Sarah Smith



The Cold War Heats Up

The Arms Race, the Space Race, Espionage, & the Cuban Missile Crisis

I. The Cold War Escalates: 1950-1970

A. From 1945 to 1991, the USA and USSR used a variety of ___________________to win the Cold War

1. In the early years of the Cold War (1945-1949), the USA used a _______________________policy to successfully stop the spread of communism in Europe (Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, forming NATO, Berlin Airlift)

2. Proxy Wars

a. When communism spread to China in 1949, the USA feared the “_______________ _____________” and became more aggressive in its efforts to stop communism

b. The USA _________ ______ _________in Korea to defend South Korea from communism

c. The Soviet Union ______________ ________________to the communists in North Korea during the war

d. The type of _____________ _________________between the USA and USSR is called a “proxy war”

B. From 1949 to 1970, the Cold War ___________________as a result of a nuclear arms race, space race, and espionage

1. ARMS RACE

a. The U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons ended in 1949 when the USSR successfully ______________an atomic bomb

b. The Soviet development of the atomic bomb led to a ______________ ______ __________ between the USA and USSR

c. In 1952, the USA tested the first _______________ __________, which is 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb

d. The Soviet Union responded by ___________________its own hydrogen bomb

e. By 1959, both the USA and USSR developed rockets called intercontinental ballistic missiles (__________) that could deliver nuclear warheads to ______________ ______________. Unlike bomber planes carrying atomic bombs, these rockets were impossible to ________________

f. In the 1950s, President Eisenhower escalated the Cold War by using ______________________: threatening to use nuclear weapons and willingness to go to the ___________ _____ ________

i. If the USSR attacked a NATO member, the U.S. would use ______________ _________________: attack every major Soviet city and military target

ii. As a result, the USA and USSR began __________________nuclear weapons and _____________ _____their militaries

iii. With the USA and USSR in possession of large nuclear stockpiles, each side could _______________each other: this was known as _____________ ______________ ___________________(MAD)

iv. Throughout the Cold War, the USA and USSR looked for ways to gain __________ ____________capability

2. SPACE RACE

a. In 1957, the USSR used its first ICBM to launch Sputnik, the _________ _________________into space

i. Sputnik shocked Americans, who feared the U.S. had fallen behind the USSR in ____________and _________________

ii. As a result of Sputnik, the Cold War escalated into a ___________ ____________, with Americans and Soviets trying to assert their dominance

b. In 1958, the USA created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (________) to catch up to the USSR. U.S. schools promoted _________, science, and __________________

c. The USSR repeatedly beat the USA in space by launching the first man into ____________and orbiting the _________

d. In 1962, President John Kennedy committed the USA to beating the Soviet Union in the ___________to the moon

e. In 1969, Apollo 11 _______________U.S. astronauts on the moon

3. ESPIONAGE & COVERT OPERATIONS

a. During the Cold War, the USA and USSR created intelligence agencies, the ________and _______, in order to spy and carry out ____________ _________________ (spying, espionage, sabotage, assassinations).

KGB: Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (Committee for State Security) CIA: Central Intelligence Agency

i. The USA and USSR used ___________to gather intelligence

ii. U.S. and Soviet _______ _____________also gathered information

b. The Cold War escalated as the threat of communism _____________into the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America

c. The CIA ________________ the governments of Iran and Guatemala and ___________________in Egypt, Bolivia, Chile, and Cuba in attempts to prevent communism from taking hold in those countries

B. THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

1. Cold War tensions were at an all-time high when the_____________ _____________ _____________brought the US and the USSR to the very brink of a full ______________ _______

a. Cuba, which is 90 miles off the coast of Florida, had a communist revolution, led by ___________ ____________

b. The U.S. failed in a covert operation to __________________Castro and was humiliated

c. Because of this failure, Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev thought the U.S. would not stop __________________ __________________in Latin America

d. ___________became allies with the Soviet Union

e. In July 1962, the Soviets secretly began to build ____________ _________ in Cuba and ship warheads there to counter the U.S. having missile sites in European nations close to the Soviet Union. These missiles gave the USSR the ability to _____________ ____________in a nuclear war with the U.S.

f. An American spy plane flew over Cuba in October 1962 and ___________________that the Soviets were building the missile sites and directing them at the U.S.

g. U.S. President John F. Kennedy declared that missiles so close to the ________________ _________________were a threat that could not be ignored

h. Kennedy _________________that the Soviets remove the missiles and announced a ___________ ______________to prevent the USSR from shipping in any more missiles. Kennedy promised that the U.S. Navy would ___________any Soviet ship that tried to get to Cuba

i. This _____________________by Kennedy and Khrushchev would bring the world closer to nuclear war than ever before

j. Tensions nearly exploded into war when a U.S. spy plane was _________ _________over Cuba on October 27th and Kennedy set the military at full battle readiness

k. Fortunately, cooler heads prevailed; Khrushchev sent a message to Kennedy, __________________ ______________of the missiles from Cuba if the U.S. would make promises in return

l. Khrushchev announced he would remove the missiles if the U.S. promised never to _____________ ___________or try to ________________ ____________again. A secret part of the deal is that the U.S. agreed to remove missiles from ______________the next year

m. Kennedy agreed and both forces began to ____________ ____________from battle readiness

n. This was the closest the world has gotten to _______________ ________

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