Early Missile Combat Crew Duty with the 308th Strategic ...
Background
The first combat crews of the 308th Strategic Missile Wing’s manned the Titan II weapon system during the period of activation and first year of combat-ready operations (1962 and 1963). This era coincided with a particularly intense period of the Cold War that included the Cuban missile crisis and President Kennedy’s assassination. The challenges confronting the 308th first combat crews can be fully understood only within the context of the early 1960s operational environment.
Strategic Air Command (SAC) faced new challenges with the addition of Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs) to its deterrent force. The ICBM was a new phenomenon with significant inherent risks and unknowns. ICBMs incorporated thermonuclear warheads and dangerous propellants, and unlike SAC’s bomber force, could not be recalled once launched. SAC’s stringent positive-control procedures needed to accommodate the severely compressed command decision time associated with the ICBM’s rapid countdown sequence and lack of recall capability. It was also necessary to adapt the preeminent performance standards that SAC perfected for strategic bomber crews to missile combat crews.
The Titan II weapon system provided SAC with increased capability, but also presented new challenges and difficulties. Titan II carried the largest thermonuclear warhead in the American arsenal, with an explosive equivalence reported at 600 times that released at Hiroshima. The propellants that powered Titan II were hypergolic (ignite spontaneously when mixed), corrosive, and extremely toxic. Complicated launch complex support systems (e.g., electrical, hydraulic, and mechanical), if not properly operated and maintained, posed a threat to weapon system readiness and safety. Problems and malfunctions could rapidly escalate to catastrophic proportions if not properly handled. The unique characteristics that made Titan II a pivotal addition to SAC’s retaliatory power also made it unforgiving and intolerant of errors.
During the early 1960s, General Thomas S. Power was SAC’s Commander-in-Chief. Power succeeded General Curtis E. LeMay in 1957, and served as the SAC Commander until 30 November 1964. Generals LeMay and Power were legendary leaders who forged SAC into the most powerful military force of its time, controlling 90 percent of the free world’s nuclear firepower. LeMay and Power were perfectionists in their demand for performance excellence and mission commitment and tolerated nothing less. If you “screwed-up” in LeMay and Power’s SAC, you could expect immediate relief from duty, demotion, and transfer to another command.
The novelty of ICBM operations heightened SAC’s concern for performance; accidents or incidents involving nuclear weapons were unacceptable and had to be avoided at all costs. Other factors combined during the early months of operation to create additional challenges, uncertainty, and pressure for the first 308th combat crews.
During the spring of 1963, launch complexes and missiles were becoming operational faster than combat crews could be trained, evaluated, and certified. Technical data, manuals, checklists, and operational procedures were being finalized and verified concurrently with crew training, evaluation, and operations. As a consequence, technical data and procedural checklists were often flawed or incomplete and under constant revision.
Further, training systems and instructional aids were inadequate. Only cardboard mockups and technical data drafts were available in the beginning (Dash One, equipment operations manuals, and related crew checklists). Missile procedures trainers and simulators were not yet a reality at operational bases (Vandenberg AFB had the only Titan II missile procedures trainer).
Combat Crew Performance
The confluence of factors described above increased the pressure for superior performance and errorless execution of launch, emergency, and troubleshooting procedures. The demand for performance excellence and minimal error necessitated arduous and exacting combat crew evaluations and constant operational readiness exercises. During the first year of 308th operations, combat crews faced rigorous standboard evaluations that typically involved: (a) one-hour emergency procedures test; (b) four-hour written technical examination; (c) multiple positive control/emergency war order tests; and (d) 14 to18-hour performance evaluations in a Titan II launch complex, which included alert, launch, and emergency operations as well as related oral questions.
Several examples illustrate the extreme performance demands on 308th combat crews during the first six months of operation. The failure rate for the combat-ready upgrade evaluation was in the vicinity of 50 percent. A surprising outcome since the upgrade evaluation is the final step in a long process to achieve combat-ready status--a process that involved many difficult training and evaluation hurdles. The stringency of performance requirements during the early months of operation is further underscored by the evaluation ratings. Few individuals and virtually no combat crews received Highly Qualified (HQ) ratings.
The first 308th Titan II entered SAC’s strategic alert force on 16 May 1963 (Launch Complex 373-4); all eighteen 308th ICBMs were on strategic alert by the end of 1963. Greater moderation was introduced into the evaluation process and crew assessment procedures were increasingly refined during the later part of 1963. Increased operational experience and improved technical data, checklists, and operating procedures largely contributed to reducing the severity of combat crew performance evaluation.
Standardization/Evaluation Crews
The 308th Standardization Division was responsible for administering SAC’s missile combat crew standardization and evaluation program, specifically: (a) development and maintenance of performance standards; (b) ensuring the adequacy of operational procedures; (c) identifying training deficiencies; and (d) evaluating combat crew proficiency and capability. Thus, the Standardization Division and its standardization/ evaluation crews were largely responsible for reconciling the cascading effects of flawed technical data, incomplete operational procedures, combat-ready crew shortages, SAC’s demand for performance excellence, and the Titan II’s unforgiving nature.
The Wing senior standboard crew (R-01/S-01) a was charged with additional responsibilities that included administering the standardization/evaluation program; statistical analysis of evaluation data; Command Post support during emergencies; and evaluation/certification of other standboard crews (combat-ready performance evaluations and special evaluator qualifications). During late 1962 and early 1963, the Wing senior standboard crew, assisted by three other crews, developed the major components of the 308th initial standardization/evaluation program.
On 2 May 1963, the Wing senior standboard crew was upgraded to combat-ready status following a two-day evaluation by SAC’s 3901 Strategic Missile Evaluation Squadron. The alert, launch, and emergency phases of the evaluation were conducted at a nearly completed launch complex. On 5 and 10 May 1963, two other 308th standboard crews were upgraded to combat-ready status (R-06 b and R-05 c).
Until 16 July 1963, there were only three standboard crews in the 308th (R-01, R-06, and R-05). During the first six months of 1963, these three crews were tasked with: (a) designing and managing the Wing standardization/evaluation program; (b) developing combat crew evaluation packages; (c) conducting evaluations of 373 SMS and 374 SMS combat crews as well as instructor crews; (d) improving and refining technical data, operations manuals, and checklists; and (e) pulling normal alert tours, which occurred frequently due to the early shortage of combat-ready crews.
On 16 and 18 July 1963, two additional combat crews were selected for standboard duty (373 SMS Crew R-03 d and 374 SMS Crew R-102 e, respectively). During September 1963,
373 SMS Crew R-26 f and 374 SMS Crew R-110 g were also assigned standboard duty. The Standardization Division received the full complement of nine authorized standboard crews in February 1964 when two 374 SMS combat crews (R-106 h and R-131 i) were selected for standboard duty.
Throughout 1963, the first crews responsible for the standardization/evaluation program were on near-continuous duty, virtually living at launch complexes and in the Standardization Division offices. The workweek often exceeded 90 hours and, at times, even 100 hours for the first combat-ready standboard crews as well as many early instructor and line crews. Several early standboard crews eventually pulled alert or conducted standboard evaluations at all eighteen 308th launch complexes. The first 308th maintenance teams also experienced long hours, technical data deficiencies, procedural uncertainties, and missile system/launch complex unknowns as well as performed extremely hazardous duties (e.g., propellant transfer and mating the nuclear warhead to fully loaded Titan IIs).
Daunting challenges and trying conditions, such as those encountered by the first 308th combat crews and maintenance teams, invariably reveal the true character and worth of individuals. Thus, I will always have enormous respect and admiration for 308th officers, NCOs, and airmen with whom I served during those early years. Their selfless dedication and service to America and the SAC mission exemplified the motto of the 308th Strategic Missile Wing: “NON SIB SED ALIIS--NOT FOR SELF, BUT FOR OTHERS”.
Grant E. Secrist, Lt. Col., USAF (Retired)
Missile Combat Crew S-01 (1962-1965)
308th Strategic Missile Wing (SAC)
Note: Listed by crew position in following order: MCCC, DMCCC, BMAT, MFT.
a MAJ Robert W. Smith, 1LT Grant E. Secrist, MSGT David C. Dorries, MSGT Edward Glonek.
b MAJ George A. Peters, CAPT Randolph J. Scheel, TSGT Donald G. Rawlings, TSGT James E. Carter.
c MAJ Robert D. Sparks, 1LT Thomas E. Burch, MSGT Ralph E. Hawkins, SSGT James H. Wilson.
d MAJ Marx Cohen, 1LT Robert L. Zoeller, TSGT William P. Kuykendall, MSGT George H. Gray.
e MAJ John R. Rhoads, 1LT James E. Van Noppen , SMSGT Walter Kundis, A1C U. Frank Ainsworth.
f CAPT Alan B. Myler, 1LT William G. Niemantsverdriet, SSGT Myron B. Thompson,
SSGT Darrell R. Borin.
g CAPT Eugene Fisher, CAPT Joseph G. Pillman, MSGT Eugene E. Becker, TSGT James Meddress.
h CAPT Leo A. Delbridge, 1LT Michael T. Larkin, MSGT Robert McLaughlin, A2C James M. Carter.
i MAJ William J. McGee, 2LT Robert S. Dalrymple, SSGT Gene R. Myers, A1C William D. Johnson.
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