Cannabis Use 2012/13: New Zealand Health Survey
Cannabis Use2012/13New Zealand Health SurveyCitation: Ministry of Health. 2015. Cannabis Use 2012/13:New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry of Health.Published in May 2015by the Ministry of HealthPO Box 5013, Wellington 6145, New ZealandISBN: 978-0-478-44808-5 (online)HP 6176This document is available at t.nz This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. In essence, you are free to: share ie, copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format; adapt ie, remix, transform and build upon the material. You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the licence and indicate if changes were made.ForewordThe 2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey (NZHS) provides valuable information about cannabis use by adults aged 15+ years. It builds upon and adds value to the findings of the 2007/08 New Zealand Alcohol and Drug Use Survey report on cannabis.This report presents information on cannabis use in New Zealand, including patterns of use, drug-driving, harms from use (productivity and learning, and mental health), legal problems, and cutting down and seeking help. Information on the medicinal use of cannabis is also presented.This report seeks to meet the information needs identified during stakeholder workshops. The findings will support the development of policy and intersectoral decision-making on the best way to prevent and reduce the harm and risks associated with cannabis misuse. As such, this report will be of interest to government agencies and Crown organisations, non-government agencies, researchers, the education sector, industry and the public.I would like to acknowledge and thank the people who gave their time to take part in the 2012/13 NZHS.I invite any feedback on the content, relevance and direction of this publication. Please direct feedback via the link presented at the end of the key findings.Don GrayDeputy Director-General, PolicyMinistry of HealthAuthorsThis report was written by Martin Woodbridge, with statistical analysis undertaken by Matt Cronin. Input into the report was also provided by Denise Hutana and Jackie Fawcett (Health and Disability Intelligence, Ministry of Health).AcknowledgementsThe Ministry of Health would like to thank the many thousands of New Zealanders who gave their time to participate in the NZHS, and to the interviewers who worked so diligently to collect the data. The authors would also like to thank the people who provided valuable input into the stakeholder workshops and engagements.Health and Disability Intelligence publications are peer reviewed, and we would like to acknowledge the reviewers Martin Tobias, Bridget Murphy, Sharon Woollaston and Bavithra Arulrajah of the Ministry of Health for their valuable input.The NZHS is developed by the New Zealand Health Survey team in the Health and Disability Intelligence Group, Ministry of Health, with advice from the Ministry of Health Survey Governance Group, and is conducted by CBG Health Research Ltd.Did you find what you were looking for?Please help us to improve our reports: tell us whether we are giving you the information you want by going to: t.nz/nzhs-feedback. It will only take a minute or two, and we really value your feedback!Contents TOC \o "1-2" Foreword PAGEREF _Toc417304535 \h iiiAuthors PAGEREF _Toc417304536 \h ivAcknowledgements PAGEREF _Toc417304537 \h ivCannabis use 2012/13: Key?findings PAGEREF _Toc417304538 \h ixMethods PAGEREF _Toc417304539 \h 1Analysis and reporting PAGEREF _Toc417304540 \h 1Sample size PAGEREF _Toc417304541 \h 1Data collection PAGEREF _Toc417304542 \h 1Patterns of cannabis use PAGEREF _Toc417304543 \h 2Cannabis: a widely used illegal drug PAGEREF _Toc417304544 \h 2One in three cannabis users used cannabis at least weekly PAGEREF _Toc417304545 \h 3Most cannabis users used cannabis less than weekly PAGEREF _Toc417304546 \h 5Profile of cannabis use in the last 12 months PAGEREF _Toc417304547 \h 6Driving under the influence of cannabis PAGEREF _Toc417304548 \h 7Harm from cannabis use: learning and productivity PAGEREF _Toc417304549 \h 9Cannabis use and mental health harms PAGEREF _Toc417304550 \h 11Cannabis and legal problems PAGEREF _Toc417304551 \h 12Cutting down and help to reduce drug use PAGEREF _Toc417304552 \h 13Cannabis use for medicinal purposes PAGEREF _Toc417304553 \h 14Summary of changes from 2007/08 PAGEREF _Toc417304554 \h 16Appendix: Tables PAGEREF _Toc417304555 \h 17References PAGEREF _Toc417304556 \h 32List of tables TOC \t "Table,3" Table 1: Percentage of adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months, who did not use cannabis in the last 12 months, and who never used cannabis, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304451 \h 6Table A1: Percentage of adults who reported having ever used cannabis, by age and sex PAGEREF _Toc417304452 \h 17Table A2: Percentage of adults who reported using cannabis in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304453 \h 18Table A3: Percentage of cannabis users who reported using cannabis ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’ in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304454 \h 19Table A4: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported using cannabis ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’ in last 12 months PAGEREF _Toc417304455 \h 20Table A5: Percentage of adults who used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, who did not use cannabis in the last 12 months, and who had never used cannabis, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304456 \h 20Table A6: Adjusted rate ratio: adults who used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, who did not use cannabis in the last 12 months, and who had never used cannabis PAGEREF _Toc417304457 \h 21Table A7: Percentage of adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304458 \h 21Table A8: Adjusted rate ratio: adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’ PAGEREF _Toc417304459 \h 22Table A9: Percentage of cannabis users who drove in the last 12 months and reported driving under the influence of cannabis in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304460 \h 23Table A10: Percentage of cannabis users who reported harmful effects on work, studies, or employment opportunities in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304461 \h 24Table A11: Percentage of cannabis users who reported difficulty learning in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304462 \h 25Table A12: Percentage of cannabis users who reported being absent (at least once) from work or school in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by sex PAGEREF _Toc417304463 \h 25Table A13: Percentage of cannabis users who reported harmful effects on mental health in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by socio-demographics PAGEREF _Toc417304464 \h 26Table A14: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported harmful effects on mental health in last 12 months because of cannabis use PAGEREF _Toc417304465 \h 26Table A15: Percentage of cannabis users who reported experiencing legal problems because of cannabis use in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304466 \h 27Table A16: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported legal problems because of cannabis use in last 12 months PAGEREF _Toc417304467 \h 27Table A17: Percentage of cannabis users who reported someone being concerned about drug use or suggested cutting down: never, in last 12 months, or at an earlier time PAGEREF _Toc417304468 \h 27Table A18: Percentage of cannabis users who reported someone being concerned about drug use or suggested cutting down in last 12 months, by age and sex PAGEREF _Toc417304469 \h 28Table A19: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported someone being concerned about drug use or suggested cutting down in last 12 months PAGEREF _Toc417304470 \h 28Table A20: Percentage of cannabis users who reported receiving help to reduce level of drug use in the last 12 months, by sex PAGEREF _Toc417304471 \h 28Table A21: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported receiving help to reduce level of drug use in the last 12 months PAGEREF _Toc417304472 \h 28Table A22: Percentage of cannabis users who reported wanting help to reduce level of drug use, but did not get it in last 12 months, by age and sex PAGEREF _Toc417304473 \h 29Table A23: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported wanting help to reduce level of drug use, but did not get it in last 12 months PAGEREF _Toc417304474 \h 29Table A24: Percentage of cannabis users who used cannabis to treat pain or other medical condition in last 12 month, by socio-demographic categories PAGEREF _Toc417304475 \h 30Table A25: Percentage of adults aged 16–64 years who used cannabis in the last 12 months, 2007/08 and 2012/13 PAGEREF _Toc417304476 \h 31List of figures TOC \t "Figure,3" Figure 1:Percentage of cannabis users who used cannabis in the last 12 months, by frequency of use, by age and sex PAGEREF _Toc416090170 \h 5Cannabis use 2012/13: Key?findingsPatterns of cannabis useEleven percent of adults aged 15 years and over reported using cannabis in the last 12 months (defined here as cannabis users). Cannabis was used by 15% of men and 8.0% of women. Māori adults and adults living in the most deprived areas were more likely to report using cannabis in the last 12 months. Thirty-four percent of cannabis users reported using cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 months. Male cannabis users were more likely to report using cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 months.Cannabis and drivingThirty-six percent of cannabis users who drove in the past year reported driving under the influence of cannabis in the last 12 months. Men were more likely to have done so.Cannabis-related learning and productivity harmsSix percent of cannabis users reported harmful effects on work, studies or employment opportunities, 4.9% reported difficulty learning, and 1.7% reported absence from work or school in the last 12 months due to cannabis use.Cannabis and mental health harmsEight percent of cannabis users reported a time in the last 12 months that cannabis use had a harmful effect on their mental health. Younger cannabis users (aged 25–34 years) were most affected, with reported harm to mental health decreasing markedly by age 55+ years.Cannabis and legal problemsTwo percent (2.1%) of cannabis users reported experiencing legal problems because of their use in the last 12 months.Cutting down and help to reduce cannabis useMost cannabis users (87%) did not report any concerns from others about their use. Seven percent of cannabis users reported that others had expressed concern about their drug use or had suggested cutting down drug use within the last 12 months. Of cannabis users, 1.2% had received help to reduce their level of drug use in the last 12 months. Few cannabis users who wanted help did not get it (3.6%).Cannabis use for medicinal purposesForty-two percent of cannabis users reported medicinal use (ie, to treat pain or another medical condition) in the last 12 months. Rates were similar for men and women. Older cannabis users (aged 55+ years) reported higher rates of medicinal use.MethodsAnalysis and reportingThis report presents findings from the 2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey (2012/13 NZHS) alcohol and drug module about reported cannabis use in the last 12 months (2012/13) by adults aged 15+ years. Data is analysed by sex and age group, and, where possible, by ethnic group and neighbourhood deprivation (NZDep2013; more information is available online at: t.nz/publication/nzdep2013-index-deprivation). NZDep2013 quintiles are reported as adults living in the most or least deprived 20% of small areas. All results presented in this report are weighted so that they are representative of the total adult population (those aged 15 years and over). This report uses total response ethnicity to define ethnic groups and to classify a person in all ethnic groups they identify with. This means that people can appear in more than one ethnic group. Population estimates have been given for some analyses, reflecting the estimated number of people in the total population aged 15+ years. Due to small sample sizes, the data for older age groups (aged 55+ years) has been presented in an aggregated form. Data tables give prevalence estimates rounded to one decimal place if less than 5% and to whole numbers if greater than or equal to 5%.Ninety-five percent confidence intervals have been used to quantify the sample errors. Adjusted rate ratios have been used to compare different population groups in order to determine how many times larger or smaller the rate is for a group of interest (greater than 1 is more likely, 1 is as likely, and less than 1 is less likely). Data tables containing rates (with confidence intervals) and adjusted rate ratios can be found in the appendix.Sample sizeThe 2012/13 NZHS interviewed 13,000 adults aged 15+ years, and found that 1415 adults had used cannabis in the last 12 months. Most of this report is based on this group. For some questions the participant sample size was too small to present reliable results. Therefore, data has only been presented when the sample size in the numerator and denominator was at least 5 and 30 adults respectively.Data collectionThe 2012/13 NZHS data was collected from July 2012 to June 2013 in face-to-face interviews conducted in people’s homes. Data for cannabis use was collected using an audio computer-assisted self-interview (A–CASI).For more information on the 2012/13 NZHS survey methodology, see: t.nz/publication/new-zealand-health-survey-methodology-report-2012-13For more information on the cannabis and other drug use component of the 2012/13 NZHS, see: t.nz/publication/new-zealand-health-survey-content-guide-and-questionnaires-2012-13Patterns of cannabis useCannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug worldwide and in New Zealand ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>UNODC</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>200</RecNum><DisplayText>(UNODC 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>200</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">200</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>UNODC</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>United Nations</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>World Drug Report 2014 </title></titles><pages>1 - 127</pages><dates><year>2014</year></dates><pub-location>Vienna</pub-location><publisher>United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(UNODC 2014). People who use cannabis do so for a variety of reasons (eg, pleasure seeking or medicinal use) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Noller</Author><Year>2007</Year><RecNum>254</RecNum><DisplayText>(Green, Kavanagh et al. 2003, Noller 2007)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>254</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">254</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Thesis">32</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Noller, G.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cannabis in New Zealand: Perceptions of use, users and policy</title></titles><volume>A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy</volume><dates><year>2007</year></dates><pub-location>Christchurch</pub-location><publisher>The University of Otago</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>314</RecNum><record><rec-number>314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, B.</author><author>Kavanagh, D.</author><author>Young, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects</title><secondary-title>Drug and Alcohol Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Drug and Alcohol Review</full-title></periodical><pages>453-460</pages><volume>22</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Cannabis</keyword><keyword>subjective effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><isbn>1465-3362</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Green, Kavanagh et al. 2003, Noller 2007). At low doses cannabis induces feelings of relaxation and a mild euphoria ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Grotenhermen</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>238</RecNum><DisplayText>(Green, Kavanagh et al. 2003, Grotenhermen 2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>238</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">238</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Grotenhermen, F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids</title><secondary-title>Clinical Pharmacokinet</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical Pharmacokinet</full-title></periodical><pages>327 - 360</pages><volume>42</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Green</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>314</RecNum><record><rec-number>314</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">314</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Green, B.</author><author>Kavanagh, D.</author><author>Young, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects</title><secondary-title>Drug and Alcohol Review</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Drug and Alcohol Review</full-title></periodical><pages>453-460</pages><volume>22</volume><number>4</number><keywords><keyword>Cannabis</keyword><keyword>subjective effects</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year></dates><publisher>Blackwell Publishing Ltd</publisher><isbn>1465-3362</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Green, Kavanagh et al. 2003, Grotenhermen 2003).Cannabis: a widely used illegal drugIn 2012/13, 42% of adults aged 15+ years reported they had used cannabis at some point in their lifetime.Adults were asked if they had used cannabis in the last 12 months.Box 1: Cannabis use by adults in the last 12 monthsEleven percent of adults reported using cannabis in the past yearEleven percent of adults reported using cannabis at least once in the last 12 months (hereafter described as cannabis users). This equates to around 397,000 adults. Fifteen percent of men and 8.0% women reported past-year use. Men were 1.8 times more likely to have reported using cannabis than women, after adjusting for age differences. Past-year use was highest among youth (15–24 years), and decreased with increasing age for both genders (Box 1).Māori men and women report higher rates of past-year cannabis use than non- Māori men and womenTwenty-five percent of Māori reported using cannabis in the last 12 months, compared with 11% of European/Others, 9% of Pacific people and 2.9% of Asians. Māori were 2.2 times more likely to report using cannabis in the last 12 months than non-Māori, after adjusting for age and sex differences. Māori men (32%) and women (19%) reported high rates of past-year cannabis use. Māori men were 2.1 times more likely than non-Māori men and Māori women were 2.3 times more likely than non-Māori women to have used cannabis in the last 12 months, after adjusting for age differences.Adults living in the most deprived areas more likely to report past-year cannabis useThe rates of reported past-year cannabis use were higher among adults living in the most deprived areas (16%) compared with adults living the least deprived areas (8%). Adults living in the most deprived areas were 1.8 times more likely to report using cannabis in the last 12 months than those who lived in the least deprived areas, after adjusting for age, sex and ethnic differences (Box 1).One in three cannabis users used cannabis at least weekly Cannabis users were asked how often they used cannabis in the last 12 months.Box 2: Cannabis users who used cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 monthsMale cannabis users more likely to report using cannabis at least weeklyThirty-four percent of cannabis users reported using cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 months. Male cannabis users (38%) reported higher rates of at least weekly use than female cannabis users (29%). Male cannabis users were 1.3 times more likely to report using cannabis at least weekly than female cannabis users, after adjusting for age differences (Box 2). The use of cannabis weekly increased with increasing age (29% of 15–24 year-olds and 42% of 55+ year-olds). Younger men (aged 15–24 years) and older men (aged 45+ years) reported higher rates of at least weekly cannabis use than female cannabis users. Between the ages of 25 and 44 years there was only slight variation in reported at least weekly cannabis use by sex (Box 2).Whereas younger adults (aged 15–34 years) report high rates of cannabis use (Box 1), among cannabis users older adults (aged 35+ years) report more frequent use (Box 2).Māori more likely to report at least weekly cannabis useForty-five percent of Māori reported using cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 months compared with 32% of European/Others and 29% of Pacific people. Māori cannabis users were 1.5 times more likely to report weekly use of cannabis than non-Māori cannabis users, after adjusting for age and sex differences (Box 2). Both Māori male (45%) and Māori female (45%) cannabis users reported high rates of use. Māori women were 1.9 times more likely than non-Māori women, and Māori men were 1.3 times more likely than non-Māori men, to have used cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 months, after adjusting for age differences.Adults living in the most deprived areas more likely to report at least weekly cannabis useThe reported rate of using cannabis at least weekly in the last 12 months was higher among adults living in the most deprived areas (45%) compared with cannabis users living in the least deprived areas (20%). Cannabis users living in the most deprived areas were 2.5 times more likely to report using cannabis at least weekly than those who lived in the least deprived areas, after adjusting for age, sex and ethnic differences (Box 2).Most cannabis users used cannabis less than weeklyAmong adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months, the majority reported using cannabis less than weekly. This was the case for all age and sex groups (Figure 1).Figure 1: Percentage of cannabis users who used cannabis in the last 12 months, by frequency of use, by sex, by age Source: 2012/13 New Zealand Health SurveyNote: ‘at least weekly use’ is categorised as daily or almost daily/weekly use, and ‘less than weekly use’ is categorised as monthly/every few months/once or twice in last 12 months.Profile of cannabis use in the last 12 monthsUsing cannabis in the last 12 months was reported most by young adults (aged 15–24 years), men, those of Māori ethnicity, and adults living in the most deprived areas. Not using cannabis in the last 12 months was reported most by adults aged 25–54 years, and those of Māori ethnicity. There was little variation by both sex and deprivation. Never using cannabis was reported most by women, adults aged 55+ years, and those of Asian ethnicity. There was slight variation by deprivation.Table 1: Percentage of adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months, who did not use cannabis in the last 12 months, and who never used cannabis, by socio-demographic categoriesSexUsed cannabis in last 12 monthsAdults whodid not use cannabis in last 12 months (%)Adults who never used cannabis (%)Frequency of cannabis use by adultsAdults who used cannabis at least once in last 12?months (%)At leastweekly (%)Less than weekly (%)Total3.87113158Men59153155Women2.3683062Age group15–2471724205625–3461218394335–444.3611444645–543.558424955+0.81.121979Ethnic groupMāori1114254036Pacific2.4692567Asian0.722.97.090European/Other3.68113455NZDep2013Quintile 11.6683260Quintile 22.8693159Quintile 32.98113158Quintile 44.57122960Quintile 579163054Source: 2012/13 New Zealand Health SurveyNote: ‘at least weekly use’ is categorised as daily or almost daily/weekly use, and ‘less than weekly use’ is categorised as monthly/every few months/once or twice in last 12 months.Due to rounding some prevalence estimates do not equate to 100%.Driving under the influence of cannabisDriving while under the influence of cannabis, and especially in combination with alcohol, is associated with an increased risk of motor vehicle collisions and related injuries PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SYW1hZWtlcnM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy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 EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5SYW1hZWtlcnM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy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 EN.CITE.DATA (Ramaekers, Berghaus et al. 2004, Fergusson, Horwood et al. 2008, ESR 2012, Poulsen, Moar et al. 2012).Cannabis users were asked if in the last 12 months they had driven when feeling under the influence of cannabis.One-third of cannabis users who drove in past year did so at least once under the influence of cannabisBox 3: Cannabis users who drove under the influence of cannabis in last 12?monthsMale cannabis users were more likely to report driving under the influence of cannabisThirty-six percent of cannabis users who drove in the past year drove at least once while feeling under the influence of cannabis in the last 12 months. This equates to around 133,000 adults. More male cannabis users (41%) reported driving under the influence than female cannabis users (27%) in the last 12 months. Men were 1.5 times more likely to have driven under the influence of cannabis in the last 12 months than women, after adjusting for age differences (Box?3).Drug driving was reported across all age groupsDriving under the influence of cannabis at least once in the last 12 months was most prevalent among males aged 35–44 years (49%) (Box 3).Although there were slight variations between cannabis users who reported driving under the influence of cannabis in the last 12 months by ethnicity and by deprivation, these were not found to be statistically significant, after adjusting for age and sex, and age, sex and ethnic differences, respectively (Box 3).Harm from cannabis use: learning and productivityThe long-term heavy use of cannabis may cause harm to the brain, including reduced cognitive performance. In particular, the heavy use of cannabis at young ages is associated with an increased risk of educational under-achievement PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MeW5za2V5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMDwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5MeW5za2V5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwMDwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Lynskey and Hall 2000, Fergusson and Boden 2008, Fergusson and Boden 2011).Cannabis users were asked about perceived harmful effects from cannabis use in the last 12 months. This section focuses on specific cannabis-related harms to learning and productivity.Cannabis-related harms to learning and productivity occur at low levelsBox 4: Harmful effects from cannabis use reported by cannabis users in the last 12 monthsAmong the total population of cannabis users, low rates of cannabis-related harms were reported. Six percent of cannabis users reported harmful effects on work, studies or employment; 4.9% reported difficulty learning; and 1.7% reported absence from work or school at least once in the last 12 months due to cannabis use (Box 4).Men and women experience harms from cannabis use differentlySeven percent of male and 4.5% of female cannabis users reported harmful effects on work, studies or employment opportunities in the last 12 months due to cannabis use. Five percent of women and 4.7% of men reported difficulty learning in the past year due to cannabis use, and 2.1% of men reported absence from work or school at least once in the last 12 months due to cannabis use (the sample size for women absence was small and is not reported here).Younger cannabis users more likely to report harmful effects from cannabis use Younger (aged 15–24 years) cannabis users reported harmful effects on work, studies or employment opportunities (9.0%) more frequently than older (aged 55+ years) cannabis users (3.1%). Māori cannabis users are more likely to report harmful effects of cannabis use on work, studies or employment opportunitiesAmong cannabis users, 10% of Māori and 8.0% of Pacific people, compared with 5.0% of European/Others, reported harmful effects on work, studies or employment in the last 12?months due to cannabis use. Māori were 2.1 times more likely to report harmful effects on work, studies or employment opportunities from cannabis use than non-Māori, after adjusting for age and sex differences (Box 4). Cannabis use and mental health harmsRegular, heavy and abusive use of cannabis, particularly high THC potency cannabis, may increase the risks of symptoms of poor mental health. Among susceptible individuals (eg, with a family history, or patients with existing illness), such cannabis use may bring on symptoms of psychosis, depression and anxiety. Other less extreme effects may include mild paranoia, a short-lived symptom of cannabis intoxication PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GZXJndXNzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5GZXJndXNzb248L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDExPC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Iversen 2003, Di Forti, Morgan et al. 2009, Frisher, Crome et al. 2009, Fergusson and Boden 2011).Cannabis users were asked if in the last 12 months there was a time they felt their cannabis use had a harmful effect on their mental health. Cannabis use affected the perceived mental health of eight percent of cannabis usersEight percent of cannabis users reported a time in the last 12 months that cannabis use had a harmful effect on their mental health. Nine percent of male and 7.0% of female cannabis users reported a harmful effect. Harmful effects to mental health were experienced by all age groups. Younger (aged 25–34 years) cannabis users were most affected (10%), with reported harm to mental health decreasing markedly by age 55+ years (3.4%).Rates of reported mental health harms were similar for Māori (10%), Pacific people (8.0%) and European/Others (8.0%). Rates of reported mental health harms were similar for cannabis users living in the most deprived areas (9%) and those living in the least deprived areas (7%). There was no significant difference by ethnic group or deprivation, after adjusting for age and sex, and age, sex and ethnic differences.This analysis does not account for frequency of use due to sample size, meaning the data has been presented in an aggregated form.Cannabis and legal problemsThe illegal status of cannabis means there are legal ramifications for possession, use, cultivation, manufacture and supply ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>New Zealand Parliament</Author><Year>1975</Year><RecNum>270</RecNum><DisplayText>(New Zealand Parliament 1975)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>270</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">270</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Legal Rule or Regulation">50</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>New Zealand Parliament,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Misuse of Drugs Act 1975</title><secondary-title>1975 No. 116</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>1975</year></dates><pub-location>Wellington</pub-location><urls><related-urls><url>;(New Zealand Parliament 1975). Leading up to the 2012/13 period, in the majority of police drug apprehensions, possession and/or use of cannabis was the largest drug offence class ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Statistics New Zealand</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>321</RecNum><DisplayText>(Statistics New Zealand 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>321</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">321</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Statistics New Zealand,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Patterns in police apprehensions in New Zealand 2005/06 to 2008/09</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Wellington</pub-location><publisher>Statistics New Zealand</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>;(Statistics New Zealand 2010). Since the late 1990s, there has been a general decline in arrests, prosecutions and convictions for cannabis use in New Zealand. The decline in convictions was partly driven by the police diversion scheme, which now includes low-level cannabis use offences ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wilkins</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>278</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wilkins and Sweetsur 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>278</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">278</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wilkins, C.</author><author>Sweetsur, P.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Criminal justice outcomes for cannabis use offences in New Zealand, 1991–2008</title><secondary-title>International Journal of Drug Policy</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>International Journal of Drug Policy</full-title></periodical><pages>505-511</pages><volume>23</volume><number>6</number><keywords><keyword>Cannabis use</keyword><keyword>Criminal justice outcomes</keyword><keyword>Statutory penalties</keyword><keyword>Unintended consequences</keyword><keyword>New Zealand</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0955-3959</isbn><urls><related-urls><url>;(Wilkins and Sweetsur 2012).Cannabis users were asked if in the last 12 months there was a time they had legal problems because of their cannabis use. (Note: the type or severity of legal problems is not specified in the NZHS survey question.)Men were more likely to report experiencing legal problems from their cannabis useTwo percent of cannabis users (2.1%) reported experiencing legal problems from their use in the last 12 months. Legal problems were more prevalent among male (2.6%) than female (1.1%) cannabis users. Men were 2.2 times more likely than women to have experienced legal problems from cannabis use in the last 12 months, after adjusting for age differences. The rate was highest for the 35–44 years age group (3.2%).Māori were more likely to report experiencing legal problems from their cannabis useAmong cannabis users, 3.4% of Māori compared with 1.9% of European/Others reported legal problems from their cannabis use in the last 12 months. Māori cannabis users were 1.8 times more likely to report legal problems from their use in the past year, after adjusting for age and sex differences.Cutting down and help to reduce drug useTalking about drug use in primary health care settings can often be difficult, due to competing demands, time pressures, and topic delicacy ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Moriarty</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>169</RecNum><DisplayText>(Moriarty, Stubbe et al. 2009, Moriarty, Stubbe et al. 2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>169</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">169</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moriarty, H.</author><author>Stubbe, M. </author><author>Chen, L.</author><author>Tester, R.</author><author>Macdonald, L.</author><author>Dowell, A.</author><author>Dew, K.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Challenges to alcohol and other drug discussions in the general practice consultation</title><secondary-title>Family Practice</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Family Practice</full-title></periodical><pages>213 - 222 </pages><volume>29</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Moriarty</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>299</RecNum><record><rec-number>299</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">299</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moriarty, H.</author><author>Stubbe, M.</author><author>Bradford, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Opportunities for alcohol and other drug advice in the GP consultation</title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><pub-location>Wellington</pub-location><publisher>Ministry of Health</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Moriarty, Stubbe et al. 2009, Moriarty, Stubbe et al. 2012). For families living with addiction, raising the issue and talking about it with a family member can also be difficult ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Moriarty</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText>(Moriarty, Stubbe et al. 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Report">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Moriarty, H. </author><author>Stubbe, M. </author><author>Bradford, S.</author><author>Tapper, S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Living with addiction: Exploring the issues for families</title><secondary-title>Blue Skies Report </secondary-title></titles><pages>1 - 62</pages><volume>35</volume><num-vols>10</num-vols><dates><year>2010</year></dates><pub-location>Wellington</pub-location><publisher>Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Otago, Wellington</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Moriarty, Stubbe et al. 2010).Few cannabis users reported concern from others about their drug useCannabis users were asked if a relative or friend, or a doctor or other health care worker, had been concerned about their drug use or had suggested cutting down.Most cannabis users (87%) did not report concern from others about their use. Seven percent of cannabis users reported that others had expressed concern about their drug use or had suggested cutting down drug use in the last 12 months, and 6.0% reported this occurring at an earlier time.Concern from others about use or suggesting cutting down drug use in the last 12 months was lower among older cannabis users (3.4% of those aged 55+?years) than among younger cannabis users (8.0% of 15–24-year-olds and 9.0% of 35–44-year-olds).Few cannabis users reported receiving help to reduce level of drug useCannabis users were asked if in the last 12 months they had received help to reduce their level of drug use. Of cannabis users, 1.2% had received such help.Few cannabis users who wanted help did not get itCannabis users were asked if in the last 12 months they had wanted help to reduce their level of drug use but did not get it.Of cannabis users, 3.6% had wanted help to reduce their level of drug use in the last 12 months but did not get it. Cannabis use for medicinal purposesFor centuries cannabis in its various forms has been used for medicinal purposes ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Woodbridge</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>311</RecNum><DisplayText>(Pertwee 2006, Woodbridge 2011)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>311</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">311</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Web Page">12</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Woodbridge, M.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cannabinoids - The right dose can help</title><secondary-title>New Zealand Doctor</secondary-title></titles><volume> 27 July</volume><section>27 July 2011</section><dates><year>2011</year></dates><pub-location>Auckland</pub-location><publisher>UBM medica</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>nzdoctor.co.nz</url></related-urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Pertwee</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>310</RecNum><record><rec-number>310</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="xeptzzpv3ftf90erxvhv00p7f9ardxwpxrp0">310</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pertwee, R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years</title><secondary-title>British Journal of Pharmacology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>British Journal of Pharmacology</full-title></periodical><pages>S163-S171</pages><volume>147</volume><number>Suppl 1</number><dates><year>2006</year><pub-dates><date>01/09</date></pub-dates></dates><publisher>Nature Publishing Group</publisher><isbn>0007-1188
1476-5381</isbn><accession-num>PMC1760722</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(Pertwee 2006, Woodbridge 2011). Modern pharmaceutical-grade preparations have allowed advanced studies of cannabinoid drug action in humans to be conducted. Presently, pharmaceutical-grade cannabis preparations are used to treat diseases and disease states including for example neurological disorders (eg, multiple sclerosis), chronic pain, cancer and HIV/AIDS PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYXpla2FtcDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDc8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IYXpla2FtcDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDc8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Grotenhermen 2003, Pertwee 2006, Hazekamp 2007). The use of non-pharmaceutical-grade cannabis for medicinal purposes is not permitted in New Zealand.Adults were asked if in the last 12 months they had intentionally used cannabis to treat pain or other medical conditions. (Note: this question relates specifically to illicit cannabis.)Cannabis was used for medicinal purposes by 42% of cannabis users in the past yearBox 5: Used cannabis to treat pain or other medical condition in the last 12?monthsOlder cannabis users reported high rates of medicinal useForty-two percent of cannabis users reported using cannabis to treat pain or another medical condition in the last 12 months (Box 5). About equal percentages of women (43%) and men (41%) reported having done so in the past year. Reported medicinal use increased with increasing age (Box 5). Cannabis users aged 55+ years reported the highest rates of cannabis use for medicinal purposes (58% of females and 51% of males).European/Others and Māori reported high rates of medicinal useForty-three percent of European/Others, 42% of Māori and 31% of Pacific cannabis users reported using cannabis for medicinal purposes to treat pain or another medical condition in the past 12 months. Although there was variation reported by ethnicity, this was not found to be statistically significant after adjusting for age and sex differences (Box 5).Cannabis users living in areas of high deprivation are more likely to report using cannabis medicinallyThere was variability across areas of deprivation among cannabis users who reported using cannabis for medicinal purposes. Forty-seven percent of cannabis users living in areas of high deprivation compared with 34% of cannabis users living in areas of low deprivation reported using cannabis to treat pain or another medical condition in the past 12 months. Cannabis users living in the most deprived areas were 1.6 times more likely to report using cannabis for medicinal purposes in the past year than those who lived in the least deprived areas, after adjusting for age, sex and ethnic differences (Box 5).Most medicinal use of cannabis is administered by smokingCannabis used for medicinal purposes was largely administered by smoking it in the form of a joint (78%), or through a water pipe (35%) or pipe (38%).Summary of changes from 2007/08Whereas the 2012/13 NZHS includes adults aged 15 years and over, the 2007/08 alcohol and drug use survey was limited to adults aged 16–64 years. To enable comparisons over time, only statistically significant changes in the patterns of cannabis use by adults aged 16–64 years are reported in this section.The rates of past year cannabis use by adults aged 16–64 years were similar in 2012/13 (14%) as in 2007/08 (15%). A slight decrease was observed for women (from 11% to 10%), but not for men. While the observed changes were found to be statistically significant, the change was small and is not considered epidemiologically significant. Changes over time for other cannabis use statistics were not found to be statistically significant.Appendix: TablesCannabis useTable A1: Percentage of adults who reported having ever used cannabis, by age and sexPercentConfidence intervalSexMen4644–47Women3836–40Total4241–43Age distribution15–244441–4725–345754–6035–445451–5845–545148–5355+2120–22Table A2: Percentage of adults who reported using cannabis in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categoriesPercentConfidence intervalSexMen1513–16Women87–9Total1110–12Age distribution15–242422–2625–341816–2035–44119–1245–5487–1055+2.01.5–2.6Age distribution men15–242724–3125–342320–2735–441614–1945–54119–1455+2.92.1–4.0Age distribution women15–242017–2425–341311–1635–4464.5–845–546.04.7–855+1.20.7–1.8Ethnic groupMāori2523–27Pacific9.07–12Asian2.91.6–4.9European/Others1110–12Ethnic group menMāori3228–36Pacific1510–21Asian3.71.6–7European/Others1513–16Ethnic group womenMāori1917–21Pacific3.92.2–6Asian2.10.9–4.2European/Others87–9NZDep2013Quintile 186–10Quintile 298–11Quintile 3119–12Quintile 41210–14Quintile 51614–19Cannabis use: at least weekly and less than weekly useTable A3: Percentage of cannabis users who reported using cannabis ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’ in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categoriesAt least weekly useLess than weekly usePercentConfidence intervalPercentConfidence intervalSexMen3834–426258–66Women2924–347166–76Total3431–386662–69Age distribution15–242924–357165–7625–343327–406760–7335–444033–486052–6745–544133–495951–6755+4231–535847–69Age distribution men15–243528–436557–7225–343325–436757–7535–444032–506050–6845–544434–555645–6655+4532–605540–68Age distribution women15–242115–297971–8525–343323–446756–7735–443926–546146–7445–543524–486552–7655+3515–626538–85Ethnic groupMāori4540–505550–60Pacific2918–437157–82European/Others3229–366864–71Ethnic group menMāori4538–515549–62Pacific3318–526748–82European/Others3732–426358–68Ethnic group womenMāori4538–525548–62Pacific––––Euro/Other2419–317669–81NZDep2013Quintile 12013–308070–87Quintile 23124–386962–76Quintile 32821–367264–79Quintile 44032–496051–68Quintile 54540–505550–60Note: ‘at least weekly use’ is categorised as daily or almost daily/weekly use, and ‘less than weekly use’ is categorised as monthly/every few months/once or twice in last 12 months.Table A4: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported using cannabis ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’ in last 12 months Comparator groupAt least weekly useLess than weekly useAdjusted rate ratioAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women1.3 *0.9 *Māori vs non-Māori1.5 *0.8 *Māori men vs non-Māori men1.3 *0.8 *Māori women vs non-Māori women1.9 *0.7 *Pacific vs non-Pacific0.81.1Most vs least deprived2.3 *0.7 **Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Note: ‘at least weekly use’ is categorised as daily or almost daily/weekly use, and ‘less than weekly use’ is categorised as monthly/every few months/once or twice in last 12 months.Profile of cannabis use in the last 12 monthsTable A5: Percentage of adults who used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, who did not use cannabis in the last 12 months, and who had never used cannabis, by socio-demographic categoriesUsed at least once in last?12?monthsDid not use cannabis in last?12?monthsNever used cannabisPercentConfidence intervalPercentConfidence intervalPercentConfidence intervalSexTotal1110–123130–325857–60Men1513–163130–335553–56Women87–93029–316261–64Age group15–242422–262018–225654–5925–341816–203936–424340–4635–44119–124440–474643–4945–5487–104240–454947–5255+2.01.5–2.61918–207978–81Ethnic groupMāori2523–274037–423633–38Pacific9.07–122521–306762–71Asian2.91.6–4.976–99087–92European/Other1110–123433–355554–56NZDep2013Quintile 186–103228–366056–64Quintile 298–113129–345956–63Quintile 3119–123128–345855–61Quintile 41210–142926–316057–63Quintile 51614–193028–325452–57Note: Due to rounding some prevalence estimates do not equate 100%.Table A6: Adjusted rate ratio: adults who used cannabis at least once in the last 12 months, who did not use cannabis in the last 12 months, and who had never used cannabisComparator groupUsed at least once in last 12?monthsDid not use cannabis in last 12?monthsNever used cannabisAdjusted rate ratioAdjusted rate ratioAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women1.8 *1.00.9 *Māori vs non-Māori2.2 *1.3 *0.6 *Māori men vs non-Māori men2.1 *1.2*0.6 *Māori women vs non-Māori women2.3 *1.4 *0.7 *Pacific vs non-Pacific0.6 *0.8 *1.2 *Asian vs non-Asian0.2 *0.2 *1.7 *Most vs least deprived1.8 *0.90.9 *Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Table A7: Percentage of adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’, by socio-demographic categoriesUsed at least weeklyUsed less than weeklyPercentConfidence intervalPercentConfidence intervalSexTotal3.83.4–4.277–8Men54.7–698–10Women2.31.8–2.864.9–6Age group15–2476–81715–1925–3464.7–71210–1435–444.33.4–565–845–543.52.8–4.353.9–655+0.80.6–1.21.10.8–1.6Ethnic groupMāori1110–131412–16Pacific2.41.4–4.06.04–9Asian0.70.2–1.72.00.9–3.8European/Other3.63.1–4.187–8NZDep2013Quintile 11.60.9–2.564.5–9Quintile 22.82–3.965–8Quintile 32.92.1–486–9Quintile 44.53.5–676–9Quintile 576–998–10Note: ‘at least weekly use’ is categorised as daily or almost daily/weekly use, and ‘less than weekly use’ is categorised as monthly/every few months/once or twice in last 12 months.Due to rounding some prevalence estimates do not equate 100%.Table A8: Adjusted rate ratio: adults who used cannabis in the last 12 months ‘at least weekly’ and ‘less than weekly’Comparator groupAt least weekly useLess than weekly useAdjusted rate ratioAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women2.3 *1.5 *Māori vs non-Māori3.4 *1.7 *Māori men vs non-Māori men2.8 *1.8 *Māori women vs non-Māori women4.9 *1.6 *Pacific vs non-Pacific0.5 *0.6 *Asian vs non-Asian0.1 *0.2 *Most vs least deprived4.3 *1.2*Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Note: ‘at least weekly use’ is categorised as daily or almost daily/weekly use, and ‘less than weekly use’ is categorised as monthly/every few months/once or twice in last 12 months.Driving under the influence of cannabisTable A9: Percentage of cannabis users who drove in the last 12 months and reported driving under the influence of cannabis in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categoriesPercentConfidence intervalSexMen4135–46Women2721–34Total3632–40Age distribution15–243226–4025–343629–4435–444436–5245–543931–4955+2814–48Age distribution men15–244132–5125–343526–4635–444939–5845–544131–5355+3517–60Age distribution women15–241912–2825–343726–5035–443120–4545–543619–5655+113.5–32Ethnic groupMāori4135–48Pacific4428–61European/Others3430–39NZDep2013Quintile 13524–47Quintile 23524–48Quintile 33627–45Quintile 43224–42Quintile 54033–47Cannabis-related learning and productivity harmsTable A10: Percentage of cannabis users who reported harmful effects on work, studies, or employment opportunities in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by socio-demographic categoriesPercentConfidence intervalSexMen75–9Women4.52.5–8Total6.04.6–8Age distribution15–2496–1325–3463.8–935–443.21.3–745–543.51.6–755+3.10.5–10Ethnic groupMāori107–14Pacific83.6–17European/Others53.6–7NZDep2013Quintile 12.70.6–7Quintile 262.8–13Quintile 352.6–10Quintile 484.7–12Quintile 575–10Table A11: Percentage of cannabis users who reported difficulty learning in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by socio-demographic categoriesPercentConfidence intervalSexMen4.73.2–7Women53.4–8Total4.93.6–7Age distribution15–2453.2–925–344.72.6–835–444.82.6–845–5452.9–955+3.70.9–10Ethnic groupMāori86–12Pacific––European/Others4.22.8–6NZDep2013Quintile 12.30.4–7Quintile 23.21.2–7Quintile 33.51.2–8Quintile 474–11Quintile 575–10Table A12: Percentage of cannabis users who reported being absent (at least once) from work or school in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by sexSexPercentConfidence intervalMen2.11.1–3.5Women10.1–3.5Total1.71–2.8Cannabis and mental health harmsTable A13: Percentage of cannabis users who reported harmful effects on mental health in last 12 months because of cannabis use, by socio-demographicsPercentConfidence intervalSexMen97–11Women74.8–11Total87–10Age distribution15–2486–1325–34107–1535–4484.5–1345–5484.2–1455+3.41–8Ethnic groupMāori107–13Pacific83.0–20European/Others86–10NZDep2013Quintile 172.9–15Quintile 2106–17Quintile 363.3–11Quintile 496–13Quintile 596–12Table A14: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported harmful effects on mental health in last 12 months because of cannabis useComparator groupAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women1.3Māori vs non-Māori1.3Pacific vs non-Pacific0.9Most vs least deprived1.0*Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Cannabis and legal problemsTable A15: Percentage of cannabis users who reported experiencing legal problems because of cannabis use in last 12 months, by socio-demographic categoriesPercentConfidence intervalSexMen2.61.6–3.9Women1.10.5–2.1Total2.11.4–3Age distribution15–241.50.7–2.925–342.21.1–4.135–443.21.2–745–541.70.4–4.455+2.30.3–8Ethnic groupMāori3.42.0–5Pacific1.50–8European/Others1.91.1–3.0Table A16: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported legal problems because of cannabis use in last 12 monthsComparator groupAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women2.2 *Māori vs non-Māori1.8 **Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Table A17: Percentage of cannabis users who reported someone being concerned about drug use or suggested cutting down: never, in last 12 months, or at an earlier timeConcern from othersPercentConfidence intervalYes, in past 12 months75.0–9.0Yes, but not in past 12 months64.9–8.0Never8784–89Table A18: Percentage of cannabis users who reported someone being concerned about their drug use or suggested cutting down in last 12 months, by age and sexPercentConfidence intervalSexMen86–11Women53.3–8Total75–9Age distribution15–2484.8–1225–3474.2–1035–4495–1445–544.82.0–1055+3.41–8Table A19: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported someone being concerned about their drug use or suggested cutting down in last 12 monthsComparator groupAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women1.5*Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Table A20: Percentage of cannabis users who reported receiving help to reduce their level of drug use in the last 12 months, by sexSexPercentConfidence intervalMen0.70.2–1.7Women2.10.7–4.6Total1.20.6–2.2Table A21: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported receiving help to reduce their level of drug use in the last 12 monthsComparator groupAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women0.7*Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Table A22: Percentage of cannabis users who reported wanting help to reduce their level of drug use, but did not get it in last 12 months, by age and sexPercentConfidence intervalSexMen4.32.5–7Women2.51.4–4.2Total3.62.4–5Age distribution15–244.01.9–725–343.21.5–635–444.71.7–1045–543.61.4–855+10–4.4Table A23: Adjusted rate ratio: cannabis users who reported wanting help to reduce their level of drug use, but did not get it in last 12 monthsComparator groupAdjusted rate ratioMen vs women1.7*Statistically significant difference between the two groups.Cannabis use for medicinal purposesTable A24: Percentage of cannabis users who used cannabis to treat pain or other medical condition in last 12 month, by socio-demographic categoriesPercentConfidence intervalSexMen4137–46Women4337–48Total4238–46Age distribution15–243731–4425–344234–5035–444032–4845–545042–5955+5340–67Age distribution men15–244032–4925–344030–5035–443627–4645–545039–6055+5133–70Age distribution women15–243325–4325–344636–5735–445037–6245–545137–6655+5833–79Ethnic groupMāori4236–49Pacific3121–43European/Others4338–47NZDep2013Quintile 13423–47Quintile 23728–48Quintile 34333–52Quintile 44438–50Quintile 54741–52Changes in cannabis use from 2007/08 Table A25: Percentage of adults aged 16–64 years who used cannabis in the last 12 months, 2007/08 and 2012/13 2007/082012/13PercentConfidence intervalPercentConfidence intervalSexTotal1513–161413–14Men1816–201716–19Women1110–13109.0–11Source: 2007/08 and 2012/13 New Zealand Health Survey References ADDIN EN.REFLIST Di Forti M, Morgan C, Dazzan P, et al. 2009. High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 195(6): 488–91.ESR. 2012. Drug research on Land Transport Act blood specimens. A report by the Institute of Environmental Science and Research Limited for Ministry of Transport. Wellington: Ministry of Transport.Fergusson D, Boden J. 2008. Cannabis use and later life outcomes. Addiction 103: 969–76.Fergusson D, Boden J. 2011. Cannabis use in adolescence. In P Gluckman, H Hayne (eds) Improving the transition: Reducing social and psychological morbidity during adolescence. ?Wellington: Office of the Prime Minister’s Science Advisory Committee, 257–71.Fergusson D, Horwood L, Boden J. 2008. Is driving under the influence of cannabis becoming a greater risk to driver safety than drink driving? Findings from a 25 year longitudinal study. Accident Analysis and Prevention 40: 1345–50.Frisher M, Crome I, Martino O, et al. 2009. Assessing the impact of cannabis use on trends in diagnosed schizophrenia in the United Kingdom from 1996 to 2005. Schizophrenia Research 113(2–3): 123–8.Green B, Kavanagh D, Young R. 2003. Being stoned: A review of self-reported cannabis effects. Drug and Alcohol Review 22(4): 453–60.Grotenhermen F. 2003. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Clinical Pharmacokinet 42(2): 327–60.Hazekamp A. 2007. Cannabis: Extracting the medicine. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Leiden.Iversen L. 2003. Cannabis and the brain. Brain 126: 1252–70.Lynskey M, Hall W. 2000. The effects of adolescent cannabis use on educational attainment: a review. Addiction 95: 1621–30.Moriarty H, Stubbe M, Bradford S. 2009. Opportunities for Alcohol and Other Drug Advice in the GP Consultation. Wellington: Ministry of Health.Moriarty H, Stubbe M, Bradford S, et al. 2010. Living with addiction: Exploring the issues for families. Blue Skies Repor. Wellington: Department of Primary Health Care & General Practice, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Otago 35: 1–62.Moriarty H, Stubbe M, Chen L, et al. 2012. Challenges to alcohol and other drug discussions in the general practice consultation. Family Practice 29(2): 213–22.New Zealand Parliament. 1975. Misuse of Drugs Act 1975. 1975 No. 116. Wellington.Noller G. 2007. Cannabis in New Zealand: Perceptions of use, users and policy. A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The University of Otago.Pertwee R. 2006. Cannabinoid pharmacology: the first 66 years. British Journal of Pharmacology 147(Suppl 1): S163–S171.Poulsen H, Moar R, Troncoso C. 2012. The incidence of alcohol and other drugs in drivers killed in New Zealand road crashes 2004–2009. Forensic Science International 223(1–3): 364–70.Ramaekers J, Berghaus G, van Laar M, et al. 2004. Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 73: 109–19.Statistics New Zealand. 2010. Patterns in Police Apprehensions in New Zealand 2005/06 to 2008/09. Wellington, Statistics New Zealand.UNODC. 2014. World Drug Report 2014. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime: 1–127.Wilkins C, Sweetsur P. 2012. Criminal justice outcomes for cannabis use offences in New Zealand, 1991–2008. International Journal of Drug Policy 23(6): 505–11.Woodbridge M. 2011. Cannabinoids – The right dose can help. New Zealand Doctor, 27 July, from nzdoctor.co.nz. ................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- new orlando health in kissimmee
- new patient health history questionnaire
- new patient health questionnaire forms
- city of new york health benefits program
- new patient health history form
- new jersey health insurance
- new jersey health news
- is new zealand still under british rule
- cannabis use while pregnant
- mental health survey questionnaire sample
- cannabis use and pregnancy
- jobs in new zealand for foreigners