; applications resulting from basic research contribute

to the wealth and health of society.

Modern medicine benefits tremendously from nuclear physics, both for diagnosis and for

therapy. Therefore NuPECC initiated this report "Nuclear Physics for Medicine", with its three

main sections: hadrontherapy, medical imaging and radioisotope production ? topics that are

actively and widely pursued in Europe and abroad.

Following the successful model of previous NuPECC reports, conveners were engaged by

NuPECC members and Working Groups were set up for the three topics. NuPECC members and

in particular NuPECC liaisons have followed and discussed thoroughly the various steps necessary

to prepare this report. The draft reports were published on the NuPECC website and discussed

at an open meeting in Paris on 18 November 2013. The input received from the community was

incorporated, resulting in the report now at hand.

We wish you enjoyable reading!

Nuclear Physics for Medicine

Angela Bracco NuPECC Chair

Gabriele-Elisabeth K?rner NuPECC Scientific Secretary

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