Chapter 13 Theory Review - Cengage



Instructions: After you complete the theory review, compare your answers to the correct answers below.

1. Why do you think it is important for you to learn the basics of skin analysis?

(Answers will vary, but may include the idea that to be well-rounded, cosmetologists should know the basics of all the services that may be offered in a salon, including facials, regardless of whether they imagine themselves providing this service in the future. This knowledge will also help the beauty professional offer assistance to clients who are seeking advice. Finally, being able to recognize a skin disease may help protect the health of the client.)

2. Why is it a good idea to perform cleaning and disinfecting procedures in front of clients, whenever appropriate? _____(Because it reassures the client that you follow proper hygiene and cleanliness guidelines. This will help the client relax and feel confident in your abilities.) _________________________________________

3. What is the main purpose of the health screening form? (The main purpose of the health screening form is to determine whether the client has any contraindications that might prohibit certain skin treatments.)

4. List the main contraindications to receiving a skin treatment you should look for on a client’s completed health screening form:

(Use of isotretinoin or any skin-thinning or exfoliating drug, including Retin-A, Renova, Tazorac, and Differin)

(Pregnancy, unless the client has her physician’s written permission)

(Metal bone pins or plates in the body)

(Pacemakers or heart irregularities)

(Allergies; avoid all substances, including food, listed on the intake form)

(Seizures or epilepsy)

(Use of oral steroids, such as prednisone)

(Autoimmune diseases, such as lupus)

(Diabetes)

(Blood thinners)

5. If you know your client is prone to allergies, why do you need to check skin care products to see if they include food ingredients?

(Because patients with allergies to fragrances or other substances may also have food allergies. They may not have listed them on the intake form, but you should verify that the ingredients will not be a problem before using any products on the client.)

6. What additional information can you obtain when the client completes the health screening form?

(The client’s name, address, and phone number[s])

(The client’s occupation)

(Medical conditions that might affect treatment)

(Any medications the client is using, including topical drugs for the skin)

(What kind of home skin care program the client is using presently, or if she or he has had facial treatments before)

(How the client heard about you)

7. Why should health screening forms be kept separately and secured? (Because the client may have revealed private information on the form) .

8. Why should you remove your rings or bracelets before performing a facial on a client?

(Any jewelry on the hands and arms might accidentally injure the client, or they may become damaged during the procedure.)

9. Why is acne considered a skin type? ___(Because skin type is hereditary and the tendency to develop acne is hereditary)

10. Describe the signs of dehydrated skin. (Dehydration is indicated by flaky areas or skin that wrinkles easily on the surface.)

11. List some causes of dehydration.

(Lack of proper skin care)

(Improper or overdrying skin care products)

(Sun exposure)

12. How is dehydrated skin treated? (Dehydrated skins is treated by using hydrators that help to bind water to the skin surface.)

13. Describe hyperpigmentation. (Hyperpigmentation is dark blotches of color on the skin.)

14. What are the two typical causes of hyperpigmentation of the skin? (Sun exposure and hormone imbalances) ____________________________________________

15. How is hyperpigmentation treated? (Hyperpigmentation is treated with mild exfoliation and home care products that discourage pigmentation. It is also important to use sunscreen daily and avoid sun exposure.)

16. Explain how to identify sensitive skin. (Sensitive skin has a thin, red-pink look. It turns red easily and is easily inflamed.)

17. . What should you avoid when treating sensitive skin? (When treating sensitive skin, avoid strong products or cleansers, fragranced products, and strong exfoliants.)

18. Describe aging skin. (Aging skin has lost elasticity and tends to sag in areas around the eyes and the jaw line.)

19. How is aging skin treated? (With treatments that hydrate and exfoliate)

20. Describe sun-damaged skin. (Sun-damaged skin is skin that has been chronically and frequently exposed to sun over a client’s lifetime. Sun-damaged skin will have many areas of hyperpigmentation; lots of wrinkled areas, including areas not in the normal facial expression; and skin that is sagging from damage to the elastic fibers. The skin looks older than it should for the age of the client. It is often confused with aging skin.)

21. List and describe the two types of cleansers.

(Cleansing milks, which are nonfoaming lotions. They are designed to cleanse dry and sensitive skin types and to remove makeup.)

(Foaming cleansers, which are wash-off products. They are generally used for combination skin or oilier skin types.

22. Toners may contain ingredients that help to do what?

(Hydrate or soothe)

(Exfoliating ingredients to help remove dead cells)

23. How are toning products applied? (With cotton pads after cleansing)

24. Describe what exfoliants do. (Remove excess dead cells from the skin surface)

25. What are exfoliants used for? (To remove dead cells to make the skin look smoother and clearer; to help clear the skin of clogged pores; and to improve the appearance of wrinkles, aging, and hyperpigmentation)

26. List the two basic types of exfoliants.

(Mechanical)

(Chemical)

27. List some examples of mechanical exfoliants.

(Granular scrubs)

(Roll-off masks or gommages)

(Microdermabrasion scrubs)

(Skin brushing machines)

28. Describe how alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs) work. (They help dissolve the bonds and intercellular cement between cells. As dead cells are removed from the surface over time, wrinkles appear less deep, skin discolorations may fade, clogged pores are loosened and reduced, new clogged pores are prevented, and skin is smoother and more hydrated. They encourage cell renewal, resulting in firmer and healthier-looking skin.)

29. What two precautions must be taken before giving a client an AHA treatment?

(Make sure the client has been using a product with at least 10 percent AHA at home for at least 2 weeks before the service.) _______________________________

(Make sure the client has been using and will continue to use sunscreen.) ___

30. Some clients should not receive mechanical exfoliation or harsh mechanical peeling. List the five conditions that would contraindicate using these services on a client.

(Skin with many visible capillaries)

(Thin skin that reddens easily)

(Thin skin; for example, older skin that is thin and bruises easily, or the skin of persons using blood-thinning medications)

(Skin that is being medically treated with retinoic acid or Retin-A, isotretinoin, azelaic acid, adapalene [Differin], AHA, or salicylic acid)

(Acne-prone skin with inflamed papules and pustules)

31. How does an enzyme peel work? (By dissolving keratin protein in the skin’s surface cells)

32. What are the two basic types of keratolytic enzyme peels? (Cream and powder)

33. List the seven ways proper exfoliation may benefit a client’s skin.

(Reduce the appearance of clogged pores and oily skin)

(Improve skin smoothness)

(Add moisture content and hydration)

(Reduce hyperpigmentation)

(Reduce uneven skin color)

(Eliminate wrinkles and fine lines)

(Increase elasticity)

34. What is an emollient? ___(An oily or fatty ingredient that is added to a moisturizer to prevent water from leaving the skin) ___________________________________

35. What is the most important habit to benefit the skin? (Shielding the skin from sun exposure)

36. What new product trend is currently being seen in massage? ___(Using treatment products that penetrate the skin during the massage) ____________

37. What is the purpose of gauze? (Holds a mask on the face while allowing the ingredients to seep through to benefit the skin.)

38. What should all facial treatments begin with? (a consultation)

39. Why should the client’s record card be kept at hand during the consultation? (So you can write down all necessary information)

40. What should the record card contain?

(The client’s name, home address, and home telephone number[s])

(The client’s occupation)

(The client’s date of birth)

(The client’s medical history, including any kind of medication that is being taken or used)

(Any contraindications, such as a pacemaker, metal implants, pregnancy, diabetes, epilepsy, allergies, high blood pressure)

(Information as to whether the client has had facials before, and what kind of treatments were done)

(Information on any skin care products the client is currently using)

(A notation of how the client was referred to the salon)

(Observations of the client’s skin type, skin condition, and any abnormalities of the skin)

41. Why should you always recommend services and products to clients? __(You should always recommend beneficial, skin-type-specific products and services to clients because they will expect your advice and value your input. They may also go elsewhere for advice if you fail to provide it.) ______________________

42. What is the purpose of massage? (To increase metabolism and circulation, promote absorption, and relieve pain)

43. Why do cosmetologists perform facial massage? (To keep facial skin healthy and facial muscles firm)

44. The impact of a massage treatment depends on what?

(The amount of pressure)

(The direction of the movement)

(The duration of each type of manipulation)

45. What could result if the muscle is massaged in the wrong direction? (A loss of resiliency and sagging skin and muscles)

46. A cosmetologist should only massage which portions of a client’s body?

(Scalp)

(Face)

(Neck)

(Shoulders)

(Upper chest and back)

(Hands and arms)

(Feet and lower legs)

47. List the basic massage manipulations.

(Effleurage)

(Pétrissage)

(Fulling)

(Friction)

(Chucking)

(Rolling)

(Wringing)

(Tapotement or percussion)

(Hacking)

(Vibration)

48. Relaxation is achieved through what two types of movement?

(light but firm, slow, rhythmic movements)

(very slow, light hand vibration over the motor points for a short time) .

49. Describe effleurage. (Effleurage is is a light, continuous stroking movement applied in a slow, rhythmic manner with the fingers or palms.)

50. Describe pétrissage. (Pétrissage is is a kneading movement performed by lifting, squeezing, and pressing the tissue with a light, firm pressure.)

51. Explain how to perform the light tapping movement. (Move from the chin to the earlobe, from the mouth to the ear, from the nose to the top of the ear, and then across the forehead. Repeat on the other side.)

52. Describe how to perform the chest and back movement. (Use a rotary movement across the chest and shoulders, and then down to the spine. Slide your fingers to the base of the neck. Rotate three times.)

53. What benefits may be obtained by proper facial and scalp massage?

(The skin and all its structures are nourished)

(The skin becomes softer and more pliable)

(The circulation of the blood is increased)

(The activity of the skin glands is stimulated)

(The muscle fibers are stimulated and strengthened)

(The nerves are soothed and rested)

(Pain is sometimes relieved)

54. Facial machines will help to do what?

(Increase the efficacy of your products)

(Increase product penetration)

(Provide a more complete and relaxing treatment)

55. When is steam usually administered? (At the beginning of the facial treatment)

56. What may be used for a steam treatment if a steamer is not available? __(A warm steamed towel may be wrapped around the face, leaving the nose exposed for breathing) _________________________________________________

57. What does brushing the skin do? (Removes dead cells from the skin surface. It may also improve blood circulation.)

58. Electrotherapy should never be administered on what types of clients?

(Heart patients)

(Clients with pacemakers)

(Clients with metal implants)

(Pregnant clients)

(Clients with epilepsy or seizure disorders)

(Clients who are afraid of electric current)

(Clients with open or broken skin)

59. How can you prevent burns to a client during the use of galvanic current treatments? __(To prevent burns, the client should avoid any contact with metal. This includes chair arms, stools, jewelry, and metal bobby pins.) ____________

60. How is high frequency applied?

(Directly to the skin; this is known as direct application)

(Can be held by the client; this is known as indirect massage)

61. What is the newest type of light therapy? (Light-emitting diode, or LED, treatment) .

62. How does an LED treatment work? (Uses concentrated light that flashes very rapidly)

63. What is the cosmetic use for LED therapy? ___(LED is used to minimize redness, warm lower-level tissues, stimulate blood flow, and improve skin smoothness. Treatment also improves the appearance of acne-prone skin.) ______________________________________________________________

64. Facial treatments fall into what two categories?

(Preservative)

(Corrective)

65. What does a preservative treatment do? (maintain the health of the facial skin by cleansing correctly, increasing circulation, relaxing the nerves, and activating the skin glands and metabolism through massage)

66. What does a corrective treatment do? (correct certain facial skin conditions, such as dryness, oiliness, comedones, aging lines, and minor conditions of acne)

67. What do facial treatments help to do?

(Increase circulation)

(Activate glandular activity)

(Relax the nerves)

(Maintain muscle tone)

(Strengthen weak muscle tissue)

68. Approximately how much time should you block out to explain proper home care to a client? __(Thirty minutes) ___

69. What does a skin care program consist of? (Long-range plan involving home care, salon treatments, and client education)

70. In what areas do the many essential oils used for aromatherapy benefit a client? (physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being) .

71. Name three forms in which aromatherapy may be administered in the salon.

(Candles)

(Spray bottle to diffuse oils in the air)

(Within massage oil)

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